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文檔來(lái)源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理.word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持.商務(wù)合同翻譯案例一、理論、方法與技巧翻譯方法的學(xué)習(xí),英漢語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)的對(duì)比,商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ)的理解等等。英語(yǔ)合同的特點(diǎn)與翻譯在英語(yǔ)中,合同一般稱(chēng)為Contract。何謂"Contract”?1999年中國(guó)《合同法》第二條對(duì)Contract定義為:AcontractinthisLawreferstoanagreementestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweensubjectofequalfooting,thatis,betweennaturalpersonslegalpersonsorotherorganizations根據(jù)這一定義,合同平等主體之間設(shè)立的確定民事權(quán)利和義務(wù)的協(xié)議。StevenH.Gifts編著的“LawDictionary”中將contract定義為“contractisapromiseorasetofpromises,forbreachofwhichthelawgivesremedy,ortheperformanceofthewhichthelawinsomewayrecognizeasaduty.”根據(jù)這一定義,合同是一種承諾,違反承諾可以得到法律救濟(jì),某種意義上法律將履行該承諾看成是一種救濟(jì)。L.L.BCurzon在其編纂的字典“ADictionaryofLaw,給contract的定義:“Contractisalegallybindingagreement”根據(jù)這一定義,合同就是有法律約束力的協(xié)議。總而言之,合同類(lèi)法律文件用以規(guī)定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利與義務(wù),是預(yù)防與解決爭(zhēng)議的依據(jù)。一、用詞特點(diǎn)與翻譯要點(diǎn)合同英語(yǔ)的用詞極其考究,具有特定性。要求選詞專(zhuān)業(yè)化(professional)、正式(formal)、準(zhǔn)確(accurate)。具體體現(xiàn)在下列方面:May,shall,must,maynot(或shallnot)的使用May,shall,must,maynot或shallnot)對(duì)學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)的人再熟悉不過(guò),但在合同中用這些詞時(shí)要極其謹(jǐn)慎。權(quán)利義務(wù)的約見(jiàn)定部分構(gòu)成了合同的主體。這幾個(gè)詞如選用不當(dāng),可能會(huì)引起糾紛。may旨在約定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利(可以做什么),Shall約定當(dāng)事人的義務(wù)(應(yīng)當(dāng)做什么時(shí)候),must用于強(qiáng)制性義務(wù)(必須做什么),maynot(或shallnot)用于禁止性義務(wù)(不得做什么)。Maydo不能說(shuō)成cando,shalldo,不能說(shuō)成shoulddo或oughttodo,maynotdo在美國(guó)一些法律文件可以用shallnot,但絕不能用cannotdo或mustnot。用語(yǔ)正式(formal)合同英語(yǔ)有著嚴(yán)肅的風(fēng)格,與其它英語(yǔ)作品有很大不同。例如:“因?yàn)椤钡亩陶Z(yǔ)多用“byvirtueof”,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于"dueto”一般不用“becauseof”;“財(cái)務(wù)年度末”一般用"atthecloseofthefiscalyear”,而不文檔來(lái)源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理.word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持.用“intheendofthefiscalyear”;“在 之前"一般用"priorto",而不用"before";"關(guān)于"常用"asregards",“concerning”或“relatingto”,而不會(huì)用“about”;“事實(shí)上”用"ineffect”,而不用"infact";"開(kāi)始"用"commencement”,而不用"start”或“begin";“停止做"用"ceasetodo”,而不用"stoptodo”;何時(shí)開(kāi)會(huì)并由某某主持”的表述為:Themeetingshallbeconvenedandpresidedbysb.其中“召開(kāi)"不用"hold或call”,而用"convene”;“主持”不用"chair"或"beinchargeof",而用"preside";“其他事項(xiàng)”用"miscellaneous”,而不用"othermatters/events";"理解合同”用“construeacontract”或“comprehendacontract”,而不用"understandacontract";"認(rèn)為"用"deem",用"consider”少,不用"think"或"believe”。用詞專(zhuān)業(yè)(technical)合同用詞不以大眾是否理解和接受為轉(zhuǎn)移,它是合同語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)的保障。