詞匯學(xué)-英式英語和美式英語的區(qū)別

3.DifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglishWarmingup—jokes！一位英國人和美國人在火車站不期而遇A：What’syourjob?E：I’maclerk.A：Clock?Yourjobistoticktickalldaylong?”同一個詞clerk,英國人讀［cla:k］與美國人clock發(fā)音相同。而美國人念［klεrk］以上這則笑話就反映了英美兩國在語音方面的不同。Warmingup—jokes！Lift/Elevator：A：HowcanIgetto20thfloor?B：Takealift.A：Ok,butwhocanbesostrongtoliftmeto20thfloor?在英國,你可以搭lift.在美國搭elevator,沒有人會把你抬上去的哦!以上這則笑話就反映了英美兩國在詞匯方面的不同

Think？WhatareotherdifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish？Content：DifferencesinI：pronunciationII：spellingIII：grammarIV：vocabularyPartI:

DifferencesinPronunciationNotice!1.British/Americanpronunciation:mostassociatedwithnationalbroadcastingleastrestrictedinitsgeographicaldistribution.

2.Onethewhole,thesimilaritiesare(greater/lesser)thanthedifferences.

Because:thedifferencesmaycausebriefhesitationorasmile,butrarelyinterferewithcommunication.I:DifferencesinPronunciation1.Thechiefdifferenceslieinthevowelsounds.

2.Thereisalsodifferencesinconsonants.

example(1.)”r”.Silent:beforeaconsonant;

notsilent:(1)attheendofaword

(2)thenextwordbeginswithavowelbutnototherwiseAmE.

pronouncedinallpositionsinAmericanEnglish

BrEdifferencesinconsonants.BrE.farm/fα:m/

door

/d?:/,

amemberof/?memb??v/

AmE./farm/,/dor/,/?memb?r?v/Example(2)Thedigraphwhispronounced/w/inBritishEnglish,but/hw/inAmericanEnglish

when

：BrE/wen/，AmE/hwen/BritAmEKeywordsBritishAmerican/α:/(broad)/?/(flat)fast,advance/fα:st/,/?d’va:ns//f?st/,/?d’v?ns//?//a/hot,stop/h?t/,/st?p//hat/,/stap//?//?:/dog,moth

（蛾）/d?g/,/m?θ//d?:g/,/m?:θ//ju://u:/tube,absolute/tju:b/,/’?bs?lju:t//tu:b/,/’?bs?lu:t//i?r//i(:)r/hero,appearance/’hi?rou/,/?’pi?r?ns//’hi:rou/,/?’pi:r?ns/Differencesofvowelsounds

dormitory:BrE./’d?:mitri/,AmE./’d?:mit?ri/

territory:BrE./’teritri/,AmE./’terite:ri/BritAmEKeywordsBritishAmerican/u?e//i(:)r/curious,rural/’kju?ries/,/’ru?r?l//’kjuries/,/’ru:r?l//?r//?:r/hurry,scurry/’h?ri/,/’sk?ri//’h?:ri/,/’sk?:ri//ai//?/agile,fertile/’?d?ail/,/’f?:tail//’?d??l/,/’f?:t?l//e//i:/leisure,premier/’le??/,/’premi?//’li:??/,/pri:mi?/I:DifferencesinPronunciation3.Differentphonemesmaybeusedinthesameword,thisisfoundonlywithindividualwords.Revision:Whatisphoneme?Thesmallestmeaning-distinguishingsoundunitintheabstract

representationofthesoundsofalanguage.InthemindWordBritishAmerican

ate/et//eit/depot/’dep?u//’di:p?u/

epoch/’i:p?k//’ep?k/leisure/’le??//’li:??/lieutenent/lef’ten?nt//lu:’ten?nt/progress/’pr?ugres//’progres/

schedule/’?edju:l//’skedjul/tomato/t?’mα:tou//’t?’meitou/vase/vα:z//veis,veiz/4.Differencesinstress

Identicalsystemsofstress

andrhythmareusedbyBritishandAmericanEnglish.

