Literal Translation And Free Translataion語(yǔ)言文化論文

LiteralTranslationAndFreeTranslataion語(yǔ)言文化論文LiteralTranslationAndFreeTranslataion語(yǔ)言文化論文英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)是兩種不同的語(yǔ)言。每種語(yǔ)言都有各自獨(dú)立和分明的系統(tǒng)，在形態(tài)和句法方面二者存在很大差異。然而，兩種語(yǔ)言之間又存在一些類似性。比方在主謂詞序和動(dòng)賓詞序上是一致的。正是由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言既有共同點(diǎn)又有不同點(diǎn)，所以在翻譯實(shí)踐中，我們不能千篇一律地使用一種方法進(jìn)行翻譯。直譯和意譯是重要的翻譯理論和基本的研究主題。直譯是既保持原文內(nèi)容、又保持原文形式的翻譯方法或翻譯文字。意譯，也稱為自由翻譯FreeTranslataion，它是只保持原文內(nèi)容、不保持原文形式的翻譯方法或翻譯文字。直譯LiteralTranslation與意譯互相關(guān)聯(lián)、互為補(bǔ)充，同時(shí)，它們又相互協(xié)調(diào)、相互浸透，不可分割。通過(guò)對(duì)直譯與意譯二者關(guān)系的正確研究，更多地認(rèn)識(shí)了解到什么時(shí)候采用直譯、什么時(shí)候采用意譯，在運(yùn)用直譯與意譯的時(shí)候所應(yīng)該把握的技巧、遵循的原則和應(yīng)該注意的問(wèn)題，最終到達(dá)提高翻譯能力及水平的目的。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦我為大家精心準(zhǔn)備的語(yǔ)言文化論文：LiteralTranslationAndFreeTranslataion。僅供大家參考!LiteralTranslationAndFreeTranslataion〔直譯和自由翻譯)全文如下：[THESIS]Howtouseliteraltranslationandfreetranslationproper?[INTRODUCTION]Peopleoftendiscussliteraltranslationandfreetranslation.Welaystressonhowtohandletwodifferentkindsoflanguage.Andwhichwayoftranslationisbettertousetotranslationasentence.Especially,targetlanguagemustexpresswhatsourcelanguagemeams,distortionisnotallowed.Literaltranslationandfreetranslationaretwomainformsoftranslation.Theyarenotrepulsive,contrarily,theyarecomplementary.Translationliterally,ifpossible,orappealtofreetranslation.Literaltranslationretainsoriginalskill.Soitisgetonfororiginal.Whenliteraltranslation,encountersomeobstades,peopleoftenusefreetranslation.Freetranslationexpressesgeneralideaoftheoriginal,andcanbeacceptedbyreaders.Agoodtranslationcompositioncontainsliteraltranslationandfreetranslation.[CONTENT]1.Whatistheconceptionofliteraltranslationandfreetranslation?2.Howtouseliteraltranslationproperly?2.1Translateliterally,ifpossible.2.2Literaltranslationword-for-wordtranslation.2.3Somesentencesshouldnottranslateliterally.3.Howtousefreetranslationproperly?3.1Ifithassometroubletounderstandasentenceinusingliteraltranslation,usefreetranslation.3.2Donnotaddpersonalenmotiontotheoriginalworks.3.3Freetranslationskillneedsextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.[CONCLUTION]Ifuseliteraltranslationandfreetranslationproper,youwillsuccessintranslatingacomposition.[KEYWORDS]Literaltranslation/Freetranslation/Sourcelanguage/Targerlanguage/Word-for-word/Original1.Whatistheconceptionofliteraltranslationandfreetranslation?Literaltranslationandfreetranslationaretwobasicskillsoftranslation.Literaltranslationreferstotranslateasentenceoriginally,keeptheoriginalmessageform,includingconstructionofsentence,meaningoftheoriginalwords,metaphoroftheoriginalandsoon.Translationwouldbefluentandeasytocomprehendbytargetlanguagereaders.Freetranslationrefersto,accordingtothemeaningoftheoriginal,withoutpayingattentiontothedetailsandtranslationwouldalsobefluentandnatural.Freetranslationneednotpayattentiontotheformoftheoriginal,includingconstructionoftheoriginalsentences,meaningoftheoriginalworks,matapheroftheoriginalandsoon.Butfreetranslationdoesnotmeantodeleteoraddcontenttotheoriginalandtranslatorsmustconsidertheoriginalcarefully,knowitsstress,translateitnatually,expressthemeaningoftheoriginal.Freetranslationisaskillwhichtranslatorsmustknowthecultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage,andmusthaveextensiveknowledge.Whentranslating,shouldnotuseliteraltranslationcompletelyorusefreetranslationcompletely.Accordingtothepassagewhichyouaretranslating,youshoulduseliteraltranslationfrequentlyandusefreetranslationwhenneccessary.Butwhatkindoftranslationisliteraltranslation?Andwhatkindoftranslationisfreetranslation?Forexle:①1)Dontlockthestabledoorafterthehourseshasbeenstolen.Literaltranslation:不要等馬被盜后,才去鎖楖門.Freetranslation:不要賊走關(guān)門.2)Smashingamirrorisnowaytomakeanuglypersonbeautiful,noritisawaytomakesocialproblemevaporate.Literaltranslation:砸鏡子不能使丑八怪變漂亮,也不能使社會(huì)問(wèn)題煙消云散.Freetranslation:砸鏡子并不能解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題.Formtheexle1),freetranslationisbetterthanliteraltranslation.Fromtheexle2),literaltranslationisbetterthanfreetranslation.Buthowtouseliteraltranslationandfreetranslation?Thereisasentence:Translateliterally,ifpossible,orappealtofreetranslation.2.Howtouseliteraltranslationproperly?2.1Translateliterally,ifpossible.Whytranslate,ifpossible?Whatistheadvantageofliteraltranslation?Generally,rhetoricisoftenusedinapassagetomakethepassagelively.Literaltranslationretainstherhetoricoftheoriginal,soitislivelyastheoriginal.Butfreetranslationonlyexpressesthegeneralideaoforiginal,livelyrhetoricoftheoriginaldisappeared.Sogenerallyspeaking,literaltranslationisagoodchoiceintranslation.Forexle:②3)FormafatherknowandIknowthatifyouonlydigenoughapasturecanbemadefree.Literaltranslation:由于我父親知道,我也知道,只要挖到一定程度,早晚能夠在這里辟出個(gè)牧場(chǎng)的.Freetranslation:由于我父親知道,我也知道,功到自然成.4)ForKinoandJuanathiswasthemeaningofmorningoftheirlives,comparableonlytothedaywhenthebabyhadbeenborn.Literaltranslation:在Kino和Juana看來(lái),這是他們一生中最了不起的早晨,只要寶寶出生的那一天,才能夠與之媲美.Freetranslation:Kino和Juana以為,這一天非常重要.Freetranslationofexles3)and4),onlyexpressthegeneralideaoftheoriginalsentences.Itistoosimple.Metaphoranddiscribtionoftheoriginalsentenceshavadissappeared.Afterfreetranslation,itwasinferioranddull.Soitisundesirable.Buttheliteraltranslationofexle3)and4)isclearerthanthefreetranslation.Actually,literaltranslationisthechiefwayoftranslation.Itisclosetotheoriginal,livelyandnatural.Itisacceptable.Acceptablenessisveryimportantintranslation.Fromtheoryoftranslationangle,translationisatheroywhichusestargetlanguagetoexpresstheidea,contentandstyleofsourcelanguage.Itshouldaccordwiththecultureandcustomsofthetargetlanguage.Translationnotonlydoesexpresstheideaandstyleoftheoriginalmessage,butalsoneedtoaccordwiththecultureandcustomsofthetargetlanguage,sothatthetranslationcaneasybeacceptedbytargetlanguagereaders.Becausethedifferencesoftwolanguages,sometimesitisdifficulttoretaintheideaandstyleofthesourcelanguage.Theadvantageofliteraltranslationisthatalmostlyretaintheideaandstyleoftheoriginal.Somostoftranslatorsliketouseliteraltranslation.Fromallabove,thatisthereasonoftranslateliterally,ifpossible.2.2Literaltranslationword-for-wordtranslation.Atfirst,whichkindoftranslationisword-for-wordtranslation?Word-for-wordtranslationisthat:Whentranslating,considereverywords.Everywordsofsourcelanguageistranslatedcooridnatly.Forexle:③5)Itwasanoldandraggedmoon.Word-for-wordtranslation:那是一個(gè)又老又破的月亮.6)Manyofhisideasareespeciallyinterestingtomodernyouth.Word-for-wordtranslation:他的很多思想對(duì)現(xiàn)代青年十分有趣.Fromtheexle5)and6),weknowword-for-wordtranslationdoesnotdoanychangestosourcelanguage.Theformisclosetotheoriginal,butitdoesnotexpressthemeaningofthesourcelanguage.Strictlyspeaking,itisnottranslation.Nevertheless,sometranslationwhichdidsomechangetosourcelanguageandthestructureoftargetlanguageisalsothesameassourcelanguage,thetranslationissmooth,butthemeaningandthestylearefarfromtheoriginal,usually,targetlanguagereadersdidnotknowwhatitsaid.Thisisalsoword-for-wordtranslation.Forexle:④7)Everyatomofyourfleshisasdeartomeasmyown:inpainandsicknessitwouldstillbedear.Word-for-wordtranslation:你的肉中的每一個(gè)原子，對(duì)我來(lái)講，都像我本人一樣親;即便在病痛中，仍然是親的.8)Beingateacherisbeingpresentatthecreation,whentheclaybegintobreathe.Word-for-wordtranslation:當(dāng)一名老師意味著是創(chuàng)造的見證人，他目擊人體開場(chǎng)呼吸，開場(chǎng)了生命.Translationof7)and8)aresmooth.ButtheydonotaccordwiththeexpressivewayofChinese.Itisword-for-wordtranslation.Fromallabove,word-for-wordtranslationissostarchy,goesaftertheformofsourcelanguagethatitneverthinkoftheeffectoftargetlanguage.Becauseword-for-wordtranslationdoesnotaccordwiththeexpressivewayoftargetlanguage,itisobscure,hardtounderstanditevenmakestargetlanguagereadersdidnotknowwhatdoestranslatorwanttoexpress.Word-for-wordtranslationmakestargetlanguagereadersconfused.Itisunqualifiedtranslation.Literaltranslationalsokeepsthegeneralformofsourcelanguage,andkeepsthestructureandthemetaphoroftheoriginal.Butliteraltranslationdoesmakesomeneccessaryadjustment,maketargetlanguagesmooth,cleanandacceptable.Afterreading,targetlanguagereaderscanhavealmostthesamefeelingasthesourcelanguagereaders.Butword-for-wordtranslationonlytranslatewordbyword,itisstiffandunitelligible.Qualityofliteraltranslationisgood.Word-for-wordtranslationisinferior.Literaltranslationandword-for-wordtranslationcangivedifferentfeelingtotargetlanguagereaders.Alltranslationwhichishardtoaccept,whichhavebadeffect,whichmessageisindistinct,whichmeaningisfarfromtheoriginalisword-for-wordtranslation.Thiskindoftranslationisabortive.Sometranslationthoughthatalltranslationkeepstheformoftheoriginalisliteraltranslation.Thatiserroneous.Theyconfusetheconceptionofliteraltranslationwithword-for-wordtranslation.Thesetranslatorstranslatelikethis:first,theylookupthemeaningofeverywordofsourcelanguageindictionary.Then,theycombinethemeaningofeveryword,neverdoanychange.Theydonotknowwhattranslationis,soword-for-wordtranslationemerge.Butexcellenttranslatorsknowthemeaningoftheoriginal.Whentranslating,theydosomeneccessaryadjustment,maketargetlanguageclearer,smoothandacceptable.Theyknowthedifferencebetweenword-for-wordtranslationandliteraltranslation.Theycanuseliteraltranslationproperly,itisaskilloftranslation.Allinall.literaltranslationisnotword-for-wordtranslation.Literaltranslationisacceptableandnimble.2.3Somesentencesshouldnottranslateliterally.Somesourcelanguagesentencesareverydifficulttotranslateliterally.Itonlythoughofthemeaningofsurface,translateitliterally,theresultisunintelligibleandindistinct.Somesentencesdonotaccordwithexpressivewayintargetlanguage.Differentcountryhasdifferentculture,differentlanguage,differentcustomanddifferentwaytoexpressthesamemeaning,differentlanguagehasdifferentwayaboutmetaphors,andhasdifferentidioms.InChina,peopleusuallyusesomeidiomstodescribeaneventoraperson.Sodoinabroad.ButChineseidiomsareunintelligibleinwesterncountries.Inthesesuituations,iftranslateliterally,usually,itwouldhavebadeffectandbeunacceptable.Whentargetlanguagereadersread,theycouldnotknowtheexactmeaningofsourcelanguage.Becausethemessagewhichtargetlanguageexpresswasvague.Therearetwoexles:⑤9)Oursonmustgotoschool.Hemustbreakoutofthepotthatholdusin.Literaltranslation:我們的兒子一定得進(jìn)學(xué)校，他一定得打破這個(gè)把我們關(guān)在里面的罐子.Freetranslation:我們的兒子一定要上學(xué)，一定要出人頭地.10)Theirlegsmoredalittlejerkily,likewell-madewoodendolls,andtheycarriedpillarsofblankfearaboutthem.Literaltranslation:他的腿輕輕痙攣地移動(dòng)著，像做得很好的木偶一樣，他們隨身攜帶著黑色的恐懼柱子.Freetranslation:他們每向前邁一步，腿就抖動(dòng)一下，好似精制的木偶一樣，他們身上帶著一股陰沉的殺氣.Fromthetwoexles,literaltranslationisunintelligibleevenabsurd.Butafterhadtranslateditfreely,translationbecamecleaner,smooth,acceptableandaccordwiththecultureoftargetlanguage.Butinwhichsuituationtranslatorsshouldnottranslateliterally?Howtouseliteraltranslationcorrectly?Anysourcelanguagewhichdoesnotaccordwiththeexpressivewayoftargetlanguageshouldnotuseliteraltranslation.Forexle:Inexle9),Breakoutthepotthatholeusin,itisanEnglishidiom,itmeansdosomethingsuccessful.ButhowtotranslateitintoChines?ThereisalsoanidiominChina.ItalmosthasthesamemeaningasBreakoutofthepotthatholdusin.Itis出人頭地.Sowhentranslatingthatsentencetranslatorsshouldnotuseliteraltranslation,translatorsshouldusefreetranslation.Andhowtouseliteraltranslationcorrectly?First,knowsourcelanguageandtargetlanguagecultureasmuchaspossibleandtranslatorsshouldhaveextensiveknowledgewiththeproblemswhichtheoriginalwroteortalkabout,translatorsshouldbeconversant.Weoftenhaveexperiencelikethat:Becauselakeofsomeknowledgethatsomebodytalkingabout,evenafterothersexplained,westilldidnotknoworunderstand.Sobeforetranslatorstranslatingsomematerials,especiallysomeproffessionalmaterialstranslatorsmustgraspsomeknowledgeaboutthematerials.Forexle,iftranslatesomematerialsabouteconomy,translatorsshouldknowsomeknowledgeabouteconomy;iftranslatesomematerialaboutnews,translatorsshouldknowsomeknowledgeaboutnews;iftranslatesomeprofessionalmaterials,translatorsshouldknowsomeknowledgeaboutthatproffession,orbeanexportofthatproffession.Iftranslatorwasamanwhodidnotknowsomethingaboutthematerialwhichhewantedtotranslate,histranslationwouldbeunqualified.Second,comprehendsourcelanguagemessagecorrectlyandthoroughly.Itisveryimportant.Translatorsshouldnotonlyknowthesurfacemeaningoftheoriginalandtranslatorsshouldreadthroughthesurface,knowwhatdoestheoriginalwanttoexpress.Ifatranslatordoesonlyknowsurfacemeaningoftheoriginalandtranslateitliterally,histranslationwouldbecorrespondingly.Aftertargetlanguagereaderreadhistranslation,theywouldbeconfuseandhavedifferentfeelingbetweentheoriginalandthetranslationorevenhaveerroneouscomprehension.Translationisdifferentfromreading.Whenwereading,itnomatterhowmuchweunderstandorcanbeunderstandorhaveerroneouscomprehension.Becauselevelofthereadersislimited.Readingisonlyafeelingofhimself.Buttranslationaffectsothers.Insteadoftheoriginalauthor,translationisamanretellsourcelanguagemassagetotargetlanguage.Sotranslatorsshouldcomprehenedthesourcelanguagemessagedeeplyandthoroughly,thenretellthemeaningofthesourcelanguagecorrectlyandclosetothesourcelanguagemessage.Ifatranslatorcomprehenedthesourcelanguagejustalittlenmbiguiously,translationwouldbedifferentfromthesourcelanguagemessage.Therefore,comprehensionisveryimportant.Iftranslatorshadfalsecomprehensiontothesourcelanguagemessage,histranslationcouldbefarfromtheoriginal.Thiswillleadhistranslationtobeunqualified.Atlast,enhanceacceptabilityoftranslation.Fromaboveweknowthattranslationshouldaccordwiththeexpressivewayoftargetlanguage,sothatitcanbeeasilyacceptedbytargetlanguagereaders.Actually,itisnotdifficulttoretainthestyleoftheoriginal.Butitisdifficulttotranslatetheoriginalaccordwithtargetlanguageexpressiveway.Atranslatorwhohasabandantexperiencecansurmountobstaclebetweentwolanguage.Anexcellenttranslatormusthavedonehisbesteffortonhistranslation.Thisistranslatorsduty.Anexcellenttranslatorhaspractisedalotonhowtohandletheproblemsintranslation.Excellenttranslationareacceptable.Fromallabove,literaltranslationisabasicskilloftranslation.Itkeepstheformofsourcelanguage,includingconstructionofsentences,mataphor.Sometimesitshoulddosomeneccessarychangetotheoriginal,makethetranslationaccordwiththeexpressivewayoftargetlanguage.Somakethetranslationacceptable.Atranslationwhichtranslatedliterallyisclosetotheoriginal.Butliteraltranslationisnotomnipotent.Somesentencesshouldnottranslateliterally,becausethesesentencescontainedidiomswhicharedifferentinsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Translatorsshouldhaveextensiveknowledge.Comprehenedsourcelanguagemessagecorrectlyandthoroughly,enhanceacceptabilityoftranslation.Iftranslatorswanttouseliteraltranslationproperlyandskillfully,theymustcomprehenedallabove,andhavesomepractice.Afterall,practiseisthemostimportantaspectintranslation.3.Howtousefreetranslationproperly?3.1Ifitwassometroubletounderstandasentenceinusingliteraltranslation,usefreetranslation.Inwhichsuituationthetranslatorscannotuseliteraltranslation?Whensomesentencesthatthewayofexpressivebetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguagearedifferent,shouldnotuseliteraltranslation.Ifuseliteraltranslation,targetlanguagereaderswouldhavesometroubletounderstand,thenmakethetranslationunacceptable.