高中英語(yǔ)人教版Unit1Livingwell 市賽獲獎(jiǎng)

選修7Unit1LivingwellPeriod5Grammar定義：動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種，它沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，但它仍保持動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。.Hewantshisstudentstoreadthebookaloud. 主動(dòng)形式 被動(dòng)形式一般式 todo tobedone完成式 tohavedone tohavebeendone進(jìn)行式 tobedoing 無(wú)完成進(jìn)行式 tohavebeendoing 無(wú)一、不定式的意義1.不定式的一般式：2.不定式的進(jìn)行式：進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。3.不定式的完成式：如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前，就用完成式；若是在此基礎(chǔ)上的被動(dòng)含義，就用完成被動(dòng)式(tohavebeendone).4.不定式的完成進(jìn)行式：如果不定式的動(dòng)作是在謂語(yǔ)所表示的時(shí)間之前一直在進(jìn)行或有可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，就要用完成進(jìn)行式.二、不定式的用法：1.不定式做主語(yǔ)：1)不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)Todosuchthingsisfoolish.2）主系表結(jié)構(gòu)Toseeistobelieve.3)it形式主語(yǔ)。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，謂語(yǔ)較短時(shí)，常用it做形式主語(yǔ)，而將不定式放到謂語(yǔ)的后面。常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：(1)Itis/was+adj.+(ofsb.)todo…（如good/kind/nice/clever/foolish/selfish…）(2)Itis+adj.+(forsb.)+todo…（如easy/difficult/hard//unwise/possible/necessary…）(3)Itis+a/an+名詞+todo...（如apity/ashame/apleasure/one’sduty/anhonor…）(4)Ittakes(sb.)sometime/courage/patience…todo…(5)Itrequirescourage/patience/hardwork…todo…2.不定式做表語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)多用aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,plan,job,suggestion,wish,purpose等抽象名詞或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句表示，后面的不定式說(shuō)明其內(nèi)容，不定式作表語(yǔ)常表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。EX:1）WhatIwouldsuggestis_______________atonce.我的建議是馬上開(kāi)始工作。2）________________________________________________最主要的任務(wù)是保持我們房間的整潔。3.動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)：ask,agree,care,choose,demand,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish等只能用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)口訣（接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞）：想要學(xué)習(xí)早打算（wantlearnplan）快準(zhǔn)備有希望（preparehopewishexpect）同意否供選擇（agreeofferchoose）決定了已答應(yīng)（decidebedeterminedpromise）盡力去著手做（manageundertake）別拒絕別假裝（refusepretend）失敗不是屬于你（fail）.湯姆拒絕借他的筆給我。___________________________________________*注意:1某些及物動(dòng)詞可用-ing也可用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)但意義不同stop/goon/remember/forget/regret/try/mean…2某些及物動(dòng)詞think,believe,consider,feel,find,make等后常用it作形式賓語(yǔ).Technologymakes____________________________ourdream.科技使我們的夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)成為可能。4．動(dòng)詞不定式做定語(yǔ)：當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。I.不定式作定語(yǔ)需要后置。II.作定語(yǔ)的不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞存在著三種主要的邏輯關(guān)系，即被修飾的名詞和代詞是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)（邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）或邏輯賓語(yǔ)（邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）或修飾性關(guān)系（同位關(guān)系）。1)動(dòng)賓關(guān)系:EX:1)Ihavealotofwork_______（要做）2)Givemeapieceofpaper___________(寫(xiě))2)主謂關(guān)系:EX:Womenandchildrenwerethefirst___________________________（登上救生艇）3)修飾性關(guān)系:不定式前的名詞是它修飾的對(duì)象，它所修飾的詞多為抽象名詞。need,time,way,right,chance,courage,reason,wish,movement.eg:Thereisnoneedforhimtocome.Hehasnotimetoreadthebook.注意．為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的不定式，必須是及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞加介詞；如果不定式所修飾的詞是way或place,介詞可省略。.Itisacomfortablesofa____________(sit).Hehasnoway___________(go).Thisisthebestplace_____________(work)5.賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):eg:Hewantsyoutobehisassistant.Isawhercrossthestreet.[注1]如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞，則作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不可帶to，這些動(dòng)詞有see,hear,feel,watch,notice;have,make,let等。eg:Ifeltmybloodruncold.Whatmadeyouthinklikethat?但如果句子是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，則to不可省略。Hewasmadetocleanthewindowsasapunishment.Someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.[注2]help后可以直接用帶to或不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)。Theyhelped(to)carrythefurnitureupstairs.6.不定式做狀語(yǔ):不定式做狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件等，其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)。.Tolearnaforeignlanguagewell,youmusttryyourbest.