如合同出現(xiàn)的“瑕疵”、“救濟(jì)”、“不可抗力”、“管轄”、“損毀”、 “滅失”等就可能讓非行業(yè)人士費(fèi)解,在英語(yǔ)以上表達(dá)分別為defect、remedy、forcemajuere、jurisdiction、damageand/orloss。另外幾乎每個(gè)合同都少不了hereinafterreferredtoas,whereas,inwitnesswhereof,forandonbehalfof,hereby,thereof等虛詞。這也是合同英語(yǔ)的一大特色。其它例子還有:“賠償"用"indemnities”,而不用"compensation”;“不動(dòng)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓”用"conveyance”,而不用"transferofrealestate”;“房屋出租"用"tenancy”,而“財(cái)產(chǎn)出租"用"leaseofproperty”“停業(yè)"用"windupabusiness"或"cease(名詞是cessation)abusiness”,而不用"end/stopabusiness”);“依照合同相關(guān)規(guī)定"一般說(shuō)"pursuanttoprovisionscontainedherein”或“asprovidedherein”等,不說(shuō)"accordingtorelevanttermsandconditionsinthecontract”。4、同義詞、近義詞、相關(guān)詞的并列使用FORvalueRECEIVED,theundersigneddoesherebysell,transfer,assignandsetovertoallhisright,tileandinterestinandtoacertaincontractdated,19byandbetweentheundersignedand,acopyofwhichisannexedhereto.在這里的同義詞和近義詞并列(如sell,transfer,assignandsetover,right和tileandinterest),在英文合同里十分普遍。這是出于嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和杜絕漏洞的考慮,有的也屬于合同用語(yǔ)的固定模式。如:ThisagreementismadeandenteredintobyandbetweenPartyAandPartyB.句中"madeandenteredinto"和"byandbetween”兩組分別屬于同義詞和相關(guān)詞并列。Forandinconsiderationofmutualcovenantsandagreementscontainedherein,thepartiesherebycovenantandagreeasfollows:句中"forandinconsiderationof”,"covenantsandagreements”三組同義司和近義詞并列。ThepartieshaveagreedtovarytheManagementonthetermsandsubjecttotheconditionscontainedherein.這里的"ontheterms”文檔來(lái)源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理.word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持.和“subjecttotheconditions”是一個(gè)意思,都表示“依照本協(xié)議的條款規(guī)定”。合同條款的固定模式是“termsandconditions”。再例如:“PartyAwishestobereleasedanddischargedfromagreementasfromtheeffectivedate”,一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思幾乎相同。古英語(yǔ)與外來(lái)詞的應(yīng)用(borrowingwords)使用古英語(yǔ)最為突出的是較多使用here、there、where加后綴in、by、after、from等介詞構(gòu)成的詞。在法律文件中用這些詞,可以避免重復(fù),避免歧義,使行文準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔。常用例詞如下:hereafter,hereby,herein,hereof,heretohereunder,hereupon,herewith,hereinbefore,hereinafter;thereafter,thereby,therein,thereinafter,thereinbefore,thereon,thereof,thereunder,thereupon,therewith;whereas,whereby,wherein,whereof,whereon,etc。合同中也會(huì)使用一些外來(lái)詞匯,常見(jiàn)的有拉丁語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)詞匯。如比例稅率:用proratetaxrate要比proportionaltaxrate多;從事慈善性服務(wù)的律師:probonolawyer,不怎么用lawyerengagedincharitablelegalassistance;委托代理人:多用agentadlitem。二、句法特點(diǎn)與翻譯要點(diǎn)如果說(shuō)商務(wù)合同的用詞具有專(zhuān)業(yè)、準(zhǔn)確、正式的特點(diǎn),那么商務(wù)合同的句法則有結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、句式較長(zhǎng)的特點(diǎn)。句子的狀語(yǔ)(從句)和定語(yǔ)(從句)等附加成分很多,且往往位置明顯,對(duì)主句意義進(jìn)行解釋、限制或補(bǔ)充,一則可以體現(xiàn)這種文體莊嚴(yán)的風(fēng)格、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)和清晰的邏輯;二則便于排除被曲解、誤解而出現(xiàn)歧義引發(fā)爭(zhēng)端的可能性,維護(hù)雙方的合法權(quán)益。雖然商務(wù)合同英文中的句法特點(diǎn)有很多,比如多用陳述句、多用現(xiàn)在時(shí)、多用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、多用名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)等等,但本節(jié)結(jié)合翻譯難點(diǎn),重點(diǎn)探討長(zhǎng)句,尤其是條件從句的特點(diǎn)和翻譯方法。.長(zhǎng)句及其翻譯與普通英語(yǔ)相比較而言,商務(wù)合同英語(yǔ)中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)就其長(zhǎng)度和使用從句的連續(xù)性要復(fù)雜得多。分析合同長(zhǎng)句的基本方法是:首先,要找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),即句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu);其次,要找出句子中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞,然后再分析從句和短句的功能,即:是否是主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句等,以及詞、短語(yǔ)和從句之間的關(guān)系。最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配、插入語(yǔ)等其他成分。TheBuyermay,within15daysafterarrivalofthegoodsatthedestination,lodgeaclaimagainsttheSellerforshort-weightbeingsupportedbyInspectionCertificateissuedbyareputablepublicsurveyor.這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單長(zhǎng)句,其主干為T(mén)heBuyermayTodgeaclaim…。修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的狀語(yǔ)有三個(gè),分別表示時(shí)間(within15daysafterarrivalofthegoodsatthedestination)、方式(beingsupportedbyInspectionCertificateissuedbyareputablepublicsurveyor)和原因(forshort-weight)。諸多狀語(yǔ)盡管在原文中位置靈活,然而在譯文里,須按照漢語(yǔ)的行文規(guī)范適當(dāng)進(jìn)行調(diào)整:方式狀語(yǔ)一般應(yīng)置于動(dòng)詞之前;其他狀語(yǔ)可以靈活處理,如本句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可以提前至句首。(貨物抵達(dá)目的港15天內(nèi),買(mǎi)方可以憑有信譽(yù)的公共檢驗(yàn)員出示的檢驗(yàn)證明向賣(mài)方提出短重索賠。)文檔來(lái)源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理.word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持.IfaPartybreachesanyoftherepresentationsorwarrantiesgivenbyitinArticles18.1orrepeatedin18.2,theninadditiontoanyotherremediesavailabletotheotherPartyunderthiscontractorunderApplicableLaws,itshallindemnifyandkeepindemnifiedtheotherPartyandthecompanyagainstanylosses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilitiesandclaimsthatsuchPartyortheCompanymaysufferasaresultofsuchbreach.本句的主干是itshallindemnifyandkeepindemnified...against...theotherPartyandthecompany。If引導(dǎo)的是條件從句,條件句的賓語(yǔ)部分跟隨后置定語(yǔ)(givenbyitinArticles18.1orrepeatedin18.2)。inadditionto引導(dǎo)的是增補(bǔ)成分,其核心詞remedies也跟了后置定語(yǔ)(availabletotheotherPartyunderthiscontractorunderApplicableLaws)。That弓|導(dǎo)的則是后置定語(yǔ)修飾緊鄰的五個(gè)名詞?;谝陨戏治觯俳Y(jié)合漢語(yǔ)的行文習(xí)慣(條件在前,結(jié)構(gòu)在后以及定語(yǔ)在所修飾的核心詞之前),即可翻譯成:如果一方違反任何其根據(jù)第18.1條或18.2條所作的陳述及擔(dān)?;蛑厥?則另一方除根據(jù)本合同或相關(guān)法律尋求任何可能的救濟(jì)之外,違約方應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償另一方或合營(yíng)公司因此種違反而招致的任何損失、損害、費(fèi)用、開(kāi)支、責(zé)任或索賠。