大三下學(xué)期 醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)ppt課件 生物醫(yī)學(xué)U5B（新版）

DefinitionandClassificationofPneumonia

Unit5ReadingBMedicalEnglishCourseBiologicalMedicine福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院StructurePart1(para.1)DefinitionofpneumoniaClassificationofpneumoniaWritingdevice:DeductionGeneralstatements(para.2)Part2(paras.2-6)Specificstatements(paras.3-6)Anatomicalclassification(paras.3-4)Causalclassification(paras.5-6)Part1(para.1)Definitionofpneumonia

Pneumonia:

acuteinfection(usuallybacterial)non-bacterialinfectionPneumonitis:non-infectiouscausepneum(o)-:airorgas;?lung

肺pneumocyte肺細(xì)胞pneumococcus肺炎球菌pneumonectomy肺切除術(shù)pneumonitis:ageneraltermthatreferstoinflammationoflungtissue

Althoughpneumoniaistechnicallyatypeofpneumonitisbecausetheinfectioncausesinflammation,mostdoctorsarereferringtoothercausesoflunginflammationwhentheyusetheterm"pneumonitis."pneumoniaPara.1…，thatischaracterizedbyclinicaland/orradiographicsignsofconsolidationofapartorpartsofoneorbothlungs.

becharacterizedby:

特點(diǎn)是

signsofconsolidation:

實(shí)變征象其特點(diǎn)是臨床或x光檢查表現(xiàn)為一側(cè)肺或左右兩肺的一部分或數(shù)個(gè)部分有實(shí)變征象。Para.1radiographicradi-:光線，放射，輻射

radioactivity放射性

radiology放射學(xué)

radiogram放射照片-graph:描記器，照像，圖像electrocardiograph心電圖Para.1PneumonitisPneumoniaPneumonitisisatermthatreferstolungtissueinflammationduetofactorsotherthanamicrobialinfection.Pneumoniaisaconditionwherelunginflammationoccursduetoamicrobialinfection.PneumonitisVs.Pneumonia(definition)PneumonitisPneumoniaBreathingdifficulty

Cough

Fever

Ifleftuntreateditmayleadtochronicpneumonitissymptoms:

Shortnessofbreath

Fatigue

Persistentcough

Lossofappetite

Unexplainedweightloss

HighFever

Cough

Shortnessofbreath

Sweating

Chills

Chestpain

Headache

Musclepain

Fatigue

PersistentcoughPneumonitisVs.Pneumonia(symtoms)PneumonitisPneumoniaPneumonitisisahealthconditionthatismoreofaworkhazard.

Veryyoungchildrenandveryoldpeoplewhohaveweakimmunesystemsareatriskofdevelopingpneumonia.Chronicsmokersandalcoholicsdeveloppneumonia.

PneumonitisVs.Pneumonia(patients)PneumonitisPneumoniaPneumonitis,ifleftuntreatedcanleadtoirreversiblelungdamage.Itcausestheairsacstobecomerigidandstiff.Thisleadstopulmonaryfibrosisthatcancauserespiratoryfailure,heartfailureanddeath.

Pneumoniacomplicationsincludebacteremia,duetobacteriafindingawayintothebloodstreamfromthelungs.Itcanalsoleadtopleuraleffusionwherefluidaccumulatesaroundthelungmembranes.Othercomplicationsincludelungabscessandacuterespiratorydistresssyndrome(ARDS)

PneumonitisVs.Pneumonia(consequence)Part2(paras.2-6)Classificationofpneumonia

●anatomical–causal

●Whentheinfectioncauseisnotknown:

○community-acquired–nosocomial

○resultingfrompharyngealaspiration–occurringinanimmunocompromisedhostForpracticalpurposestheclassificationofpneumoniashouldbe

bothanatomical,inwhichthedescriptivetermsusedcommunicatetheextentanddistributionoftheprocessinthelungorlungs,andcausal,inwhichtheresponsiblemicroorganismisnamed.Para.2communicate:impartorpasson(information,news,orideas);illustrate表明、表達(dá)responsible:ifsomethingisresponsibleforachange,problem,eventetc,itcausesit從實(shí)際目的出發(fā)，肺炎的分類應(yīng)當(dāng)既依照解剖學(xué)部位，又指明其病因；前者使用描繪性詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)肺（一側(cè)肺或左右兩側(cè)）病程的發(fā)展程度和分布，后者指明涉及的微生物。when,asisofteninitiallythecase,….asisofteninitiallythecase:=whichisofteninitiallythecase初始階段常有這種情況。E.g.Heisabsent,asisoftenthecase.Para.2nosocomialAhospital-acquiredinfection,alsoknownasaHAIorinmedicalliteratureasanosocomialinfection,isaninfectionwhosedevelopmentisfavoredbyahospitalenvironment,suchasoneacquiredbyapatientduringahospitalvisitoronedevelopingamonghospitalstaff.

