2021年公共英語三級考試(PETS3)學(xué)習(xí)筆記3

2021年公共英語三級考試(PETS3)學(xué)習(xí)筆記32021最新版)作者：編寫日期：2021年__月__日Dialogues/monologues:1、whatdoesthegravityhastodowiththeplanetsstayinginorbitaroundthesun?hastodowith：V.與……有關(guān)2、Itmaybeacaseofcommunicatingknowledge,drawingattentiontonewissuesorenterainingonthebasisofsciencesubjects—andthereisnoreasonwhythesameprogramcannotcombineallthree.drawsbattentiontosth：令某人注意某事。如：Shedrawmyattentiontotheboywhoiscryingontheroad.3、ThefilmopenswithaninterviewwithAndrewWiles,themanwhodiscoveredthesolutiontoFermat'slasttheorem,whichhadremainedunsolvedforcenturies.openwith：用作為開場，以開頭。如：Heopenedtheconferencewithaspeechofwelcome.4、ButIstillhopeIcanopenscreensofanysizedependingonthedistanceIwanttobefromthewallinmyliving-room但是我還希望可以根據(jù)我離起居室墻的距離隨意調(diào)整屏幕的大小。Passage:Passage:TheWorldWideLabThe20thcenturywasthegoldenageofthelaboratory.Answerstothegreatresearchquestionsweresoughtwithinshelteredchambers,wheresmallgroupsofspecializedexpertsscaleddown(orup)phenomenainjoyfulisolation.Callittheeraoftrickle-downscience:knowledgeemergedfromaconfinedcenterofrationalenlightenment,thenslowlybecameknowntotherestofsociety.Sciencewaswhatwasmadeinsidethewallswherewhitecoatswereatwork.Outsidethelaboratoriesboundariesbegantherealmofmereexperience—notexperiment.Today,allthisischanging.Indeed,itwouldbeanunderstatementtosaythatsoonnothing,absolutelynothing,willbeleftofthistop-downmodelofscientificinfluence.First,thelaboratoryhasextendeditswallstothewholeplanet.Instrumentsareeverywhere.Houses,factories,andhospitalshavebecomelaboutposts.Think,forinstance,ofglobalpositioningsystems:thankstosatellitenetworks,geologistsandbiologistscannowtakemeasurementsoutsidetheirlaboratorieswiththesamedegreeofprecisiontheyachieveinside.Meanwhile,aworldwidenetworkofenvironmentalsensorsmonitorstheplanetinrealtime.Andresearchsatellitesobserveitfromabove,asiftheearthwereunderamicroscope.Thedifferencebetweenoutdoorscienceandlabsciencehasslowlyeroded.Second,younolongerneedawhitecoatoraPh.D.toresearchspecificquestions.TaketheAFM,aFrenchpatientadvocacygroupthatfocusesonignoredgeneticdiseases.Ithashiredresearchers,pushedforcontroversialprocedureslikegenetictherapy,andbuiltanentireindustry,producingatonceanewsocialidentityandanewresearchagenda.IntheU.S.,theaudacitytochallengetheexperts,tostormthelabs,startedwithAIDSactivistsandbreastcancergroups;notithasspreadtointerestedpartiesofallsorts,frompatientswhoorganizetheirownclinicaltrialstoenvironmentalistswhodotheirwonfieldwork.Acrucialpartofdoingscienceisformulatingthequestionstobesolved;it'sclearthatscientistsarenolongeraloneinthisendeavor.Third,thereisthequestionofscale.Thesizeandcomplexityofscientificphenomenaunderexaminationhasgrowntothepointthatscalingthemdowntofitinalaboratoryisbecomingincreasinglydifficult.Thinkofglobalwarming:tobesure,labsarerunningcomplexmodelsonhugecomputers.Buthowdoyousimulateaphenomenonthatishappeningonus,withus,throughtheactionofeachofusasmuchasthoseofentireoceansandthehighatmosphere?Iftheworkinghypothesisforglobalwarmingisthatit'saproductofhumanactivity,isn'ttheonlywaytotestthishypothesistostopourharmfulemissionsandsee—laterandcollectively—whathashappened?Thesharpdividebetweenascientificinside,whereexpertsareformulatingtheories,andapoliticaloutside,wherenon-expertsaregettingbywithhumanvalues,isevaporating.Andthemoreitdoes,themorethefateofhumansislinkedtothatofthings,themoreascientificstatement(“theearthiswarming)resemblesapoliticalone(“theearthiswarming!).Themattersoffactofsciencebecomemattersofconcernofpolitics.參考譯文:20世紀(jì)是實驗室的黃金時期。一組一組的專家們抱著愉快的心情躲在實驗室里分析各種現(xiàn)象，他們正是在這些隱蔽的實驗室探索那些偉大研究課題的答案。我們把這個叫做滴入式科學(xué)時代，即研究成果先從實驗室出來，然后再慢慢向社會傳播。科學(xué)是實驗室里那些穿大白褂的研究人員得出的。研究室之外是實踐的領(lǐng)域——而不是實驗。今天，所有的這一切都變了。當(dāng)然，說在科學(xué)影響方面這種自上而下的模式將不復(fù)存在，只是輕描淡寫。首先，實驗室已將領(lǐng)域擴張到了全世界，到處都是儀器。房子，工廠，醫(yī)院已經(jīng)成了實驗場所。比方說全球定位系統(tǒng)：由于衛(wèi)星的覆蓋網(wǎng)絡(luò)，地質(zhì)學(xué)家和生物學(xué)家可以在實驗室外面進行測量而且精確度和在實驗室里測量的一樣。同時，全球的環(huán)境監(jiān)測器隨時對地球進行觀察，就仿佛把地球置于一個顯微鏡下面。室外科學(xué)和實驗室科學(xué)之間的差異正在慢慢消失。其次，不再非得是穿白大褂的研究人員或者是博士才可以對具體的問題進行研究。像AFM,—個法國病人組織，主要針對不被重視的基因疾病。這個組織專門請了研究人員，力圖在諸如基因治療這樣備受爭議的研究上取得進展，而且他們建立了一整套體系，這套體系在為該組織獲得新的社會地位的同時還設(shè)置了一個新的研究日程。在美國，關(guān)心艾滋病的活動家們和乳癌組織首先大膽地對專家們提出挑戰(zhàn)并且攻擊實驗室。這種影響現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)擴大到了各種利益集團，從自己組織臨床試驗的病人到親自進行實地調(diào)查的環(huán)境保護者。做科學(xué)最關(guān)鍵的就是闡述那些等待解決的問題，很顯然，在這方面科學(xué)家們不再是單獨的團體。再次，還有范圍的問題。要想到等待檢測的科學(xué)現(xiàn)象的范圍縮小到適合實驗室的研究是越來越難了。想想全球變暖的問題：可以肯定的是，復(fù)雜的模型在實驗室里巨大的電腦上運行。但是怎么樣模擬我們身上以及周圍正在發(fā)生的現(xiàn)