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考研英語詞匯基礎(chǔ)
(文章后附有啟航2010招生簡章)
核心詞匯突破
詞匯是語言的基本元素,詞匯量小就讀不懂閱讀,寫不出文章。因此,背單詞是學(xué)英語關(guān)鍵的一步。考研英
語難,其中詞匯更是一道難關(guān),雖然考試中不考詞匯題,但是從閱讀、翻譯、寫作等多方面都考到了對(duì)詞匯的靈
活掌握和具體運(yùn)用,也就是說,只有真正掌握理解了才能考出好成績。
鑒于廣大考生以前參加過四、六級(jí),大都具備了一定的語法和詞匯知識(shí),所以,在這里將著重講述考研英語
測試中將要運(yùn)用到的詞匯難點(diǎn)與重點(diǎn)。
第一節(jié)名詞的理解與運(yùn)用
一.英語中的名詞在句子中的作用如下:名詞在句子中可做主語、賓語、表語、定語、賓補(bǔ)、同位語等。
①Pricesrangefrom$6to$19foradozenshortorlongroses.
②Nothingsayslovelikeadozenlong-stemmedrosesonValentine\Day.
(3)It5sgoingtoremainthemostpopularflowerbecauselovenevergoesoutofstyle.
④Thisisaprivatefirmthatstudiestheflowerindustry.
⑤Themodemwhitefurnitureandwall-to-wallmirrorsgivethestoreanexpensivelook.
⑥Weconsideritagoodopportunitytostudyabroad.
⑦Somewomenarenormallyinactivebutthenallofasuddenstartaprogramofintensetraining,anactionwhich
violatesthelawsofsportsscience.
二.常用的后綴
①.表示“人”意義的名詞后綴
-Ant——
immigrant(移民)applicant(申請(qǐng)人)assistant(助手)
descendant(后代)pollutant(污染物)inhabitant(居民)
-An-ian-???人
Arabian(阿拉伯人)Asian(亞洲人)Australian(澳大利亞人)
Italian(意大利人)musician(音樂家)librarian(圖書管理員)
physician(內(nèi)科醫(yī)生)politician(政治家)technician(技術(shù)工)
historian(歷史學(xué)家)magician(魔術(shù)師)comedian(喜劇家)
-Ee--人(被動(dòng))
employee(雇員)refugee(難民)payee(收款人)
absentee(缺席者)examinee(考生)trainee(受訓(xùn)者)
-Er/-eer/-or人
Daughter/owner,lawyer,trainer(教練)barber(理發(fā)師)
butcher(屠戶)carrier(運(yùn)輸者)/ancestor(祖先)
bachelor(單身漢)conductor(指揮者)director(主任)
senator(議員)operator(操作者)sponsor(贊助者)
worshipper(崇拜者)mountaineer(登山人)profiteer(投機(jī)倒把者)
sightseers(觀光者)volunteer(志愿者)pioneer(先馬區(qū))
-Ent人
correspondent(記者)client(客戶)parent,resident(居民)
patient(病人)agent(代理人,中介)patent(專利)
-ist人,主義者
Scientistlinguist(語言學(xué)家)therapist(治療家)
controversialist(好爭論者)activist(活動(dòng)家)novelist(小說家)
nationalist(民族主義者)physicist(物理學(xué)家)psychologist(心理學(xué)家)
tourist(游客)geneticist(基因?qū)W家)motorist(汽車司機(jī))
②.表示“關(guān)系、特征”等意義的名詞后綴
-ship狀態(tài),性質(zhì)
friendship(友誼)hardship(困境)leadership(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)身份)
membership(會(huì)員資格)ownership(所有關(guān)系)relationship(關(guān)系)
scholarship(學(xué)者身份)comradeship(同志身份)professorship(教授身份)
-hood身份,性質(zhì),時(shí)代
childhood(兒童時(shí)代)neighborhood(鄰里)likelihood(可能性)
livelihood(生計(jì))boyhood(男孩時(shí)代)
-ance/-ence性質(zhì),狀態(tài)