TheSellershallnotberesponsibleforthedelayofshipmentornondeliveryofthegoodsduetoForceMajeure,whichmightoccurduringtheprocessofmanufacturingorinthecourseofloadingortransit.上句中信息的重心在句首,先表明賣(mài)方的免責(zé)事項(xiàng),接著再規(guī)定由于什么原因引起的不能交貨或延遲交貨才會(huì)免責(zé),后對(duì)不可抗力又做了限定。按照漢語(yǔ)的思維習(xí)慣,往往先談原因,再講結(jié)論,因此采用顛倒順序的譯法更合理。(凡在制造或裝船運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中,因不可抗力致使賣(mài)方不能或推遲交貨時(shí),賣(mài)方不負(fù)責(zé)任。)2、條件句及其翻譯商務(wù)合同主要約定合同各方應(yīng)享有的權(quán)利和應(yīng)履行的義務(wù),但由于這種權(quán)利的行使和義務(wù)的履行均賦有各種條件,所以條件句的大量使用成為商務(wù)合同的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。條件句多由下列連接詞引導(dǎo):if,intheeventof,incase(of),should,provided(that),subjectto,unlessotherwise等。比如:IfthethirdpartyaccusesthePartyBofinfringement,PartyBshalltakeupthematter?一(如果第三方指控乙方侵權(quán),乙方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)……)Intheeventofanylosscausedbythedelayinthedelivery,theRepresentativecanclaimacompensationfromtheManufacturerwithacertificateanddetailedlistregisteredbytheadministrationauthoritiesoftheRepresentative'ssite.(若因任何交貨延誤導(dǎo)致的代理方損失,代理方可憑代理方所在地行政當(dāng)局登記的損失清單向制造方索賠,但須出具證明。)Shouldallorpartofthecontractbeunabletobefulfilledowingtothefaultofoneparty,thebreachingpartyshallbeartheresponsibilitiesthuscaused.Shoulditbethefaultofbothparties,theyshallbeartheirrespectiveresponsibilitiesaccordingtoactualsituations.(由于一方的過(guò)失,造成本合同不能履行或不能完全履行時(shí),由過(guò)失一方承文檔來(lái)源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理.word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持.擔(dān)違約責(zé)任。若屬雙方過(guò)失,則根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,由雙方分別承擔(dān)各自應(yīng)負(fù)的違約責(zé)任。)1)EitherSidecanreplacetherepresentativesithasappointedprovidedthatitsubmitsawrittennoticetotheotherSide.(任何一方都可更換自己指派的代表,但須書(shū)面通知對(duì)方。)歸納上述各例,除了句(EitherSidecanreplacetherepresentativesithasappointedprovidedthatitsubmitsawrittennoticetotheotherSide)以外,條件句均置于主句之前,英譯漢時(shí)譯成“如果”或“若”即可。而當(dāng)條件句置于主句之后時(shí),在翻譯這些引導(dǎo)條件句的連詞或短語(yǔ)時(shí),可按動(dòng)態(tài)等值理論視具體情況而定,切勿生搬硬套。該句中的providedthat表示合同該條款需作進(jìn)一步規(guī)定或在作規(guī)定時(shí)語(yǔ)氣上的轉(zhuǎn)折,因而應(yīng)譯為“但是”才使譯文過(guò)渡自然,符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)規(guī)范,達(dá)到功能對(duì)等的效果。二、譯例文本PurchaseContractThiscontractismadeonthe dayof20,byandbetweenkg/case,freeofcharge.12.Payment:TheBuyershallopena100%confirmed,irrevocable,divisibleandnegotiableandpartialshipmentpermittedLetterofCreditkg/case,freeofcharge.12.Payment:TheBuyershallopena100%confirmed,irrevocable,divisibleandnegotiableandpartialshipmentpermittedLetterofCredit5infavoroftheSellerwithin5calendardaysfromthedateoftheagreementthroughtheIssuingBank.TheL/Cshahbedrawnagainstdraftatsightuponfirstpresentationofthefollowingdocuments:FullsetofSeller'sCommercialInvoices;(hereinafter2referredtoastheSeller)andCompany(hereinafterreferredtoastheBuyer).Throughfriendlynegotiation,bothPartieshaveherebyagreedonthetermsandconditionsstipulatedhereunder:ContractProducts:Specification: Quantity: UnitPrice: TotalValue: CountryofOrigin:ShippingMarks: Shipment: TobeshippedonorbeforesubjecttoacceptableLetterofCredit(L/C)reachesSellersbeforetheendof,andpartialshipmentsallowed,transshipmentallowed.GracePeriod:Should4lastshipmenthavetobeextendedforfulfilmentofthiscontract,theBuyershallgivetheSelleragraceperiodof30daysuponsubmittingevidencebytheSeller.Insurance:TobeeffectedbytheBuyer.Packing:InnewKraftpaperbagsofkg/bagorinwoodencasesof文檔來(lái)源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理.word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持.Fullsetofclean,blank,endorsedBillofLading6;InspectionCertificatesofqualityandweight.NoticeofReadiness:TheBuyershalladvisetheSellerbytelexthescheduledtimeofarrivalofcargovesselatleastsevendayspriortothearrivalofthevesselattheloadingport.PerformanceGuarantee:UponreceiptofBuyer'sIrrevocableL/CbytheAdvisingBank,theSellershallperformaPerformanceGuaranteerepresenting%oftheL/Cvalue.ThePerformanceGuaranteeshallbereturnedinfulltotheSelleraftercompletionofshipmentanddeliveryofthecontractedgoods.Incaseofnon-deliveryof(allorpart)ofthegoodsforreasonsotherthanthosespecifiedinclause12,thePerformanceGuaranteeshallbeforfeitedinfavoroftheBuyerinproportiontothequantityindefault.ShouldtheBuyerbreachthecontractorfailtoopentheL/CinfavoroftheSellerwithintheperiodspecifiedinclause9(exceptforclause12),theBuyerhastopaytheSellerthesamevalueasthePerformanceGuarantee.TheLetterofCreditmustfulfillallthetermsandconditionsofthiscontract.ThetermsoftheL/Cshouldbeclear,fairandmadepayabletotheSeller.UponacceptanceofL/CbytheAdvisingBank,theAdvisingBankshahsendthePerformanceGuaranteetotheIssuingBank.ForceMajeure?:TheSellerortheBuyershallnotberesponsiblefornon-deliveryorbreachofcontractforanyreasonduetoForceMajeureincidents.Incasethetimeofdeliveryorshipmenthastobeextended,theBuyerortheSellershallhavetoprovideevidenceforsuchevent.Arbitration:AlldisputesordivergencesarisingfromtheexecutionofthecontractshahbesettledthroughfriendlydiscussionbetweenbothParties.Incasenosettlementcanbereached,thecaseatissueshallthenbesubmittedforarbitrationtotheChinaInternationalEconomicandTradeArbitrationCommissionsinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthesaidCommission.TheawardbythesaidCommissionshallbedeemedasfinalandbindinguponbothParties.TheArbitrationfeeshahbebornebythelosingParty.IncourseofArbitration,thecontractshahcontinuouslybeexecutedbybothPartiesexceptforthepartunderArbitration.CurrencyDevaluation:IntheeventofanyofficialdevaluationofU.S.Currency,theSellerreservestherighttoreadjustthecontractpriceinproportiontothedevaluationratio.ValidPeriod:ThiscontractwillautomaticallybecomenullandvoidshouldtheBuyerfailtoopenaL/CinfavoroftheSellerwithinsevendaysaftersigningthiscontract.4However,theBuyershallstillberesponsibleforthepaymentofcompensationinaccordancewiththetermsinclause11,items2and3.

