1996年全國(guó)考研英語(yǔ)真題

19961996年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題及答案PartOne:1.Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoften,ofbetterthananactualperformance.A.asgoodasBasgoodC.goodD.goodas2.MypainapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom.forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:"Areyoufeelingallright?"A.mustbeB.hadC.musthavebeenD.hadtobe3.Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookformeshecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.A.eversinceB.muchasC.eventhough.Difonly4.Observationsweremadethechildrenatthebeginningandattheendofpre-schoolandfirstgrade.A.towardsB.ofC.onD.with5.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.A.makesB.madeC.istomakeD.making6.Asafetyanalysisthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.A.wouldidentifyB.willidentifyC.wouldhaveidentifiedD.willhaveidentified7.Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear#39;smarathonwashalf.A.oflastyear#39;sB.thoseoflastyear#39;sC.ofthoseoflastyearD.thatoflastyear#39;s8.Fortheresuessfulmunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.A.isB.tobeC.willbeD.being9.TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlywhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.A.givingB.gaveC.togiveD.given10.Noonewouldhavetimetoreadorlistentoanaountofeverythinggoingonintheworld.A.itisB.asisC.thereisD.whatisSectionll.I#39;dratheryouwouldgobytrain,becauseIcan#39;tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneABCinsuchbadweather.D12.It#39;sessentialthatpeoplebepsychologicalabletoresisttheimpactbroughtaboutbythetran-ABCsitionformplannedeconomytomarketeconomy.D13.Somebossesdisliketoallowpeopletosharetheirresponsibllities;theykeepallimportantABCmatterstightlyintheirownhands.D14.Eachcigarettewhlchapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyyoumaygetaseriousABdiseasefromitseffect.CD15.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremuchlikelytosueedintheirstudiesthanarethoseABCwithlittleambition.D16.Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatisABCnotfullyunderstood.D17.In1921EinsteinwontheNobelPrize,andwashonoredinGermanyuntiltheriseofNazismABthenhewasdrivenfromGermanybecausehewasaJew.CD18.ThedatareceivedfromthetwospacecraftswhirlingaroundMarsindicatethatthereismuchABCevidencethathugethunderstormsareouningabouttheequatorofthepla.D19.Generallyspeaking,thebirdflyingacrossourpathisobserved,andtheonestayingontheABtreenearathandispassedbywithoutanynoticetakingofit.CD20.Mercury#39;svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth#39;sthatitpletesmorethanfourrev-ABolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimethattakestheEarthtopleteone.CDSectionC:21.IwasspeakingtoAnnonthephonewhensuddenlywewere.A.hungupB.hungbackC.cutdownD.cutoff22.Shewonderedifshecouldhavetheopportunitytospendheresothatshecouldlearnmoreaboutthecity.A.sometimesB.sometimeC.sometimeD.sometimes23.Ms.Greenhasbeenlivingintownforonlyoneyear,yetsheseemstobewitheveryonewhoestothestore.A.aeptedB.admittedC.admiredD.acquainted24.HedoesnotasateacherofEnglishashispronunciationisterrible.A.equalB.matchC.qualifyD.fit25.Dozensofscientificgroupsallovertheworldhavebeenthegoalofapracticalandeconomicwaytousesunlighttosplitwatermolecules.A.pursuingB.chasingC.reachingD.winning26.Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthatthespeakersstoppedforrefreshments.A.atlargeB.atintervalsC.ateaseD.atrandom27.Whentravelling,youareadvisedtotaketravellers#39;checks,whichprovideasecuretocarryingyourmoneyincash.A.substituteB.selectionCpreferenceD.alternative28.InevertrustedhimbecauseIalwaysthoughtofhimassuchacharacter.A.graciousB.suspiciousC.uniqueD.particular29.Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit,andthisproducesartificialcoldsurroundingit.A.absorptionB.transitionC.consumptionD.interaction30.Ididn#39;tsayanythinglikethatatall.Youarepurposelymyideastoproveyourpoint.A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting31.Languageculture,andpersonalitymaybeconsideredofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.A.indistinctlyB.separatelyC.irrelevantlyD.independently32.Watchingmepullingthecalfawkwardlytothebarn,theIrishmilkmaidfoughthardtoherlaughter.A.holdbackB.holdonC.holdoutD.holdup33.Themanagergaveoneofthesalesgirlsanausinglookforherattitudetowardcustomers.A.impartialB.mildC.hostileD.opposing34.Iwiththanksthehelpofmycolleaguesinthepreparationofthisnewcolumn.A.expressBconfessC.verifyD.acknowledge35.Itisstrictlythataesstoconfidentialdocumentsisdeniedtoallbutafew.A.securedB.forbiddenD.regulatedDdetermined36.ThepollutionquestionaswellasseveralotherissuesisgoingtobediscussedwhentheCongressisinagainnextspring.A.assemblyB.sessionC.conferenceD.convention37.ChristmasisaChristianholydayusuallycelebratedonDecember25ththebirthofJesusChrist.A.inaordancewithB.intermsofC.infavorofD.inhonorof38.Sinceitistoolatetochangemymindnow,Iamtocarryingouttheplan.A.obligedB.mittedC.engagedD.resolved39.Itwasaboldideatobuildapowerstationinthedeepvalley,butitaswellaswehadhoped.A.cameoffB.WentoffC.broughtOutD.madeout40.Tosurviveintheintensetradepetitionbetweencountries,wemustthequalitiesandvarietiesofproductswemaketotheworld---marketdemand.A.improveB.enhancedCguaranteeD.gearPartTwo:Vitaminsareorganicpoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.Theydonotprovideenergy,41dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor42foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,andif43ismissingadeficiencydiseasebees44.Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements-usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and45nitrogen.Theyaredifferent46theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitamin47oneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody.48enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor49vitamins.Manypeople,50,believeinbeingonthe"safeside"andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody#39;svitaminneeds.41.(A)either(B)so(C)nor(D)never42.(A)shifting(B)transfening(C)altering(D)transforming43.(A)any(B)some(C)anything(D)something44.(A)serious(B)apparent(C)severe(D)fatal45.(A)mostly(B)partially(C)sometimes(D)rarely46.(A)inthat(B)sothat(C)suchthat(D)exceptthat47.(A)undertakes(B)holds(C)plays(D)performs48.(A)Supplying(B)Getting(C)Providing(D)Furnishing49.(A)exceptional(B)exceeding(C)excess(D)external50.(A)nevertheless(B)therefore(C)moreover(D)meanwhilePartⅢReadingComprehensionPassagelTight-lippedeldersusedtosay,"It#39;snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget."Psych-ologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.Likewise,Ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices.ThisacoountofyourselfisactuaLlyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludealucation,experienceandreferences.Suchanaountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryour"wares"andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgement.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.51.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,"It#39;snotwhatyauwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget."?(A)You#39;llcertainlygetwhatyouwant.(B)It#39;snousedreaming.(C)Youshouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.(D)It#39;sessentialtosetagoalforyourself.52.Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas.(A)anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajob(B)anindicationofhowtosecureagoodjob(C)aguidelineforjobdescription(D)aprincipleforjobevaluation53.Aordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecause.(A)thatisthefirststeptopleasetheemployer(B)thatistherequirementoftheemployer(C)itenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisservices(D)itforceshimtobeeclearlyawareofhimself54.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesome-thing.(A)definitetooffer(B)imaginarytoprovide(C)practicaltosupply(D)desirabletopresentPassage2WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation#39;snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostation.Theyarebroughtsport,edy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children#39;spragrammesandfilmsforanannuallicencefeeof83poundsperhousehold.Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years--yettheBBC#39;sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC-includingordinarylistenersandviewers--tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC#39;sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,ortomakechanges.DefendersoftheCorporation-ofwhomtherearemany---arefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan"Ifitain#39;tbroke,don#39;tfixit."TheBBC"ain#39;tbroke",theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword#39;broke#39;,meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThemercialTVchannels---TVandChannel4-wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment#39;sBroadcastingActtobeemoremercial,petingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitistheanivalofnewsatellitechannels--fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers#39;subscriptions-whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm.55.TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces.(A)theproblemofnewcoverage(B)anuncertainprospect(C)inquiriesbythegeneralpublic(D)shrinkageofaudience56.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisnotmentionedasthekeyissue?(A)ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarEast.(B)Programmesasthesubjectofanation-widedebate.(C)Potentialsforfurtherintemationalco-operations.(D)Itsexistenceasabroadcastingorganization.57.TheBBC#39;s"royalcharter"(Llne4,Paragraph3)standsfor(A)thefinancialsupportfromtherovalfamily(B)theprivilegesgrantedbytheQueen(C)acontractwiththeQueen(D)auniquerelationshipwiththeroyalfamily58.TheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan(A)theemergenceofmercialTVchannels(B)theenforcementofBroadcastingActbythegovernment(C)theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandjobs(D)thechallengeofnewsatellitechannelsPassage3Inthelasthalfofthenieenthcentury"capital"and"labour"wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitypanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsomonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaypanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitypanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenieenthcentury,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld#39;smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthandEastboumespranguptohouselarge."fonable"classeswhohadretiredontheirines,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthemunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoasionallyattendingashareholders#39;meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand"shareholding"meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilisation.The"shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythepanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthepanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabLedtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthepanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother#39;sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.59.It#39;strueoftheoldfamilyfinnsthat.