(主語(yǔ)一致)Irushedtotheairport,onlytofindthatJohnhadgone.7.同位語(yǔ):.Isthisyourpurpose,toavoidbeingpunished?8.獨(dú)立成分:.Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlikeyou.類(lèi)似的有：tobefrank坦率地說(shuō)，tocutalongstoryshort長(zhǎng)話(huà)短說(shuō)，等等三、不定式的否定式：通常是在不定式前加not，表示較強(qiáng)的否定意義時(shí)可用never。.Itoldhimnottotouchtheequipment.Youmustpromisenevertodothatagain.四、動(dòng)詞不定式的“省略”1、不定式省to1）在hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldrather...than,wouldsooner...than（寧愿……而不）,cannotbut（不得不、只好）,why(not)等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的不定式符號(hào)to通常被省略。翻譯：1._________________________________________你最好告訴她真相。2.Whatcouldhedobutforgiveher?_____________________________2）動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作介詞but,except,besides的賓語(yǔ),且介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do或它的其它形式時(shí),不定式符號(hào)to通常被省略。EX:Whatdoyouliketodo________________?除了游泳,你還喜歡干什么?區(qū)別：mothercoulddonothing______________thedoctortoarrive.媽媽只好等著醫(yī)生到來(lái)。2.Nowhehadgivenhimselfnochoice__________________.當(dāng)時(shí)他毫無(wú)選擇的余地,只好告訴她。3）兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)表示并列關(guān)系時(shí),后面不定式短語(yǔ)的不定式符號(hào)to通常被省略;如果表示對(duì)比關(guān)系,則不定式中的不定式符號(hào)to通常要保留。eg:Theydidn’ttellmewhethertogoonortostop.(對(duì)比關(guān)系)他們沒(méi)有告訴我是繼續(xù)下去還是停止。Shetoldthechildtostaythereandwaittillshecameback.(并列關(guān)系)她讓孩子待在那里等她回來(lái)。4）在某些感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞(如hear,listento,notice,observe,see,watch,make等)之后充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式中,不定式符號(hào)to總是被省略,但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中,不定式符號(hào)to通常要保留。如:__________________________________________他們讓那個(gè)人干了一個(gè)早晨。Thatman_______________________allthemorning.那個(gè)人被要求干了一個(gè)早晨。2、不定式省do留to1）為了避免重復(fù),在hope,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,mean,prefer,want,haveto,beableto,begoingto,usedto,oughtto等動(dòng)詞及習(xí)語(yǔ)后面出現(xiàn)與上文相同的不定式時(shí),常保留不定式符號(hào)to,而把其它部分省略。.MsKingliedtousbecauseshehadto.注意：在特定的上下文中,為了避免重復(fù),如果不定式為一般式tobe...或完成式tohavedone時(shí),則不定式符號(hào)to和be或have常一并保留,be或have之后的部分通常要省略。如:－Aren’tyoutheheadmaster?你難道不是校長(zhǎng)嗎?－No,andIdon’twanttobe.我不是,而且我也不想當(dāng)。－Hasn’thefinishedwritingthereport?難道他還沒(méi)寫(xiě)完報(bào)告嗎?－No,butheoughttohave.是的,但他本來(lái)應(yīng)該寫(xiě)完。2）當(dāng)不定式在ask,advise,persuade,wish,allow,permit,tell,expect,force,invite,beg等動(dòng)詞后面充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),為了避免重復(fù),常保留不定式符號(hào),而把后面的動(dòng)詞省略。Shewantstocomebutherparentswon’tallowherto.Ifhedoesn’twanttogothere,don’tforcehimto.Hedidn’tcome,thoughwehadinvitedhimto.學(xué)以致用：teachertoldthem________makesomuchnoise.’tCwillnottomasteroftentoldus_______thingsforgranted.tohavetotake’ttakeD.nottomakehim_______thewindow.shutnotBnottoshutnotshutD.notshut4.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim______.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto5.MrsSmithwarnedherdaughter________afterdrinking.A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive6.Thepatientwaswarned_______oilyfoodaftertheoperation.eatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating7.Theworkerswantus________togetherwiththem.A.workB.workingC.toworkD.worked8.Theywouldnotallowhim________acrosstheenemyline.A.toriskgoingB.riskingtogoC.forrisktogoD.riskgoing9.Isawhim_______outoftheroom.A.goB.hadgoneC.hasgoneD.goes10.Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher_______upfromchildhood.C.wasgrowinggrow11.I’veheardhim_______aboutyouoften.A.spokeB.speaksC.speakspeak12.Thoughhehadoftenmadehislittlesister_____,todayhewasmade______byhislittlesister.；tocry；crying；crycry；cry13.Hewasmade_________.A.goB.goneC.goingD.togo14.Johnwasmade_______thetruckforaweekasapunishment.A.towashB.washingC.washD.tobewashing15.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade_______.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning16.There’resomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan’tmakeupmymind_____tobuy.A.whatB.whichC.howD.where17.Thereisn’tanydifferencebetweenthetwo.Ireallydon’tknow_________.AwheretochoosetochooseC.tochoosewhatD.tochoosewhich18.“Haveyoudecidedwhen______?”“Yes,tomorrowmorning.”leavebeleavingyouleaveD.areyouleaving19.LastsummerItookacourseon________.A.howtomakedresses