acceptanceacquaintance(熟識(shí))advance(進(jìn)步)
allowance(補(bǔ)貼)appearance(出現(xiàn),外表)appliance(器具)
conscience(良知)resistance(阻擋)insurance(保險(xiǎn))
nuisance(討厭)performance(表現(xiàn))resemblance(相似性)
-cion-sion-tion動(dòng)作,狀態(tài)
consumption(消費(fèi))assimilation(吸收、同化)comprehension(理解)
depression(沮喪,蕭條)desperation(絕望)invention(發(fā)明)
invasion(侵略)modernization(現(xiàn)代化)permission(容許)
possession(擁有)suspicion(懷疑)tension(緊張)
transmission(輸送,傳遞)industrialization(工業(yè)化)notification(通知)
-ism—主義Americanism(WJ主義)heroism(英雄主義)consumerism
-mania——反常行為或狂熱soccermania=soccer-mad
-holic--癡迷者,瘋狂者workaholic(工作狂)
-ment運(yùn)動(dòng)
agreement(協(xié)議)appointment(約定,任命)argument(觀點(diǎn))
arrangement(安南F)monument(紀(jì)念碑)movement(運(yùn)動(dòng))
parliament(議會(huì))payment(支付)lacement(替換
requirement(要求)settlement(解決)atment(治療,
-ness性質(zhì),狀態(tài)」
_
casualness(隨意)illness(疾病)carelessness(粗心)
sleeplessness(失眠)言益喜新WW?ail^hness(我cbm
friendliness(友好)greatness(偉大)happiness
-cide—suicide(自殺)insecticide(殺蟲劑)pesticide(殺蟲劑)
-cy--
literacy(識(shí)字)accuracy(準(zhǔn)確性)tendency(傾向)
policy(政策)emergency(緊急情況)intimacy(親密)
efficiency(效率)sufficiency(足夠)dependency(依賴)
-Ery--
fishery(漁業(yè))machinery(機(jī)械)misery(痛苦)
mystery(神秘性)discovery(發(fā)現(xiàn))delivery(送,發(fā)表演說)。
-ry——poetry(詩歌)citizenry(公民)entry(加入,進(jìn)入)
-age狀態(tài),集合表亓狀態(tài)
voyage(航海)advantage(好處)baggage(行李)
courage(勇氣)garbage(垃圾)storage(儲(chǔ)存)
luggage(行李)beverage(飲料)damage(破壞,損害)
-al叩proval(贊成、批準(zhǔn))arrival(到達(dá))interval(間隔)removal(搬,移走)
-ing--行動(dòng),行業(yè),的being(生命體)beginning(開始)ending(結(jié)束)。
ity——
uniformity(統(tǒng)一,一致)curiosity(好奇性)personality(個(gè)性)
reality(現(xiàn)實(shí))publicity(宣傳)similarity(個(gè)性)
icsAology學(xué)科
psychology(心理學(xué))technology(技術(shù))ideology(思想體系)
anthropology(人類學(xué))geology(地質(zhì)學(xué))physics(物理學(xué))
2
-th-—結(jié)果,過程warmth(溫暖)truth(真理,真實(shí)性)width(寬度)
-ty-一
liberty(自由)specialty(專長,特長)anxiety(焦慮)
advisability(可行性)unpredictability(不可預(yù)測性)
-phobia--對(duì)…過度恐懼claustrophobia(幽閉恐怖癥)
英語中有少數(shù)名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式在詞義方面相當(dāng)不同或絕對(duì)不同。例如:
Lastnight,IhadwordswithMr.Bob,thegroupleader,foralongtime.Wehadverygoodwords.Inshorts,Iwas
touchedbyhisconfidencesandIwasverysatisfiedwiththelastwordssaidbyMr.Bobaboutthepossibilityofour
project.