(A)theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerations(B)theyfailedforlackofindividualinitiative(C)theylackedefficiencyparedwithmodempanies(D)theycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayers60.Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitypaniesresultedin.(A)theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement(B)theownershipofcapitalbymanagers(C)theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses(D)theparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusiness61.Aordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexceptthat.(A)theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers(B)theoldfirmownershandabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers(C)thelimitedliabilityQompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly(D)thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole62.Theauthorismostcriticalof.(A)familyfilmowners(B)landowners(C)managers(D)shareholdersPassage4WhataountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica-breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry#39;sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatweledthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthingstechnological.Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinvelltivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishmissionvisitingherein1853reported,"Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman."Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe"premium"system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit."fhisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothessfairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinklngrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist."Thisnonverbal"spatial"thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea."Whenalltheseshapingforces--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking--interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutpetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.63.Aordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto(A)elemental#39;yschools(B)enthusiasticworkers(C)theattractivepremiumsystem(D)aspecialwayofthinking64.ItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmericanmechanics(A)benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalknowledge(B)shedlightondisciplinedschoolmanagement(C)wasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhometraining(D)owedalottothetechnologicaldevelopment65.Atechnologistcanbeparedtoanartistbecause(A)theyarebothwinnersofawards(B)theyarebothexpertsinspatialthinking(C)theybothabandonverbaldescription(D)theybothusevariousinstruments66.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe(A)InventiveMind(B)EffectiveSchooling(B)WaysofThinking(D)OutpouringofInventionsPassage5Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher#39;spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaountofwhathappened."Scientific"creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor"equaltime"intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaountsofevolutionareeivel,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershaveetoregard"scientific"creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher#39;sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atap-propriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmayeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenon-specialistwiUbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:"Thisbookstandsforreasonitself."Andsoitdoes-andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreation-ism/evolutiondebate.67."Creationism"inthepassagerefersto(A)evolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheuniverse(B)anotionofthecreationofreligion(C)thescientificexplanationoftheearthformation(D)thedeceptivetheoryabouttheoriginoftheuniverse68.Kitcher#39;sbookisintendedto.(A)remendtheviewsoftheevolutionists(B)exposethetruefeaturesofcreationists(C)cursebitterlyatthisopponents(D)launchasurpriseattackoncreationists69Fromthepassagewecaninferthat(A)reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthedebate(B)creationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonreasoning(C)evolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-specialists(D)creationismissupportedbyscientificfindings70.Thispassageappearstobeadigestof(A)abookreview(B)ascientificpaper(C)amagazinefeature(D)anewspapereditorialPartⅣEnglish-ChineseTranslationThedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71)Someofthesecausesarepletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-aelerating.Some,how-ever,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionoftheformscientif-ictheoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovemmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescien-tificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73)Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting"good"asopposedto"bad"science,butavaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsciencetendstobeecon-fusedwithth