Thereare,however,afewwordsthathavetheirstressonadifferentsyllable.AmericanBritishEnglish‘a(chǎn)ddressad’dressadver’tisementad’vertisement‘a(chǎn)rtisanarti’san‘cigaretteciga’rettede’tail‘detail

Inregardtostress,itshouldbeaddedthat:1.BritishEnglishtendstoemphasizethesyllableswithprimarystresswhileobscuringothersyllables

2.InAmericanspeechapolysyllabicwordhasastrongersecondarystressthaninBritishEnglish.AmericanBritishEnglish‘doctrinaldoc’trinal‘laboratoryla’boratory‘recessre’cess‘reveillere’veilleI:DifferencesinPronunciation5.Finally,Americanspeechischaracterizedbyits“drawl”/relativelyslowtempoprolongationofstressedvowelsLessvariationinthelevelofthevoicethanBritishEnglish/theAmericansspeakslowerandflatterthantheEnglishmen.PartII:

Differencesinspelling①TheEnglishwhichthecolonistsbroughttothenewcontinentallowedgreatvariationinspelling,sometimesthevariantwhichbecamestandardizedinAmericawasdifferentfromthatusedinEngland.

②NoahWebsterandeminentpersonslikeBenjaminFranklinproposednumerousreformsonspelling,amongwhichsomeweregenerallyacceptedandbecametheformspeculiartoAmericanEnglish.1.TwofactorsthatbroughtaboutthedifferencesofspellingDifferencesinspellingToputitinanutshell,theAmericanandBritishsystemsareessentiallythesame,exceptthat,asthefollowingdivergencesshow,theAmericanvariantissimplerthanitsEnglishcounterpart.DivergencesBritishEnglishAmericanEnglishour…orcolour,neighbourcolor,nerighborou…omould/smouldermold/smolderre……..ercentre,theatrecenter,theatergue……gcatalogue,dialoguecatalog,dialogmme..mprogramme,grammeprogram,gramll…ltravelling,jewellertraveling,jeweleromissionaxe,judgementax,judgment省去不發(fā)音字母u刪除不發(fā)音詞尾me，ueDivergencesBritishspellingAmericanspellingsilent…….egood-byegood-byce……..sedefence,licencedefense,licensee………i

enquire,enclose

inquire,inclosey…………ityre,dyketire,dikec…….ksceptic,discskeptic,disks………zcosy,tsarcozy,tzarxion……….ction（讀音不變）connextion,inflextionconnection,inflectionae………eaexthetic,encyclopaediaesthetic,encyclopediaise……….izenaturalise,utilisenaturalize,utilizeBritishAmericanCheque,cigarette,draught,gaol,grey,kerb,plough,pyjamas,storey,waggonCheck,cigaret,draft,jail,gray,curb,plowl,pajamas,story,wagon拼法各異，無法歸類的詞PartIII:

DifferencesingrammarOnthewholeAmericanandBritishEnglishusethesamegrammarsystem.

Differencesarefewinnumberandtriflinginnature.

Thefollowingaresomemaindivergences:PartIII:DifferencesingrammarPartIII:Differencesingrammar1.Theuseofsubjunctive2.Thetreatmentofarepeatedsubjectafter“one”3.Pastparticipleformsforget4.Differenceinprepositions5.Adifferenceinthearticle6.Doyouhave/Haveyougot.

1.Theuseofsubjunctive

AmericanEnglish:

preservesthetraditionalsubjunctiveform,BritishEnglish:

addsshouldtothesubordinateclause

exceptinlegalorformalcontexts.Examples:BrE.

Isuggestthatthemeetingshouldbepostponed.AmE.

Isuggestthatthemeetingbepostponed.

BrE

Itisimportantthatthemotionshouldbeplacedonthe

agenda.AmEItisimportantthatthemotionbeplacedontheagenda..2.Thetreatmentofarepeatedsubjectaftertheindefinitepronounone

BE:one

isrepeated,asinOnecannotsucceedunlessone

trieshard.AE

:he

isused,asinOnecannotsucceedunlesshetrieshard.3.PastparticipleformsforgetAmE:twopastparticipleformsforgetgot/gotten

BrE:only“got”

4.Differencesinpreposition

Maryaimstobecomeawriter.Let’scheckthatout.

Pleasefillouttheform.Myplanisdifferentthanyours.HestartshisvacationFriday.TheconferencebeginsMarch1.

BrEMaryaimsat

becomingawriter.Let’scheckuponthat.Let’sfillintheform.Myplanisdifferentfrom

yours.HestarthisholidayonFriday.TheconferencebeginsonMarch1.

AmE4.Differencesinpreposition

AmEIsGeorgehome?IliveonLawtonStreet.