類似的詞還有:affairs(事物,事情),airs(氣氛),arms(武器),ages(很長一段時(shí)間),authorises(當(dāng)局,
政府),brains(智力),clothes,celebrities(名人),customs(海關(guān)),drinks(飲料),experiences(經(jīng)歷),goods,greens
(綠葉,植物),grounds(理由),lessons(教訓(xùn)),manners(禮貌,規(guī)矩,風(fēng)格),means(方法,手段),minutes
(會(huì)議記錄),news,pains(努力,辛苦),peoples(種族,民族),papers(報(bào)紙、考卷、論文、文件),quarters
(住所,住處),sands(沙灘),spirits(情緒),sights(景觀),times,terms(條件、術(shù)語),works(作品)。
名詞中還有些僅以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),如:spectacles(眼鏡),trousers(褲子),findings(調(diào)查結(jié)果),savings(儲(chǔ)
金),belongings(所有物,財(cái)產(chǎn)),surroundings(環(huán)境),teachings(教導(dǎo)),earnings(薪水),remains(遺物),thanks
(感謝),regards(問候)。
三.主題名詞的重復(fù)、指代和替換
Doweneedlawsthatpreventusfromrunningriskswithourlives?Ifso,thenperhapslawsareneededprohibiting
(禁止)thesaleofcigarettesandalcoholic(烈性)drinks.Bothproductshavebeenknowntokillpeople.Thehazards
(危險(xiǎn))ofdrinkingtoomuchalcoholareasbadasorworsethanthehazardsofsmokingtoomanycigarettes.Allright
then,let'spassalawclosingtheliquorstoresandbarsinthiscountry.Let'sputanendforevertothedangerousdisease
fromwhichasmanyas10millionAmericansnowsuffer■——alcoholism(酗酒).
四.真題閱讀
4.1Repetitionrepetitionofthesamewordsorwordgroups
Paragraph1
Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.By
splittingup[hesubjectmatterintosmalleiunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasis
forfurtherresearch.Butsorcializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocess
ofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.(01)
1.Thedirectreasonfbrspecializationis
[A]thedevelopmentincommunication.
[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation.
[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge.
[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocieties.
4.2主題名詞定詞義
Paragraph2
Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmore
commercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess--afterall,themorepeopleonline,themore
potentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospread
Internetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,
Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.Andthatisverygoodnewsbecausethe
Intemelmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe'veeverhad.
2.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit.
[A]offerseconomicpotentials[B]canbringforeignfunds
[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld
4.3上下義詞解題(考研真題多次出現(xiàn))
Paragraph3
Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,
fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswho
advocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.
FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceand
longsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedabout
uncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.
3.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?
[A]Environmentalistswereblamedforanti-scienceinanessay.
[BJPoliticiansarenotsubjecttothelabelingofanti-science.
[C]Thegovernmentofficerstendtotagothersasanti-science.
[D]Allorganizationsarejustifiableintaggingthemselvesas“anti-science”.
五.名詞中同義詞和近形詞
1.表示“能力”意思的詞語:Ability,capability,competency,faculty,capacity,gift,talent
2.表示“目的、目標(biāo)”意思的詞語:Aim,purpose,aim,intent,intention,goal,objective,end.
3.表示“關(guān)系、聯(lián)系”意思的詞語:Ties,bonds,connection,association,relations,combination,relationship,
interrelations,relevance,interrelations.
4.表示“差別”意思的詞語:Difference,distinction,differentiation
5.表示“資本、資金”意思的詞語:Capital,fund,money,
6.表示“個(gè)人”意思的詞語:Person,people,folks,individuals
7.表示“意義、含義”意思的詞語:Meaning,significance,implication,connotation,
8.表示“部分、成分”意思的詞語:Part,element,ingredient,component,factor,section,fragment
9.表示“不平等、歧視”意思的詞語:Inequality,bias,prejudice,discrimination
10.表示“對(duì)手、支持者”意思的詞語:Opponent,rivals,enemy,proponent,advocates
11.表示“商品”意思的詞語:Commodity,goods,
12.表示“將來”意思的詞語:Future,prospect,
13.表示“理由”意思的詞語:Reason,ground,cause.