Para.2noso-:prefix[Greek,fromnosos,adisease.]nosography:病情學(xué)

nosophobia:疾病恐怖癥(acro-:height→acrophobia:fearof

heights

Haemophobia)pharyngealpharyng(o)-:prefix咽pharynx:咽[late17thcent.:modernLatin,fromGreekpharunx,pharung-](pl.

pharynges)pharyngeal:咽的pharyngitis:咽炎pharyngotomy:咽切開(kāi)術(shù)

pharyngoscope:咽鏡Para.2Suchanatomicaldescriptionareinlifeentirelydependentuponthechestradiographicappearanceswhich….anatomicaldescription:對(duì)解剖部位的描述inlife:actuallythechestradiographicappearances:

胸透所見(jiàn)Para.3bronchusbronch(o)-:prefix支氣管bronchus:pl.bronchiadj.bronchial(bronchialtubes)bronchitis:

支氣管炎(adj.bronchitic)

bronchopneumonia:

支氣管肺炎bronchopulmonary:

支氣管肺的（pulmo肺）Para.3bronchopneumonia—lobularpneumoniaExtent:asmallorterminalbronchus&lunglobulesubtendedPara.3inpathologicalterms:

在病理學(xué)意義上in

…terms:

在…意義上Para.3Para.3andthelunglobulesubtendedbyit:

與之相對(duì)的小葉subtend:beexactlyoppositetoit.lobarpneumoniaCharacteristic:inflammatoryoutpouringoffluidExtent:mostofalobeorlobesPara.3AnatomicalclassificationBronchopneumonia=LobularpneumoniaLobarpneumoniaSegmentalpneumoniaSubsegmentalpneumoniaPara.3-4…butcorrespondsmorecloselytotheanatomyofabronchopulmonarysegmentinoneormorelobes.而更接近于一葉或多葉中的一個(gè)支氣管肺段。correspondtosth:tobeverysimilartoorthesameassomethingelseE.g.TheAmericanCongresscorrespondstotheBritishParliament.Para.4Wheretheareaofradiographicshadowingisevenmoreconfined,…wheresubsegmentalshadowingispatchyandpoorlylocalized,….where:=ifE.g.Wheresomeareweakandold,othersshouldhelpthem.moremorePara.4patchy:adj.happeningorexistinginsomeareasbutnotinothers零星狀的poorly:badlylocalized:(formal)happeningwithinonesmallarea

E.g.alocalizedinfection如果X光檢查陰影區(qū)范圍更小，則使用“亞段性肺炎”一詞比較準(zhǔn)確…。如果顯示亞段病變的陰影呈零星狀，很難界定部位…。Para.4CausalclassificationCauses:streptococcuspneumoniae+othermicroorganismsStreptococcuspneumoniae,orpneumococcus,isaGram-positive,alpha-hemolyticdiplococcusaerotolerantanaerobeandamemberofthegenusStreptococcus.Para.5strept(o)-:鏈球菌streptomycin:鏈霉素-coccus:球菌(pl.cocci)diplococcus:雙球菌streptococcusPara.5…,asindeedcanallotheranatomicaltypes…，whichindeedcanbeseeninallotheranatomicaltypes.…而這種情況也見(jiàn)于其他以解剖部位分類的肺炎之中。Para.5establish

tofindoutfactsthatwillprovethatsomethingistrueE.g.Iwasneverabletoestablishwhethershewastellingthetruth.Para.5spectrumabroadrangeofrelatedobjectsorvaluesorqualitiesorideasoractivitiesPara.6NosocomialPneumoniaSubjects:post-operativepatientsthoseinICUCausalorganisms:Aerobicgram-negativebacilliStaphylococcusaureus●

reasonsforthedifferingtypesofcausalorganisms(bedueinpartto…)

detailsPara.6Reasons:AlteredimmunocompetencyofpatientsAlteredbacteriafloraInstrumentationorintubationofupperairwaysPara.6besusceptibleto

belikelytosufferfrom;beeasilyinfluencedby易患…Para.6Ifyouareafflicted

bypain,illness,ordisaster,itaffectsyoubadlyandmakesyousuffer.(FORMAL)E.g.Therearetwomainproblemswhichafflictpeoplewithhearingimpairments...

=affectbeafflictedwithPara.6thebacteriaandothermicroorganismsthatnormallyinhab