高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 新課標(biāo) 英文版

NewCourseSyllableforEnglishShaanxiInstituteofEducation,October2005Part1:IntroductionWiththeadventoftheinformationageandtheglobaleconomy,Englishhasbecomeincreasinglyimportant.Englishisthedominantcarrierofinformationandthemostwidelyspokenlanguageintheworld.ManycountrieshavemadeEnglishacornerstoneofqualityeducationwhendevelopingstrategiesforbasiceducation.SinceChina"sreformandopening,thescaleofitsEnglisheducationhascontinuallygrown,attendedbysignificantachievementsinteachingandlearning.However,Englisheducationinitscurrentformisfailingtomeettheneedsofcontemporarysocialandeconomicdevelopment.ThecurrentroundofreformstotheEnglishcurriculumaimtoendthefollowingpractices:1lOver-emphasizingthetransmissionandexplanationofknowledgeaboutgrammarandvocabularylNeglectingtodevelopstudents"abilitytouselanguageforrealIntheirplace,thereformsaimtoestablishacurriculumthat:lDevelopsstudents"comprehensivelanguagecompetencelMotivatesstudents,isrelevanttotheirlifeexperiencesandcognitivelevellPromotestask-basedteachingmethodslInvolvesstudentsinexperiential,practical,participatoryandcooperativelearningDevelopsstudents"positiveattitudes,thinkingskills,practicalabilities,culturalawarenessandautonomythroughthelanguagelearningprocessTheNatureoftheNewCurriculumThenewEnglishcurriculumstrivestoaccomplishfarmorethanjusthelpstudentslearnEnglish.AtonelevellearningEnglishshouldinvolvehelpingstudentst2lDevelopacertainlevelofcomprehensivelanguagecompetenceandtheabilitytouselanguageforrealcommunicationlMastercertainbasiclanguageknowledgelMasterlistening,speaking,readingandwritingskillsHowever,atanotherlevelthecurriculumshouldalsoservestudents"all-rounddevelopment,providingthemwithopportunitiestlStrengthentheirinterestinstudyingEnglishlGrowinselfdiscipline,perseveranceandself-confidencelImprovetheircooperative,investigativeandthinkingabilitieslDeveloptheirmemory,imaginationandcreativitylAdoptgoodstudyhabitsandeffectivelearningstrategieslDevelopasautonomousandlifelonglearnerslBuildmoralintegrityandahealthyoutlookonlifelEstablishbothnationalspiritandanawarenessofandrespectforculturaldifferenceslBroadentheirhorizonsandenrichtheirlifeexperience3lTakepartinculturallifelDevelopasindividualsBasicPrinciplesoftheNewCurriculum2.1Thecurriculumpromotesqualityeducation(asopposedtoexam-orientatededucation)andtheallrounddevelopmentofthestudentsTopromotequalityeducationparticularattentionmustbepaidtlValuingeachstudent"sfeelingslStimulatingstudents"interestinstudyingEnglishlHelpingstudentsgainasenseofachievementandself-confidenceThecurriculummustgobeyonddevelopingstudents"comprehensivelanguagecompetencetoincludeareassuchas:lImprovingstudents"abilitytocontributetoculturalandsociallifelDevelopingstudents"practicalabilitieslFosteringstudents"creativity2.2Thecurriculumobjectivesareholisticandflexible.4ThefundamentalaimofthenewEnglishcurriculumistodevelopstudents"comprehensivelanguagecompetence.Thisaimisbrokendownintofivegeneralobjectives.Theseobjectivesarethendividedintonineabilitylevelswithdescriptorsprovidedforeachlevel.Thefivegeneralobjectivesare:LanguageSkillsLanguageKnowledgeAttitudestoLearningLearningStrategiesCulturalAwarenessThisdesignallowsstudentstoprogresssystematicallythrougheachlevelwhilstmeetingthefullrangeofthecurriculum'demands.2.3StudentsareputatthecentreofthecurriculumandindividualdifferencesarerespectedStudents"mustbeattheheartofthenewcurriculum.Forexample,theirdevelopmentalneedsmustbethecentralconsiderationwhendeveloping:lCurriculumobjectiveslTheteachingandlearningprocesslTheassessmentprocess5lTeachingandlearningresourcesWhenimplementingthecurriculumeachstudentmustbeallowedtodevelopindividuallyundertheguidanceoftheteacher:2.4Thecurriculumpromotesactivity-basedmethods,experientialandparticipatorylearningThecurriculumpromotestask-basedlearningwhereby,undertheguidanceoftheteacher,thestudentsgainasenseofachievementbyreachingthegoalsofthetask.Taskcompletionwillinvolvethefollowingtypesoflearning:lSensorylExperientiall”Handson"/practicallParticipatorylCooperativeInordertoimprovetheirabilitytouselanguageforrealcommunication,studentsshouldalsobeabletlAdjusttheirlearningstrategiesandcontroltheiremotionslFormpositiveattitudestowardslearning62.5Thecurriculumrecognizestheimportantroleofformativeassessmentinpromotingstudent"developmentTheassessmentsystemshouldcombineformativewithsummativeassessment.ThepurposesofassessmentshouldbetlPromotestudents"comprehensivelanguagecompetencelEncourageandmotivatestudentslHelpstudentsbecomemoreautonomouslearnerslBenefitstudents"healthypersonaldevelopmentGiveteachersusefulfeedbackfromwhichtodevelopteachingandlearninglInformtheongoingdevelopmentandperfectionoftheEnglishcurriculumFormativeassessmentshouldbeanimportantpartoftheEnglishteachingandlearningprocesswithaparticularemphasison:lEncouragingstudents"activeparticipationinlearninglImprovingstudents"self-confidenceSummativeassessmentshouldfocuson:lTestingstudents"integratedlanguageskills7lTestingstudents"abilitytouselanguage2.6ThecurriculumexpandstherangeoflearningresourcesandopportunitiesavailableThecurriculumshouldstrivetouseanddevelopresourceswhosecontentis:lRealisticlClosetothestudents"liveslContemporarylHealthylRichandvariedActiveuseshouldbemadeof:lAudiovisualmateriallPrintmedialTheInternetStudentsshouldbeencouragedtotakeresponsibilityforfinding,usinganddevelopinglearningresourcesthemselves.TheCurriculumDesignThecurriculumfollowstheinternationalpracticeofdividingthegeneralobjectivesintodifferentabilitylevels.Whendesigningtheseninelevelsconsiderationwasgiventothefollowing:8lThenatureoflanguagedevelopmentlThedifferentneedsofdifferentagegroupslTheneedsofdifferentethnicgroupsandareaslTheeconomicimbalancesthatexistinChinaTheaimistohavedesignedasystemthatisholisticandflexible.Thecorrespondencebetweenthelevelsystemandthegradesystemisshowninthefollowingdiagram:PrimaryWorkNotesSchooltowards:Grade3Level1StudentsshouldstartstudyingEnglishinGrade3Grade4Level1Grade5Level2Grade6Level2TherequiredstandardfortheendofprimaryschoolJuniorMiddleWorkNotesSchooltowards:Grade7(=Level3Junior1)Grade8(=Level4Junior2)9Grade9(=Level5TherequiredstandardfortheJunior3)endofjuniormiddleschoolSeniorWorkNotesMiddletowards:SchoolSenior1Level6Senior2Level7Senior3Level8TherequiredstandardforseniormiddleschoolgraduationLevel9AnextensionlevelforspecialistschoolsandablestudentsDiagram1:TheLevelsandtheGradesPart2:IntroductiontotheGeneralObjectivesThefundamentalaimofthenewcurriculumistodevelopstudentscomprehensivelanguagecompetence.Thiscomprehensivelanguagecompetenceisachievedthroughthefivegeneralobjectivesasshowninthefollowingdiagram:Diagram3:ComparisonoftheOldandNewCurriculumslLanguageskillsandknowledgeformthebasisofcomprehensivelanguagecompetence10lThestudents"attitudestolearningstronglyinfluencetheirlearninganddevelopmentlSuccessfullearningstrategiesimprovetheeffectivenessofstudents"learninglCulturalawarenessensuresstudentsuselanguageappropriatelyTheoveralldescriptorsforcomprehensivelanguagecompetence(i.e.acombinationofallfivegeneralobjectives)forLevels1to9arepresentedbelow:LevelDescriptors1StudentsarecuriousaboutEnglishandenjoylisteningtopeoplespeakingEnglish.Theycan:lPlaygames,doactionsandactivities(e.g.colouring,joininglines)accordingtosimpleinstructionsfromtheteacherlPerformsimpleroleplayslSingsimpleEnglishsongslSaysimplerhymesandchantslUnderstandsimplestoriesbywiththeaidofpictureslCommunicatesimplepersonalinformationExpresssimplefeelingsandattitudesIIlWritelettersandwordslTakeinterestinforeignculturalcustomsmetduringlearningEnglishStudentsshowasustainedinterestinandenjoymentoflearningEnglish.Theycan:lUsesimpleEnglishgreetingsandexchangepersonalinformationandinformationaboutfamilyandfriendslPerformdialogues,songs,rhymesandchantsaboutcontenttheyhavestudiedlUnderstandandnarratesimplestorieswiththeaidofpictureslWritesimplesentenceswiththeaidofpicturesorpromptslParticipateandcooperateactivelyandhappilylTaketheinitiativetoaskforhelplEnjoylearningaboutothercountriesculturesandcustomsStudentsshowapositiveattitudeandthebeginningsofselfconfidencetowardslearningEnglish.Theycan:lUnderstandshortandsimplestoriesabout12familiartopicsthattheyhearlExchangeinformationaboutfamiliartopics(e.g.school,familylife)withtheteacherorclassmateslReadandunderstandshortstoriesandothersimplewrittenmateriallWritesimplesentenceswiththeaidofexamplesorpictureslTakepartinsimpleroleplaysandactivitieslAttempttousesuitablelearningstrategiestoovercomedifficultiesencounteredduringstudylIdentifyculturaldifferencesthatarepresentwhencommunicatinginaforeignlanguageStudentscanidentifytheirownlearningneedsandtargetsandarefairlyself-confidentaboutlearningEnglish.Theycan:lListentoandunderstanddialoguesandshortstoriesineverydaycommunicationlCommunicateinformationandsimpleopinionsaboutfamiliareverydaytopicslWritebriefandsimpleletterslAttempttousedifferenteducationalresources13lGaininformationfromoralandwrittenmaterialstoextendtheirknowledge,solvesimpleproblemsanddescriberesultslHelpeachothertoovercomedifficultiesencounteredduringlearninglPlanandarrangesensiblelearningactivitieslActivelyexplorelearningstrategiessuitableforthemselveslTakenoteofculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandothercountriesduringstudyandcommunicationStudentsshowclearmotivationandapositive,activeattitudetowardslearningEnglish.Theycan:lListentoandunderstandtheteachersstatementsaboutfamiliartopicsandtakepartindiscussionslExchangeinformationwithothersandexpressopinionsaboutvarioustopicsindailylifelReadandunderstandtexts,newspapersandmagazinessuitableforGrades7-9,overcomingthebarrierofunknownwordstounderstandthemainideas14lUseappropriatereadingstrategiesaccordingtothepurposeofreadinglDraftandeditshortcompositionsaccordingwiththeaidofpromptslCooperatewithotherstocompletetasks,solveproblemsandreportresultslAssesstheirownlearningandsummarizetheirownlearningstylelMakeuseofawidevarietyofresourceslFurtherincreasetheirunderstandingandawarenessofculturaldifferencesStudentsshowfurthermotivationtostudyEnglishandagrowingawarenessofautonomouslearning.Theycan:lUnderstandtheviewpointsexpressedinoralorwrittenmaterialsandstatetheirownviewlEffectivelyuseoralorwrittenlanguagetodescribepersonalexperiencelPlan,organizeandcarryoutavarietyofEnglishlearningactivitieswiththeteachersassistancelTaketheinitiativetoexploitarangeof15learningresourcesandgaininformationthroughmultiplechannelslAdjusttheirownlearningobjectivesandstrategiesaccordingtotheresultsofself-assessmentlUnderstandtheculturalbackgroundtoandconnotationsoflanguageduringcommunicationStudentsshowclearandsustainedmotivationtostudyEnglishandaclearawarenessofautonomouslearning.Theycan:lExchangeinformation,askquestions,giveopinionsandadviceaboutafairlywiderangeoftopicslReadandunderstandoriginaltextsandnewspapersthathavebeenadaptedforseniormiddleschoolstudentslShownascentskillinwritingcompositionssuchasnoticesandlettersofinformationlTaketheinitiativetoplan,organizeandcarryoutarangeoflanguagepracticeactivitieslTakeresponsibilityforusingawidevarietyoflearningresourcestopromotestudy16lMonitortheirownlearningtocontinuetoformlearningstrategiessuitableforthemselveslUnderstandculturaldifferencesincommunicationandfurtherformwideculturalawarenessStudentsshowstrongself-confidenceandabilitytolearnautonomously.Theycan:lCommunicatefairlynaturallywithotherEnglishspeakersaboutfamiliartopicslExpressevaluativecommentsaboutthecontentoforalorwrittenmaterialslWritecoherentandfullystructuredshortcompositionslTakeresponsibilityforplanning,organizingandcarryingoutarangeoflanguagepracticeactivitiessuchasdiscussion,decisionmaking,andreportingexperimentandsurveyresultslUsetheinternetandvariousotherresourcestogatherandprocessinformationeffectivelylConsciouslyevaluatelearningoutcomesandformeffectiveEnglishlearningstrategieslUnderstandtheculturalconnotationsand17backgroundduringcommunicationandadoptarespectfulandtolerantattitudetowardsculturesofdifferentcountriesStudentsareautonomouslearners.Theycan:lListentoandunderstandthemaincontentofspeeches,discussions,debatesandreportsonfamiliartopicslDiscussandexpresstheirattitudesandopinionsabouttopicsofuniversalimportanceinsideandoutsideChina,suchastheenvironment,population,peace,development,etclActasaninterpreterineverydaylifelMakethemostofavarietyofopportunitiestouseEnglishforrealcommunicationlReadpopularscienceandliteraturearticleswithfairlywiderangingsubjectswiththeaidofadictionarylUsecommongenres/texttypestocompleteordinarywritingtasksandhavenascentabilitytowriteinaliterarywaylExpandandenrichlearningresourcesautonomously18lDisplaystrongglobalawarenessTable1:TheOverallDescriptorsforComprehensiveLanguageCompetencePart3:TheGeneralObjectivesinDetailDetaileddescriptorsforLevels2and5ofeachofthefivegeneralobjectivesarepresentedinthefollowingtables.PleaserefertothetranslationoftheseniorEnglishcurriculum(availablefromtheVSOProgrammeOffice)forLevel6-9descriptors.DescriptorsforLanguageSkillsLevelSkill2ListeningStudentscan:UnderstandsimpleliveorrecordedspeechwiththeaidofpicturesandimagesUnderstandsimplestorieswiththeaidofpicturesUnderstandsimplequestionsduringclassroomactivitiesUnderstandcommoninstructionsandrespondappropriately19SpeakingStudentscan:SpeakwithclearpronunciationandcanconveyintonationTakepartinsimpledialoguesaboutfamiliarpersonalandfamilyinformationUsesomecommondailyexpressions(e.g.greetings,farewells,thanks,apologies,etc.)TellsimplestorieswiththeteachershelpReadingStudentscan:ReadandrecognizeallwordsstudiedReadaloudsimplewordsaccordingtospellingrulesUnderstandshortandsimpleinstructionsintextbooksUnderstandinformationexpressedinsimpletextslikegreetingscardsUnderstandsimplestoriesorshortpassageswiththeaidofpicturesand20formthehabitofreadingforoverallcomprehensionReadaloudaccuratelyallthestoriesandpassagesstudiedWritingStudentscan:CopyexamplesentencesWritesimplegreetingsWriteshortandsimpleheadingsanddescriptionstofitpicturesorobjectsUsecapitalizationandpunctuationwithbasicaccuracyOtherStudentscan:UsesimpleEnglishtoplaygamesPerformshortstoriesorfairytaleswiththeteachershelpSay30-40simplenurseryrhymesorchants2222Perform30-40EnglishsongsUnderstandEnglishcartoonsandprogrammesofasuitablelevel(onaverage20-25minutesperweek)5ListeningStudentscan:21UnderstandspeakersintentionsaccordingtotheirstressandintonationUnderstandandextractinformationandviewpointsfromtalkaboutfamiliartopicsUnderstandthemainideas,usingcontextualcluestodealwithunfamiliarwordsUnderstandstoriesandnarrativesspokenatnearnaturalspeed,includingtheircauseandeffectstructuresReactinasuitablewaytowhatisheardTakesimplenotesaboutwhatisheardSpeakingStudentscan:Provideinformation,expresssimpleviewsandopinionsandtakepartindiscussionsaboutsimpletopicsExchangeinformationandcooperatewithotherstocompletetasksCorrectoneselfappropriatelyduringspeechInquireforinformationandaskforhelpeffectivelyCarryoutsituationaldialoguesaccordingtodifferenttopicsPerformshortplaysinEnglishUusenaturalpronunciationandintonationandanappropriatetoneduringtheaboveactivitiesReadingStudentscan:InferthemeaningofnewwordsfromthecontextandwordformationrulesUunderstandthelogicalrelationshipsbetweeneachsentenceinaparagraphPickoutthemainideasintextsandunderstandtheplotinstories,predictingitsdevelopmentandpossibleendingsUnderstandreadingmaterialofdifferentcommongenres/texttypes23UseappropriatereadingstrategiestofindinformationaccordingtodifferentreadingpurposesUsedictionariesandotherreferencematerialtocarryoutlearningHhavereadmaterialotherthanthatincludedinthetextbook,totalingover150000wordsWritingStudentscan:GatherandorganizematerialaccordingtothepurposeofthewritingDdraftshortlettersandpassagesindependently,editingthemwiththeteachersguidanceUsecommonlinkingdevicestoexpressoneselffluentlyandlogicallyinwritingWritesimpledescriptionsofpeopleorthingsWwritesimpleparagraphs,instructionsandexplanationsaccordingtopromptsgiveninpicturesortables24Table2:LevelDescriptorsforLanguageSkillsObjectiveN.B.TheoriginalincludesLanguageSkillsdescriptorsforLevels1,3,4,6,7,8and9KnowledgeLevelDescriptorsforLanguageKnowledge2PronunciationStudentscanKnowincorrectpronunciationcanaffectcommunicationKnowhowtosaythealphabetUnderstandsimplespellingrulesUnderstandwordshavestresspatternsPronounceclearlywithnaturalintonationVocabularyStudentscan:Learnthe600-700wordsand50orsocommonexpressionsassociatedwiththetopicsforthisunit25UunderstandwordsareformedfromlettersGrammarStudentscan:KnownounshavesingularandpluralformsKnowthedifferencebetweenthemainpronounsKnowverbscanchangeformsindifferentsituationsUnderstandprepositionstoexpresstime,placeandpositionUnderstandthebasicformsandfunctionsofsimpleEnglishsentencesFunctionsStudentscanunderstandthebasicformsforexpressingsimplecommunicativefunctionssuchasgreetings,farewells,thanks,acceptingapologies,introductions,requests,etc.TopicsStudentscanunderstandandexpress26simpleinformationaboutthefollowingtopics:numbers,colours,time,weather,food,clothes,toys,plantsandanimals,thebody,personalandfamilycircumstances,school,friends,hobbiesandsports,festivals,etc.5PhoneticsStudentscan:UnderstandthesignificanceofphoneticswithinlanguagelearningUunderstandEnglishphoneticsincludespronunciation,stress,linking,intonationandrhythmSpeakwithbasicallyaccurate,naturalandfluentpronunciationandintonationindailycommunicationUnderstandandexpressdifferentintentionsbyalteringstressandintonationappropriatelySpellwordsandphrasesaccordingtotheirpronunciationVocabularyStudentscan:27UnderstandEnglishvocabularyincludessuchitemsaswords,phrases,expressionsandcollocationsUnderstandanddistinguishbetweenthebasicmeaningsofwordsandtheirmeaningsinspecialsituationsUsevocabularytodescribethings,behaviourandcharacteristics,explainprinciples,etc.Learnanduse1500-1600wordsand200-300expressionsandcollocationsGrammarStudentscan:UnderstandcommonformsandstructuresandtheirfunctionsLlearnanddistinguishbetweenthefunctionsofdifferentformsandstructuresduringreallanguageuseUnderstandandmasterhowto28describeofpeopleandthingsUnderstandandmasterhowtodescribespecificfactualandbehaviouralphenomenaanddeveloptheabilitytodescribeprocessesBegintomasterhowtodescribetime,placeandpositionUnderstandandmasterhowtocomparepeople,objectsandthingsFunctionsStudentscan:Understandandsuitablyexpresseverydaycommunicativefunctionssuchasgreetings,farewells,thanks,introductionsandsoonEffectivelyexpressthemselvesineverydaycommunicationwithothersTopicsStudentsare:Familiarwithtopicscloselyrelatedtothemselves,theirfamiliesandschoollife29Ffamiliarwithtopicsrelatedtoeverydaylife,hobbiesandinterests,socialcustoms,scienceandculture,etc.Table3:LevelDescriptorsforLanguageKnowledgeObjectiveLevelDescriptorsforAttitudestoLearning21.StudentslistentoandspeakEnglish,reciterhymes,singsongs,tellstoriesandplaygameswithinterest.Studentsimitatehappily,opentheirmouthsbravely,participateactivelyandaskforhelpautonomously.51.Studentshaveclearlearningobjectivesthatcanbemetthroughcommunication.StudentshaveaninterestinanddesiretolearnEnglish,happilytakingpartinavarietyoflanguagepracticeactivities.Studentshavetheself-confidencetolearnEnglishwellandthecouragetouseEnglishtoexpressthemselves.30Studentscanactivelycooperatewithandhelpothersinsmallgroupstocompletelearningtasks.StudentscanexperiencethepleasureoflearningEnglishthroughcontactwithEnglishsongs,readingmaterial,etc.Studentspayattentiontoandunderstandotherpeoplesfeelingsduringcommunication.Whenstudentsencounterproblemstheycantaketheinitiativetoaskforhelpfromtheteacherortheirclassmates.WhenencounteringEnglishduringdailylife,studentshappilyinvestigateitsmeaningandtrytocopyit.Studentshaveadeepenedunderstandingoftheirownculture.Studentshappilygetintouchwithandunderstandtheculturesofdifferentcountries.Table4:LevelDescriptorsforAffectiveAttitudesObjectiveStrategyTypeDescriptorsforLearningStrategiesLevel312BasicLearningStudentscan:Strategies1.ActivelycooperatewithotherstocompletelearningtasksTakeinitiativetoasktheteacherorclassmatesforhelpEstablishasimplestudyplanIndependentlypracticewhathasbeenlearntBuildconnectionsbetweenwordsandwhattheyrepresentLearnwithconcentrationandfocusTrytoreadEnglishstoriesandotherkindsofnon-curricularreadingmaterialActivelyusetheEnglishtheyhavelearnttoexpressthemselvesandcommunicateTakenoteofsimpleEnglishfoundindailylifeandthemediaBegintousesimplestudents32English/Chinesedictionaries5CognitiveStudentscan:Strategies1.PreviewmaterialasnecessaryLearnwithconcentrationandfocusActivelythinkwhenlearningNotekeypointswellduringlearningUusepicturesandothernon-linguisticclueswelltounderstandmainideasUuseassociationtohelplearnandrememberwordsTaketheinitiativetoreview,sortandsummarizewhattheyhavelearntTrytodiscoverlanguagerulesandinfergeneralrulesfromsinglecasesRealizetheyhavemade33mistakeswhenusingEnglishandcorrectthemselvesappropriatelyUseknowledgeofChinesewhennecessarytohelpthemunderstandEnglishmoreeffectivelyTrytoreadEnglishstoriesandothernon-curricularreadingmaterialMetacognitiveStudentscan:Strategies1.KnowtheirownEnglishlearningobjectivesclearlyKnowtheirownlearningneedsclearlyEstablishsimplestudyplansGraspthemaincontentofwhattheylearnPayattentiontounderstandingandreflectingontheirownprogressandshortcomingsActivelyexplorelearning34stylesthataresuitableforthemselvesOftensharestudyingexperienceswithteachersandclassmatesActivelyparticipateinclassroomandextracurricularEnglishlearningactivitiesCommunicationStudentscan:Strategies1.CommunicatewithothersinEnglishduringclassroomandextracurricularlearningactivities2.MakegooduseofopportunitiestocommunicateinEnglishConcentrateonexpressingtheirmeaningwhencommunicatingUsegestures,facialexpressionsandsoontohelpcommunicatewhennecessaryAskforhelpeffectively35whentheyexperiencecommunicationproblemsRecognizeculturaldifferencesinChineseandforeignmodesofcommunicationResourceStudentscan:Strategies1.Enrichtheirlearningthroughtheuseofaudiovisualmaterials2.UsedictionariesandsimplereferencebookstofindinformationTakenoteofalltheEnglishusedinreallifeandthemediaBegintouselearningresourcesavailableinlibrariesorontheInternetTable5:LevelDescriptorsforLearningStrategiesObjectiveDescriptorsforCulturalAwarenessLevelStudentscan:2361.Knowthesimpleformsofaddress,greetingsandfarewellsinEnglish2.Rrespondappropriatelytoordinarycompliments,requests,etc.KnowthemaininternationalsportsandentertainmentsKnowthenamesofthemostpopularfoodsanddrinksinEnglishspeakingcountriesKnowthecapitalsandflagsofthemajorEnglishspeakingcountriesKnowtheimportantsymbolsofmajorcountries,suchastheUK"sBigBenKnowthemainfestivalsofEnglishspeakingcountries5Studentscan:Understandcommonbodylanguage,gesturesandfacialexpressionsusedinEnglishcommunicationUsedifferentformsofaddress,greetingsandfarewellsappropriatelyinEnglishKnowthedifferencebetweenmaleandfemalenamesandcommonaffectionateformsof37addressKnowthenamescommonlyusedbyfamilymemberstorefertoeachotherinEnglishspeakingcountriesUnderstanddresscodesforformalandinformaloccasionsinEnglishspeakingcountriesUnderstandeatinganddrinkingcustomsinEnglishspeakingcountriesRespondappropriatelytootherpeople"scompliments,requests,etc.Useappropriateformstogivecompliments,makerequests,etc.Begintounderstandthegeographicalposition,climate,historyandsoonofEnglishspeakingcountriesUnderstandtheculturalsignificanceofcommonplantsandanimalsinEnglishspeakingcountriesUnderstandthatnaturalphenomenapossiblyhaveculturalsignificanceintheEnglishlanguageUnderstandthetraditionalleisureandsportingactivitiesofEnglishspeakingcountries38UnderstandthemainholidaysandfestivalsofEnglishspeakingcountriesandhowtheyarecelebratedDeepentheirknowledgeofChinesecultureTable6:LevelDescriptorsforCulturalAwarenessPart4:GuidelinesforImplementation1.SuggestionsforTeachingandLearning1.1Laythegroundworkforstudentsall-roundandlifelongdevelopmentTeachingandlearningshouldmeetthediverseneedsofallstudents,ensuringthehealthydevelopmentoftheirmindandbody.Inparticulartheteachershouldpayattentiontothefollowing:lEncouragestudentstouseEnglishbravely,takingalenientattitudetowardsmistakestheymakeduringthelearningprocess.lProvidestudentswithampleopportunitiestocollaboratewithothersandtobecomeautonomouslearners.lGivestudentsplentyofspaceforself-development.39lEncouragestudentstodeveloptheirlanguageskillsinanintegratedwaythroughexperiential,practical,cooperativeandinquirybasedlearning.lCreateconditionsthatallowstudentstoexplorequestionstheyarepersonallyinterestedinandsolveproblemsbythemselves.Createarelaxed,democraticandharmoniouslearningenvironmentPositiveattitudesareanessentialconditionforeffectivelearning.Negativeattitudescannotonlyreducetheeffectivenessofstudybutalsoadverselyaffectstudents"long-termdevelopment.Inparticular,teachersshouldheedthefollowing:lRespecteachindividualstudent,activelyencouragingeveryonetotryandsafeguardingtheirself-esteemandenthusiasm.lIntegratestudents"Englisheducationwiththeiremotionaleducation.Developcooperativespiritbyorganizinglearningactivitiesthatletstudentsworktogether,helpeachotherandexperiencegrouprecognitionandachievement.40lPayparticularattentiontointrovertedstudentsorweaklearners,tryingtogivethemasmanylanguagepracticeopportunitiesaspossible.lEstablishafriendlyanddemocraticchannelofcommunicationbetweenstudentsandteacher,frequentlyreflectingonthelearningprocessandresultstogether,andofferingmutualhelpandsupport.Usetask-basedlearningmethodstopromotestudentscomprehensivelanguagecompetenceTeachersshouldtrytoadopttask-basedlearningmethodsasmuchaspossible.Teachersshouldcreativelydesignlearningactivitiesthatarerelevanttothestudents"reallives,accordingtotheoverallcurriculumobjectivesandcontent.Teachersshouldengagestudents"interestintheactivityandorganizethemeffectivelysothattheyparticipateactivelyandcompletethetasks,learningandusingEnglishthroughthinking,carryingoutsurveys,discussing,communicatingandcooperating.Attentionshouldbepaidtothefollowingpointswhendesigningtasks:lActivitiesmusthaveclearandachievableaimsandobjectives.41lActivitiesmustberelevanttostudents"lifeexperiencesandinterests;thecontentandstyleshouldbeastruetolifeaspossible.lActivitiesmustbenefitthedevelopmentofstudents"languageknowledge,languageskillsandabilitytouselanguageforrealcommunication.lActivitiesshouldbeofacross-curricularnature,promotingtheintegrateddevelopmentofstudents"thinkingandimagination,aestheticandartisticsense,cooperativeandcreativespirit.lActivitiesshouldmakestudentsgather,processanduseinformation,usingEnglishtocommunicatewithothersinordertodeveloptheirabilitytouseEnglishtosolverealproblems.lActivitiesshouldnotpurelybelimitedtotheclassroombutalsoextendtooutofschoollearning.N.B.InJuly2005VSO"scurriculumadvisor,ProfessorZhangLianzhong,mentionedthatthissectionofthecurriculumwillberevisedsuchthat“wewilltaketheTBL(Task-BasedLearning)approachasoneofthe42usefultoolswithinthebigboxofCommunicativeLanguageLearning.”1.4.ProvideincreasedguidanceaboutlearningstrategiesHelpingstudentstoadoptgoodstudyhabitsandeffectivelearningstrategiesisoneoftheimportanttasksofthenewcurriculum.Teachersshouldconsciouslygivestudentsguidanceaboutlearningstrategiessothat,throughlearningandusingEnglish,theyarelearninghowtolearn.Tothisendtheteachershouldobservethefollowing:lGivestudentschancestoestablishtheirownstudytargetsandthemeansoffulfillingthese.lHelpstudentstouseinference,researchandinquirystylemethodstocar