14.表示“后代、子孫”意思的詞語:Offspring,descendant,posterity,children
15.表示“錯(cuò)誤”意思的詞語:Blunder,error,mistake,
16.表示“基礎(chǔ)”意思的詞語:Basis^foundation,grour
17.耒示“會(huì)議”意思的詞語:Assembly,conference,congreeting,gathering,
party。
18.字形相似的詞:welfare(福利),warfare(前爭),farewell
19.字形相似的詞:attitude(態(tài)度),altitude(海拔,高度3,magnitu(,multitude(多數(shù)),aptitude(天
資,天賦),latitude(緯度,地區(qū),gratitude(感謝)
20.字形相似的詞:convention(習(xí)俗,傳統(tǒng)),conversion(變化,轉(zhuǎn)換),conviction(堅(jiān)定的信念或看法),conservation
(保存,保持),conversation(交談)
六.名詞與介詞的搭配
1.Hegainedadvantageoverotherboys./takeadvantageoftheopportunity.
/What'syourimpressionofher?/Hisspeechmadeanimpressionontheaudience.
/Thereisagreatneedforinternationalunderstanding./inneedofsomething.
/Hehasapreferencefor(喜歡)fbreignmovies.
/Ishouldchooseteainpreferencet。coffee.
Ihavemadeasearchtothemissingpaper.Wearestillinsearchofthemissingboy.
/Ihavegotconfidence___you.IamconfidentyoursuccessinEnglishexams.
Shetookgreatprideheruniquebeauty./Sheisproudherownbeauty.
Heprideshimselfhisindependentvoice.
ComprehensionExercise
1.Theimprovement,inventionanduseofaseries^/instruments
2.Thenotionofnotdiscriminatingonthebasisofinborntalent
3.AstudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia
4.Theselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividual
5.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwater
第二節(jié)動(dòng)詞的理解與運(yùn)用
4
一.動(dòng)詞的分類及用法
根據(jù)意義和句法功能,動(dòng)詞可分類為:實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,系動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞。
實(shí)義動(dòng)詞指有實(shí)在的意義,能獨(dú)立做謂語的動(dòng)詞,如mean,study,love等。
系動(dòng)詞是聯(lián)系主語和表語,說明其關(guān)系并與表語一起構(gòu)成名詞性復(fù)合謂語的動(dòng)詞。除be之外主要的系動(dòng)詞
還有:remain,stay,keep(保持);become,get,go,grow,turn,come,(變得);look,sound,seem,taste,smell,feel,holdo
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有一定的意義但不完整,僅表示說話人之“情態(tài)”,和原形動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞性復(fù)合謂語。Can/could;may/
might;must/oughtto/need;dare;shall/will;should/would;
助動(dòng)詞be,have,do無實(shí)在意義,只幫助中心動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成不同的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等。
短語動(dòng)詞主要有以下幾種構(gòu)成方式:
不及物動(dòng)詞+副詞,如:stayup(熬夜),lookout(小心),breakout(爆發(fā)),goup(上升,爆炸),takeafter
(像),dieout(滅絕,消亡),setout(出發(fā)).
不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞,如:breakinto(闖入),goafter(追求),gothrough(經(jīng)歷),passon(傳遞),runinto
(碰上),sitfor(參與),standfor(代表).
及物動(dòng)i司+副3司,4口:giveup,see...off,show...around,hand...over,put...off,pick...up
不及物動(dòng)3司+副詞司,或口:putupwith,standupto,doawaywith,fallbackon,liveupto.
及物動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞,如:makefunof,takecareof,payattentionto,catchsightof.
動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞+介詞,如:makedowith(將就用),letgoof(置之不理)
動(dòng)詞閱讀練習(xí)(注意動(dòng)詞短語的搭配)
1.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.
這樣一來,購物就成了公眾的一項(xiàng)民主活動(dòng)。
2.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.
美國人不再把繁榮看成是理所當(dāng)然的事。
3.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.
一般情況下,這些猴子很樂意用石塊來換黃瓜片。
4.StraitfbrdpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolfbrboth
informationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster'sdream.