Let’sstayhome

thisevening.TheswimmingpoolisopendaysfromJunethrough

September.BrEIsGeorgeathome?IliveinLawtonStreet.Let’sstayathomethiseveningTheswimmingpoolisopen

eachday(daily)fromJunetoSeptember.

5.AdifferenceinthearticleWithwordslikeschool,hospital,church,whentheideaexpressedconcernstheusemadeofthebuilding,“the”isnotusedinBrE

butusedinAmEBrE:Hehasgonetoschool.AmE:Hehasgonetotheschool6.DoyouownorpossessatthismomentAmEDoyouhave….Didyouhave….

(一般現(xiàn)在、過去時)MorefrequentlyusedinBritainBrEHave

yougot…..Hadyougot…（現(xiàn)在完成，過去完成）LessfrequentlyusedinBritain.Since1970samongyoungergroupsPartIV:

DifferencesinVocabularyThemajorityofcommoncorewordsandgreatnumbersofscientificandtechnologicalwordswhichareinternationalinnatureareidenticaltobothvarietiesofEngland.ThedifferencesbetweenAmericanandBritishuseofwordsareoftenfoundincolloquialEnglish,whereasthedifferenceinthewrittenlanguageisoftenslight.Fornon-nativestudents,evenfornativestudents,itisdifficulttobeconsistentinusingwordsinAmericanorBritishEnglish.Inpractice,thecoexistenceofAmericanandBritishtermsplacesanothergroupofsynonymsatourservice.BeforecomparingBritishandAmericanvocabulary,thefollowingpointsareimportanttomention:WordswithoutcounterpartsSamewords,differentmeaningsSameideas,differentwordsClassification(a)Wordswithoutcounterparts/equivalentsfurtherclassifiedintothreetypes1)TheearliestAmericanexpressions2)Largenumbersofpolitical,economicalexpressions3)TermsforBritishorganizationsandculture

havingnocounterpartsintheUS(1.2美式英語有，英式英語無；3英式英語有，美式英語無)

1)TheearliestAmericanexpressionswhichhasnocounterpartsinEngland

>Characteristics:

Denotetheplants,animals,featuresoflandscapeandlifenewtocolonists

EitherborrowedfromtheAmericanIndiansandnon-Englishimmigrantsorcoinedwithformativesbroughtoverfromhome(noneofthenewwordisborrowed)>Examples:

bayon(F.,landscape),canyon(Spa.,landscape)

hickory(Ind.,plant),pitchpine(Eng.,plant)……P2292)Largenumbersofpolitical,economicalexpressionswithnoexactequivalentsinEnglandfactorsthatbroughtaboutthesewordsSettlementshareacommonlife

struggle

independenceDeveloptheirownpolitical,economicalandotherinstitutionsandwayoflifeFormedtheirowncourseofhistoryExamples:

electoralcollege總統(tǒng)選舉團,G.O.P共和黨,precinct選區(qū),Grunt咕噥,呼聲,lynch私刑,NewDeal新政,wetback非法入境的勞工,creditsystem(incollege)信用制度，信貸制度，

purpleheart(med.)紫心錠（興奮劑）……P230

3)TermsforBritishorganizationsandculturehavingnocounterpartsintheUShavecomeintobeing

Examples:backbenches一般議員席位,WhiteHall,Dame(atille),GeorgeCross喬治十字勛章,hustings(electionalmeetings)議員競選演說壇,shadowcabinet影子內(nèi)閣,（政府首腦選擇的）顧問團……P230（b）samewords,differentmeaningsAmericansgaveanexistingwordanewmeaningtonamenewobjectsandinstitutionsE.g.clout(power,influence,orprestige)

family(oneoftheoperationalunitsoftheMafia)

window(shortforlaunchwindow)SomemeaningsthatwereoncecurrentinEnglandhavebecomeobsoletebutsurvivedinAmerica.

ExamplesareinIIB(P218)3)AnumberofEnglishwordssimplychangedtheirmeaningsintheUSExamplesareinthebookP230下

billbanknote(American)

ademandforpaymentofdebt(British)（c）Commonideas,differentwordsOwingtotheinteractionsbetweenthetwovarietiesofEnglish,thedifferencetendstodiminish;Thatis,anAmerican(orBritish)wordtendstobeusedbyspeakersonbothsidesoftheOcean.AmericanandBritishwordsforcommonideasorsubjectsP231AmericanBritishabsorbentcottoncottonwoolalumnus

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