跨文化交際課后答案

Case1ACanadianTheshippingagent(代理)isservingthecustomersinthewaythatisconsideredefficientinVenezuelan(委內(nèi)瑞拉)culture.TotheCanadian,however,thisisunfocusedactivity(活動)thatisnotnearlyasefficient(有效地)asitwouldbe—particularlyfromherpointofview—iftheagentsimplydealt(處理)exclusively(專門)withherscheduled(計劃)appointment.InCanada,businesspeopletypically(通常)writeappointmentsandactivitiesintotheday’sagenda(議程)everyday.Theythenworksequentially(順序)throughtheagendauntiltheyhavecompletedeachtaskorthedayisover.Inotherwords,Canadiansprefertodoonethingatatime,whiletheSouthAmericans,includingVenezuelans,tendtodoafewthingssimultaneously(同時).Case2AdozenAsaWesterner,theAmericanvisitingprofessor(客座教授)doesnotquiteunderstandthecollectiveownership(集體所有制)ofinformationinsomeotherculturalenvironments.Whatmadeherannoyed(惱火)isadifferentattitudetowardinformationaboutpeople.IntheUnitedStates,itisgenerallyassumed(認為)thatpersonalmattersareprivate(隱私).Teachersgothroughelaborate(精心)procedures(設計)toassurethatstudentsdonothaveaccess(接觸)toeachother’sgrades.Inbusinessitisthesame.Evaluations(評估)areconfidential(保密的).Case3WhenAsamatteroffact,theAmericanwomanwasnotbeingdisrespectful(不敬).However,itisclearthatherwayofshowingrespectandwelcomewasdifferentfromtheancienttraditionofkeepingphysicaldistancefromsuperiors(上級),whichisstillwidelyobserved(遵守),especiallywhenroyalty(皇室)isinvolved(有關的).PaulKeating,theAustralianprimeminister(總理),mayhaveintended(打算)tosuggestbyhisgesture(姿態(tài))thatAustraliawouldnolongeracceptthequeenasheadofstatebutjustasoneoftheirhonoredguests.Obviously,theBritishwouldnotlikeitatall.Sometimes,suchseemingly(表面上的)trivial(瑣碎的)thingscaninfluencerelationsbetweencountries.That’swhyprotocol(協(xié)議)istakenseriouslyandpeoplewhoaretoholddiplomatic(外交)posts(公告)willbegivendetailedandcarefulinstructions(指示).Case7AfemaleWhentheCanadianyoungmansaid,“Whotookmypeanutbutter(花生醬)?”,whathereallymeantwas“Whereismypeanutbutter?Ican’tfindit.”TheChinesedoctorfeltupsetbecauseinChineseculturequestionslikethis,especiallyexpressedinthewaytheyoungCanadianmandid,oftenimply(暗示)thatsomeoneistoblame(罪魁禍首).Chinesecultureprohibits(禁止)directaccusing（指責）unlessapersonhasbeentargetedforshame.However,true(忠誠的)toherlearnedculturalbehaviorofnevershowingangerinpublic,theChinesedoctordidn’tsayanything,thoughshewasdeeplydistressed.Later,thephysiotherapist(理療師)wasmakingajokewhenshesaidtheChinesedoctorhad“threehands”.Shewasn’tserious,ofcourse,andexpectedthepatienttobeamused(被逗樂)byherexplanationforhispain:thatthedoctorontheothersideoftheroomcouldhavereachedanimaginary(虛構的)handouttotouchhim.Shedidn’tknowthatinChinesea“three-handedperson”isaslang(俚語)forathief.Case8BrentWeberInAmericanculture,people’spersonalgoalstakepriority(優(yōu)先)overtheirallegiance(效忠)togroupslikethefamilyortheemployer.Theloyalty(忠誠)ofindividualstoagroupisusuallyweak.Americansareapt(傾向于)tochangetheirrelationshipifitsuitstheirindividualneeds,andtheyarenotlikelytobeemotionally(情緒)dependentonorganizations(組織)andinstitutions(機構).InJapanesesociety,therelationshipbetweenanemployeeandthefirm(公司)ismuchmoreinterdependent(依賴),somewhatsimilartoachild-motherrelationshipwherethemother(firm)isobliged(義務)totakecareofherchildren(employees)andchildren(employees)havetoobeyandfollowthecommands(命令)oftheirmother(firm).ItisnotsurprisingforanAmericantotrytofindanotherjobbeforeheorsheleaveshisorherpresentemployerifheorsheconsideritnecessaryforhim-orherself.However,thisactionwasregarded(認為)bytheJapanesefirmasdisloyal(不忠),undermining(破壞)thetrustbetweenthetwoparties.Inspiteofthis,themanager(經(jīng)理)ofthefirmdidnotlikethepartingtobeunderstoodasBrentbeingfired,becausetheappearanceofharmony(和諧)andagreement(協(xié)議)withinthegroup(thefirminthiscase)isimportantinJapanesesociety.Case9Inacross-culturalWhentheyarebeingscolded(責罵)bythetrainers(輔導員)forbeingrepeatedlylateforafternoonsessions(會議),theChinesetraineesfeltbewildered(困惑)becausetheythoughtitisinappropriate(不適當?shù)?fortheCanadiantrainerstobecomesoangryaboutit.Intheiropinion,oneshouldnotlethim-orherselfbehaveasemotionally(沖動)likethis.Theappropriate(適當)waytodealwithsuchapersonwouldbetobecomecoolertowardandmoredistantfromthepersonwhobehavedsoirresponsibly(不負責任的).Itwasunderstandablethatonewouldfeelangryinthissituationbutitwasnotappropriatetoshowanger,fortheotherpersonwouldcertainlylosefaceifangerweredirectedtowardhimorher,andtheangrypersonwouldlookfoolishandchildish(幼稚的)andthereforealsoloseface.Canadiansseesuchsituationsinaverydifferentway.Theytendtoexplicitly(明確地)expresshowtheyfeelandopenlycriticize(批評)thepersonwhotheythinkhasbeenwrongorirresponsible(不負責的).Itseemstothemthatthishaslittletodowithface.Case16AmissionWhatwentwronginthiscase?Contrary(相反)togeneralAmericanperception(觀念),itisconsideredproperbehaviorforJapanesetobesilent(沉默).Itisadiscreet(謹慎)waytoshowrespectifhelistenstoothersspeakratherthanspeakingout.SotheJapanesedelegates(代表)didwhattheyconsideredproper,i.e.,listenquietlytowhattheAmericanshadtosay.Silenceoftenmeansthattheyareseriouslythinkingaboutthesubjectatissue(討論中的問題).ButmanyAmericanswillinterpret(理解)silenceinaconversation(談話)tomeandisapproval(不滿),disagreement(分歧),orevenarrogance(傲慢).Thisisanexamplethatillustrates(說明)theproblemoftheso-called“perception-gap(觀念鴻溝)”.Participants(參與者)incommunicationperceive(感知)eachother’sbehaviorinverydifferentways,whichoftenresultsinmisunderstandingorconflict(爭執(zhí)).Case17TomItiscustomary(習俗)inChinaandmanyotherAsiancountriesforhosts(主人)toasktheirguestsagainandagaintotakemore.Tomdidn’thavetoeatextrafoodifhedidn’twantanymore.IntheU.S.,ahostwilloffermorefoodusuallyonlyonce.AndtheAmericanswilltakea“no”tomean“no”,whetheritisthefirst,secondorthirdtime.However,inmanyotherpartsoftheworlditisconsideredgoodmannersforguestsnottoacceptanofferatfirst.Sometimesonemustn’tacceptfoodthesecondtimeitisoffered.Therefore,hoststrytorepeatanofferuntiltheyaresurethattheirguestsreallywanttodecline(謝絕).Case18TedWashingtonTedWashington,themarketingmanager,rejected(拒絕)thesaleproposals(議案)ofboththeAmerican,DalePetersandtheJapanese,HideoTakahashi,withoutconsideringwhomadetheproposal.Whilethedirectandoutright(公然的)rejectionisO.K.withPeters,forheandthemanagerarefromthesameculture,toHideo,itmeanssomethingbeyondtherejectionofaproposalitself.Therefore,thetwopeopleresponded(響應)totherejectioninquitedifferentways.Inthiscase,theAmericanbelievestheroot(根源)oftheconflict(沖突)layindifferentgoalsandobjectives(目標),therefore,Petersenteredintoaheated(熱烈的)discussionwithTed,tryingtogethisproposal(議案)acceptedbyproducingfacts(事實),figures(數(shù)據(jù)),andgraphs(圖)toillustratehiscase.ButtheJapanesebelievestheconflictwasnotintherejectionoftheproposalbutratherinthewayitwascommunicated,sohethinksofitasapersonalattackorasignofmistrust.Inshort,Americanstendtobemoretask-oriented(工作型)whiletheJapanesearemorelikelytofocuson(集中于)interpersonalrelationships（人際關系）.Case22AnAmericanPeoplefromdifferentculturesmayconsidertheirowncommunicationstyletobenaturalandnormal,andthereforetendtoevaluate(評價)otherstylesnegatively(負面的).Inthiscase,bothpeopleareunaware(未察覺)oftheAmericanpreference(偏愛)foradirectandexplicit(直率的)styleincontrastto(與…相反)themorecontextual(語境)Africanstyle.Boththesecommunicators(傳播者)arelikelytoleavethesituationlessinclined(傾向)toaskoranswerquestionsofeachotheragain.Case23AFrenchInFranceitisrequiredthatallcallsbeginwithanapologyfordisturbing(打擾)theanswer.Theyarealsoexpected(希望)tobeginthecallbycheckingthattheyhavereachedtherightnumber,identifying(確認)themselves,andthenchatting(聊天)withwhoeverhasansweredthephone,ifthispersonisknowntothem.Onlyaftersomeconversationmaycallersindicate(表明)theirwishtospeakwiththepersontheyhaveactuallycalledtospeakto.Incontrast,callersintheU.S.A.apologizeonlywhentheyfeeltheyhavecalledataninappropriate(不適當?shù)?time;theyoftenaskforthepersontheywantwithoutidentifyingthemselvesorconversingwiththeanswer,evenwhenthatpersonisknowntothem;andtheybehave,ingeneral,asthoughthepersonwhohasansweredthephoneisjustanextension(擴展)oftheinstrument(儀器)itself.Case24Ata1970TheJapanesehaveastrongdislikeofenteringintodirectconfrontations(對抗)andplacingothersinanembarrassing(尷尬)position.ItisverydifficultforaJapanesetorespondtoanysuggestionorrequestwithadefinite(明確的)“no”.WhattheJapanesewilloftendoinsteadisresorttoavague(模糊)sortofreplytotheeffect(結果)thatthematterneedsfurtherstudyandconsideration.Theydothistosavefaceforthepersonwhohasmadethesuggestionorrequest,butAmericansmaynotproperlyunderstanditandmaycompletelymisinterpret(誤解)thevagueness(模糊性)ascompliance(符合)andassume(認為)thattheproposition(提議)hasbeenaccepted.Butthiswasapparently(顯然的)nevermadecleartoNixon(尼克松).Thatiswhyheincludedthathehadbeendouble-crossed(出賣了).Themisunderstandinghadseriousadverse(不利)consequences(后果)forJapaneseU.S.relations.Case25AJapaneseNonverbal(非語言)behaviorssuchassmilesseemtocutacross