Straitford公司的總裁GeorgeFriedman說,他把在線世界看作是一種信息收集和發(fā)布的互動(dòng)工具,是間諜頭子
的理想世界。
5.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish—"theworstsortof
ambulance-cashing.^^
Question:WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTrueaccordingtothesentence?
[A]Hethinkshighlyoftheworkofconsultants.
[B]Theconsultantsareofferingconsiderablehelpinmoneymatters.
|C]Theconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-nothing.
[D]Theconsultantsaredealingwithemergencies.
他對(duì)重組顧問們做的大量工作不屑一顧,因?yàn)槟切┩耆抢湫偷摹皠诙鵁o獲工
6.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclone
humansbybodycellnucleartransfer.NBAC委員們表示:他們將呼吁由私人贊助的研究人員和機(jī)構(gòu)不要試圖通
過人體細(xì)胞核移植技術(shù)來克隆人。
7.1havebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall",preachedbyLindaKelseyfor
thepastsevenyearsinthepageofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.
我已從一個(gè)“獲得(擁有)一切”哲學(xué)(琳達(dá)?凱茜過去七年中在《她》這本雜志所宣揚(yáng)的)的積極倡導(dǎo)者,變
成了一個(gè)樂于接受任何東西只要一丁點(diǎn)的女人。
8.Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstest-takingand
mechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.
Question:WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTrueaccordingtothesentence?
[A]Foreignersputemphasisonthebasics.
[B]Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.
|C]Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.
[D]Test-takingismoreimportantthanself-expression.
盡管日本因強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)而受到外國人的稱贊,但是其教育往往強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)試和機(jī)械性學(xué)習(xí)而忽視了創(chuàng)造性及表現(xiàn)
個(gè)性。
9.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel'sreport:
“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditis
criticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovide
concerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.但科學(xué)可以為我們提供面向未來的最好的指引,我國和全世界都要
根據(jù)科學(xué)對(duì)于我們目前行動(dòng)給未來造成的影響所做的最佳判斷來制定重要政策,這是十分重要的。
Question:AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas
[A]aprotector[B]ajudge[C]acritic[D]aguide
10.Thereportidentifiestheunder-treatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalprocedures
thatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying'*asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.
Question:Accordingtothereport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis.
[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain
[C|systematicdrugabuse[D|insufficienthospitalcare
二.英語中的名詞和動(dòng)詞是同一詞形的單詞及某些名詞去掉后綴變動(dòng)詞
account(for)解釋advocate(倡導(dǎo)者)decline(下降,衰退)control(控制)
view(觀點(diǎn),看法)desire(理想)exchange(交換)fear(畏懼)
end(目的)cause(事業(yè))guide(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者)base(基礎(chǔ))
value(價(jià)值)place(放)hand(交)preserve(專利)
stem(來自)class(種類,分類)force(力量)note(注意到)
play(戲?。﹕hare(一份)cost(代價(jià))half(是一半)
record(記錄))return(回報(bào)Jtrap(陷、卡?。﹉ook(鉤?。?/p>
keyin(嵌入)post(刊登)match(匹配)arm(武裝)
conversationconverse(交談)computer(計(jì)算機(jī))一compute
resident—reside(居?。﹑residentpresideover(主吉寺)
chairmanchair(主持)excellent——excel(擅長)
..常用的動(dòng)詞同義詞歸納
表示“導(dǎo)致”意思的詞語:Leadto,giveriseto,givebirthto,contribi,causeto,Itfrom,
2表示“面對(duì)、偶遇”意思的詞語:Confront,beconfrontedwith,face,icedwith,:twith,encounter,
3表示“集中于”意思的詞語:Centeron,focuson,concentrateon
4表示“對(duì)付、with,copewith.handleXn^le^0