文檔來(lái)源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理.word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持Thiscontractismadeinduplicate,bothPartieshavereadcarefullyandagreedtoabidebyallthetermsandconditionsstipulated.ThecontractissignedbybothPartiesinthepresenceofwitnesses.Seller: Buyer:(一)譯前準(zhǔn)備Seller: Buyer:(一)譯前準(zhǔn)備詞匯提示hereinafteradv.在下文stipulatev.規(guī)定specificationn.規(guī)格confirmvt.確認(rèn);保兌kraftn.牛皮紙irrevocableadj.不可撤銷(xiāo)的divisibleadj.可分割的negotiableadj.可轉(zhuǎn)讓的infavorofsomebody以…為受益人endorsev.背書(shū);為…代言guaranteen.保證金non-deliveryn.無(wú)法交貨forfeitvt.沒(méi)收inproportionto按…比低Udefaultn.不履行、違約術(shù)語(yǔ)unitprice單價(jià)shippingmark嘜頭letterofcredit(L/C)信用證graceperiod優(yōu)惠期限issuingbank開(kāi)證行advisingbank通知(銀)行billoflading(B/L)貨運(yùn)提單tobedrawnagainstdraftatsight見(jiàn)票即付commercialinvoice商業(yè)發(fā)票inspectioncertificate檢驗(yàn)證明performanceguarantee履約保證金forcemajeure不可抗力losingparty敗訴方Witnesses:breachvt./n違反、不履行arbitrationn.仲裁disputen.糾紛、爭(zhēng)端divergencen.分歧、歧異inaccordancewith依據(jù)、按照provisionn.規(guī)定awardn./vt.裁決;授予、判給arbitralaward仲裁裁決statuten.法令、法規(guī)ration.利率validadj.有效的nulladj.無(wú)效的voidadj.無(wú)效的compensationn.補(bǔ)償文檔來(lái)源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理.word版本可編輯.歡迎下載支持.(二)翻譯討論Byandbetween,"由…和…間”。英文中常用并列短語(yǔ)來(lái)使意思的表達(dá)更為正式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),在平時(shí)應(yīng)留心這種英文表達(dá)。再如14.(4)中的“termsandconditions”表示“合同條款”,18中的nullandvoid表示“無(wú)效”。合同常常采用部分古詞來(lái)增強(qiáng)其文體的正式程度,這樣不僅能使句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,而且增強(qiáng)了雨衣的邏輯銜接和連貫。該句使用的hereinafter>hereby>hereunder在法律文本中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),可分別譯為:“在下文中”、“特此”和“如下的”。F.O.B為FreeOnBoard的縮寫(xiě)?,F(xiàn)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易中最常用的三種價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)除F.O.B(裝運(yùn)港船上交貨價(jià))外,還有C.F.R(目的港成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)價(jià)CostandFreight)和C.I.F(目的港成本加保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)運(yùn)費(fèi)價(jià)Cost,InsuranceandFreight)。這三種術(shù)語(yǔ)規(guī)定賣(mài)方交貨地點(diǎn)為裝運(yùn)港,以越過(guò)船舷為劃分雙方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的界限。Should引起的假設(shè)狀語(yǔ)從句,相當(dāng)于incase從句,漢譯時(shí)一般翻譯成“若..…(發(fā)生)”。L/C為當(dāng)今國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的主要貨款支付方式,即信用證結(jié)算。CleanBillofLading:清潔提單。指貨物在裝船后承運(yùn)人(船運(yùn)公司)在提單上未加任何有關(guān)貨物受損或包裝不良等批注的提單。Fo

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