(超過)culturallines.Butinreality(現(xiàn)實),theyareoftenfoundtobenotuniversal(普遍).TomostAmericans,asmileisthemostcommonnonverbalbehaviortobridgegapsthatmayexistbetweenstrangers(includingforeigners)andthemselves.Itisnaturalforthemtobesmilingandfriendlywhentheycomeacross(遇到)strangers.ButineasternAsiancountrieslikeJapan,smilesareuseddifferently.Japanesedonotreadily(樂意)showtheirfeelings.InJapan,peopledonotusuallysmileatastranger.Ifyoudo,youmightbeconsideredimpolite.Case26WangPingChinesepeopleseldom(很少)hug(擁抱)eachother,particularlyinpublicplaces.Ifpeopledo,aromanticmessageisusuallyconveyed(表達).GotoanyairportortrainstationinChina,andyouwillseescenesofgreetingandgood-byewithallthefeelingexpressedintheeyesandthefaceandinthepracticalthingsfamilymembersandrelativesandfriendsdoforeachother,butitisunlikelypeoplewillhug,withonlyyoungeronesasanexception(例外).Incontrast,peopleofLatinAmerican(拉美)culturestoucheachotherincommunicationmuchmorethanpeopleofsomeothercultures,especiallyEasternAsiancultures.Atatimeofmeetingafriendorupondeparting(分別),huggingeachotherisverynaturalforLatinAmericanpeople.Onsuchoccasions(場合),hugginghasnosexualconnotation(性內(nèi)涵);itisjustlikeahandshakeinChina,butwarmerandmoreenthusiastic(熱情).Womentendtohugeachothermorethanmenhugwomen,butbotharecommon.One’sdiscomfort(不適)athugginginsuchsituationsmaybeinterpreted(被理解為)byLatinAmericanpeopleasunfriendliness(不友善).Case27TheotherAswithsmiling,laughingdoesnotalwaysservethesamefunctionindifferentcultures.Interestingly,forusChinese,laughingoftenhasaspecialfunctionduringtense(緊張)socialoccasions.Peoplemaylaughtoreleasethetensionorembarrassment,toexpresstheirconcern(關懷)foryou,theirintention(意圖)toputyouateaseortohelpyoushrugoff(擺脫)theembarrassment.Inthiscase,thepeoplethereactually(實際上)wishedtolaughwiththeAmericanratherthanathim.Theirlaughingseemedtoconvey(傳達)anumberofmessages:don’ttakeitsoseriously;laughitoff,it’snothing;suchthingscanhappentoanyofus,etc.unfortunately(不幸的是),theAmericawasunaware(沒意識到)ofthis.Hethoughttheywerelaughingathim,whichmadehimfeelmoreembarrassedandangry,forinhisculturelaughingonsuchanoccasionwouldbeinterpreted(被理解為)asaninsulting(侮辱的)response,humiliating(羞辱)andnegative(消極).Case37WhatisTheU.S.salesman(推銷員)inthiscasewasactingaccordingtoideasaboutdressthatseemedappropriate(適當?shù)?tohiminhisculture.Hemayhaveconsideredtheinformalityofhisdressassignaling(暗號)awillingness(自愿的)toputasiderigidrules(死板的規(guī)定)ofbehaviorandbefriendly.Hemayhavebeencoldandenjoyedthewarmthofalargesweater(線衣).Hemayhavespenttheprevious(先前的)20hoursonplaneand,withoutachancetochangehisclothes,mayhavegonestraighttothetradeshow(貿(mào)易展覽),becausetohim,beingtherewasmoreimportantthanbeingdressedacertainway.ButintheJapaneseculture,thiskindofdressisconsideredveryinappropriate(不適當?shù)?forsuchaformalbusinessoccasions.Case38ThemarketingInacountrywherethereareverystrictculturaltaboos(文化禁忌)onnudity(裸體),suchpackaging(包裝)wouldbeconsideredaf