5表示“消失”意思的詞語:Disappear,vanish,perishV14?3faCOfTl
6?!睖p少、增力口”意思的詞語:Diminish,lessen,decrease,drop,reduce,fall,/accumulate,increase,rise,soar,rocket
7表示“依靠、依賴”意思的詞語:Relyon(upon),dependon(upon),counton(upon),reston(upon)
8表示“變化”意思的詞語:Change,turn,vary/range,alter,transform,shift,
9表示“指控”意思的詞語:Chargewith,accuseof,suefor
10.表示“克服、戰(zhàn)勝”意思的詞語:Overcome,conquer,defeat,
11.表示“獲得、得到”意思的詞語:Achieve,obtain,get,accomplish,earn,attain,secure,acquire,gain
12.表示“抓住”意思的詞語:Catch,seize,capture,catchholdof,grab
13.表示“限制”意思的詞語:Limit,confine,restrict
14.表示“強(qiáng)迫”意思的詞語:compel,constrain,force,oblige
15.表示“責(zé)怪”意思的詞語:blame,condemn,reproach,scold
16.表示“困惑、迷惑”意思的詞語:bewilder,puzzle,confuse,embarrass,perplex
17.表示“贊揚(yáng)、稱贊"意思的詞語:applaud,clap,commend,praise
18.表示“擴(kuò)大、力口強(qiáng)”意思的詞語:amplify,enlarge,stretch,magnify,reinforce,expand
19.表示“聲稱”意思的詞語:affirm,assert,allege,claim,announce,proclaim
20.表示“調(diào)整、改變”意思的詞語:adjust,regulate,rectify,amend,convert,alter,modify,transform,vary。
四.動(dòng)詞后綴
-en,-em使.成為
enable(使能夠)encourage(鼓勵(lì))enforce(實(shí)施)enlarge(擴(kuò)大)
entitle(有權(quán)利做)empower(授權(quán))endanger(危害)enjoy(喜歡)
enrich(變富,使豐富)ensure(確保)enact(執(zhí)行)enclose(密封、關(guān))
encounter(遭遇)engage(從事、忙于)enhance(促進(jìn))enlighten(啟發(fā))
embarrass(使尷尬)enlist(招收)enroll(登記、招收)embark(開始)
6
-en做,使變成...
fasten(系好)harden(使堅(jiān)固)lengthen(加長)threaten(威脅)
loosen(放松,松弛)widen(拓寬)weaken(削弱)strengthen(加強(qiáng))
hasten(急忙,趕快)shorten(縮短)brightenbroaden
?ify…化,使成為…,變成
beautify(美化)intensify(加劇)horrify(使恐怖)clarify(澄清)
identify(辨認(rèn),識(shí)另U)justify(認(rèn)為合理)specify(指定,詳述)solidify(鞏固)
purify(潔凈,凈化)qualify(勝任,有資格)classifyexemplify
-ize…化,照...樣子做
apologize(道歉)maximize(最大化)organize(組織)utilized吏用)
mobilize(動(dòng)員)criticize#比評(píng))publicize(宣傳)visualize(想象)
democratize(民主化)characterize(概括)specialize(專攻)realize(實(shí)現(xiàn))
industrialize(工業(yè)化)revolutionize(徹底改革)recognize(認(rèn)出)civilize(使文明)
第三節(jié)形容詞的理解與運(yùn)用
形容詞的要點(diǎn)
形容詞:1)形容詞的認(rèn)知能力和辨別能力;2)詞形及詞義相近的形容詞的區(qū)分;3)形容詞和介詞的搭配。
1.詞形相近的形容詞。如:sensible,sensitive,sensational;respectable,respectful,respective
2.同義詞和反義詞。如wonderful的同義詞有:marvelous,excellent,extraordinary(不尋常的),remarkable(非
凡的)等。如generous的反義詞有mean,stingy,selfish等。
3.形容詞和動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。如:indicate--beindicativeof(說明);support--besupportiveof,receive-bereceptive
to(樂于接受的);inquire—beinquisitiveabout(咨詢的)等。
4.名詞和形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。如:defect—defective(有缺陷的),intention-intentional等。
5.以-ly結(jié)尾的單詞的詞性。名詞加-ly多構(gòu)成形容詞。如:friendly,likely,sunny,womanly,worldly等。
6.不規(guī)則形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化形式。如:原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)badworseworstgoodbetterbest,little,
less(lesser)least,farfarther(further)farthest(furthest)
7.含有絕對(duì)概念或無最高級(jí)的詞:most,uttermost,foremost,least,first,last,all,every,any,each,none,absolute,
entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete(ly),certainly,sure(ly),necessary,essential,indispensable
8.表示極限、主次、等級(jí)的有:maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chief,minor,superior,inferior,seniorjunior,
super,favorite,ultimate,final,just,very
9.唯一性only,sole(ly),unique(ly),exclusive(ly),mere(ly),simply,alone
二.副詞的用法:
1)修飾形容詞:Theflowerisverybeautiful.
2)修飾動(dòng)詞:Hestudieshard.
3)修飾其他副詞:Heworksveryhard.
4)修飾名詞詞組:Evenachildcandoit.
5)修飾全句:Probablyhewillcomeback.
副詞在閱讀中的作用,放在句(段)首的副詞作用極為重要,它通常對(duì)后面的內(nèi)容有制約作用。尤其是轉(zhuǎn)折
副詞。
1.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwo
monkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoining(相鄰的)cages,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgetting
inreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviorbecamemarkedlydifferent.
2.Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit'sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident'sadvisers
stilldon'ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch.
三.形容詞和副詞同義詞歸納
1.表示“與.有關(guān)/聯(lián)系,'意思的詞組:Berelevantto,berelatedto,betiedto,belinkedto,beassociatedwith,be
connectedwith,becombinedwith,beboundupwith.
2.表示“好”意思的詞語:wonderful,excellent,good,super,superb,magnificent,first-class,remarkable,fantastic,
outstanding,cool,splendid.
3.表示“充足”意思的詞語:sufficient,enough,adequate,rich,abundant,plentiful
4.表示“不足”意思的詞語:lack,beshortof,forwantof,forlackof,
5.表示“可怕、有害”意思的詞語:dreadful,terrible,frightening,horrible,awful,harmful,bad,detrimental,adverse,
unfavorable,negative.
6.表示“有能力做”意思的詞語:becompetentin/as/todo,becapableof,bequalifiedfor/as,beableto
7.表示“傳統(tǒng)、習(xí)慣”等有關(guān)的詞語:traditional,conventional,customary,habitual,social,global
8.表示“許多、大量”意思的詞語:many/much,alotof/lotsof7,alargenumberof,alargeamountof,plentyof,
plentiful,considerable,ample,numerous,countless,
9.表示“合不合適”意思的詞語:right,proper,suitable,appropriate,fit,improper,unsuitable,inappropriate,unfit
10.表示“效果、效率”意思的詞語:effective,effectual,efficient,sufficient
11.表示“合不合理"的詞語:logical,reasonable,sensible,rational,/illogical,unreasonable,irrational
12.表示“傾向于"意思的詞語:belikelyto,beliableto,beinclinedto,beaptto,tendto
13.表示“意不意識(shí)到”的詞語:beawareof,beconsciousof,beunawareof,beunconsciousof,subconscious(潛意識(shí)
的)
14.表示“簡短”意思的詞語:brief,concise,inbrief,inshort
15.表示“合不合法”意思的詞語:legitimate,lawful,legal,illegal,
16.表示“精確、準(zhǔn)確”意思的詞語:accurate,precise,exact,
17.表示與“身體”有關(guān)意思的詞語:bodily,physical,mental,spiritual,materialistic,
18.表示“態(tài)度”意思的詞語:optimistic,pessimistic,objective,subjective,impartial,
19.表示與“謹(jǐn)慎、小心”有關(guān)意思的詞語:careful,cautious,prudent,careless,carefree
20.表示“虛弱”意思的詞語:weak,fragile,frail,invalid,feeble,vulnerable
21.表示“基本”意思的詞語:basic,elementary,fundamental,primary
22.表示“天生”意思的詞語:inborn,innate,inherent,gifted,talented
23.表示“普遍、一般“意思的詞語:average,common,general,universal,usual
24.表示“明顯的,
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