Inthesesuituation,freetranslationshouldinuse.Freetranslationexpressesthegeneralideaoftheoriginalaccordingtothemeaningoftheoriginal,anddoesnotpayattentiontothedetails.Buttranslationshouldbefluentandnatural.Therearetwoexles:⑥11)IgavemyyouthtotheseaandIcamehomeandgaveher(mywife)myoldage.Literaltranslation:我把青春獻(xiàn)給海洋，我回家的時(shí)候便把老年給了我的妻子.Freetranslation:我把青春獻(xiàn)給海洋，等我回到家里見到妻子的時(shí)候，已經(jīng)是白發(fā)蒼蒼了.12)MaybeKinohascutoffhisownheadanddestroyedhimself.Literaltranslation:也許Kino會(huì)割掉本人的腦袋，把本人毀了.Freetranslation:也許Kino走了絕路，本人毀了本人.Fromtheexle12),theoriginalcutoffhisheadmeanshavedonesomethingbadly,feltintopredicament.Ifatranslatortranslatedtheoriginalliterally,histranslatingwouldmaketargetlanguagereadersconfused,afterreading,targetlanguagereaderswouldfeelunacceptable.Sotranslatorsshouldusefreetranslationintheexle11)and12).Becausefreetranslationcantelltheturemeaningtotargetlanguagereaders.Somesentences,iftranslateliterallyarealsofluentandnaturalthatitseemsthesesentencesshouldtranslateliterally.Buttranslatedthesesentencesliterallycouldnotexpressthedeepmeaningoftheoriginal.Ifweusefreetranslation,effectwouldbebetterthanliteraltranslation.Freetranslationcouldexpressthedeepmeaningoftheoriginalsentences.Forexle:⑦13)Castpearlsbeforeswine.Literaltranslation:把珍珠扔到豬面前.Freetranslation:對(duì)牛彈琴.14)Barbarawasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth.Literaltranslation:Barbara嘴里叼著銀調(diào)羹出生的.Freetranslation:Barbara出生最富貴人家.Exle13)and14)aremetaphor,havedeepmoral.Iftranslatedliterally,translationsarefluentandnatural,butitcouldnotexpressthedeepmeaningoftheoroginal,itisunadvisable.Thereisanothersuituationwhichshouldusefreetranslation:asentensethatuseidioms.Forexle:⑧15)Somethingunexpectedmayhappenangtime.Freetranslation:天有不測(cè)風(fēng)云.Literaltranslation:一些沒(méi)有意料到的事會(huì)隨時(shí)發(fā)生.InEnglish,thissentenceisverycommon.ButiftranslateditliterallyintoChinese,itdidnotaccordwiththehabitofexpressive.Onthecontrarary,itwouldbeunitelligibleandwouldnotachivetheeffectoftheoriginal.Itwouldmaketargetlanguagereadersinappreciatable.Butintheexle15),freetranslationusedaChineseidioms,afterreadingtargetlanguagereaderswouldcomprehenedandhavenicefeeling.Sofreetranslationisagoodchoicewhenliteraltranslationcouldnotbeused.3.2Donnotaddpersonalemotiontotheoriginalworks.Translationisabrigebetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Taskoftranslationistoexpressthemeaningandmanifestationofthesourcelanguagemessagebytargetlanguage.Thetranslationshouldgivetargetlanguagereadersalmostthesamefeelingassourcelanguagereaders.Iftargetlanguagereadersandsourcelanguagereadershadalmostthesamefeelingafterreadingthetranslation,itwassuccessful.Iftargetlanguagereadersandsourcelanguagereadershaddifferentfeelingafterreadingthetranslation,itshowedthetranslationwasunqualified.Fromtheangleoftranslation,actually,thefeelingofreaderscanjudgeatranslation.Sothefeelingofreadersisthestandardoftranslation.Toughfreetranslationgivessomeleewaystotranslators.Translatorsshouldcomprehenedtheoriginalthoroughly,andusetheleewayscorrectly.Sometranslatorsusuallyusetheleewaysincorrectly.Theyoftenaddtheirpersonalemotiontotheoriginalworks.Sotranslationwassubjunctiveanddifferentastheoriginal.Itwasunqualifiedtranslation.Becauseiftranslatorsaddedtheirpersonalemotiontotheoriginalworksthatthemeaningoftheoriginalmessagehadbeenchangedbytranslators.Afterreading,targetlanguagereadersmighthavedifferentfeelingbetweentranslationandtheoriginal.Thosetranslationswhichaddedtranslatorsownemotionwerenotaccordingwiththestandardoftranslation.Translationshouldavoidtoaddpersonalemotiontotheoriginalworks.3.3Freetranslationskillneedsextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Freetranslationgivestranslatorssomeleeways.Translatorsshouldusethencorrectly.Notonlyshouldtranslatorscomprehenedthemeaningoftheoriginalmessage,butalsotheyshouldbeprovidedwithextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Especially,onliteratureworks,translatorsshouldbeprovidedwithliteraturetraining,andtheyalsoshouldknowextensiveliteratureknowledge.Atranslatorwhowantedtotranslatealiteraturecompositionshoulddohisefforttoaccumulatesomethingabouthistory,geography,custom,naturalstyleandfeatures,tranditionalcultureandsoonabouttheliteraturecomposition.Inadditional,translatorsshouldknowthebackgroundofageandtheauthor,styleoftheanthor.Moreextensiveknowledgethetranslatorshave,morethoroughlyhecancomprehendthemeaningoftheoriginal.Freetranslationisaskillintranslation.Translatorsshouldfirstcomprehendtheoriginalthoroughly,thentranslateitcorrectlybytargetlanguage,andacceptablelycomprehendtheoriginalthoroughlyisonthebasisofextensiveknowledgeandexcellentliteraturetraining.Somesuccessfultranslators,whentheyweretranslatingtheydidtheresearchontheoriginalauthoratthesametime.Aftertranslating,theybecameonexperttotheauthorandhiscomposition.Thisspiritisworthlytostudy.Letsseesomeexles:⑨16)Whenthegoinggetstough,thetoughgetsgoing.Freetranslation:滄海橫流方顯英雄本色.Thewordsgoingandtoughhavedifferentmeaning.ThetranslatorusedasentenceinaChinesepoemtotranslatethissentence.17)Faultsarethickwhereloveisthin.Freetranslation:一朝情意淡,樣樣不順眼.18)Youcanfoolallthepeoplesomeofthetimeandsomeofthepeopleallthetime,butyoucannotfoolallthepeopleallthetime.Freetranslation:騙人一夕一事易,欺眾一生一世難.19)OutoftheFULLNESSoftheheartthemouthspeaks.Freetranslation:盈于心則溢于言.Theexleaboveareallfreetranslation.Translatorstranslatedthemnotonlysmoothlyandfluently,butalsoacceptableandaccordinglywithChineseculture.Inaddition,translatorsshouldknowextensiveidiomsaboutbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Differentcountrieshavedifferentidioms.Sointranslation,someidiomsareunabletotranslateliterally.Translatorsshouldchangetheoriginalformintoanotherformwhichiseasytobeacceptedbytargetlanguagereaders.Thereby,conveythepurposeoftheoriginalwantedtoexpress.Forexle:⑩20)WheninRome,doastheRomesdo.Freetranslation:入鄉(xiāng)隨俗.21)Acatonhotbricks.Freetranslation:熱鍋上的螞蟻.22)Toexpectonessontobecomeanoutstandingpersonage.Freetranslation:望子成龍.23)Thedogthatwillfeechabonewillcarryabone.Freetranslation:以你講別人壞話的人,也會(huì)講你的壞話.Freetranslationdoesnotstrachytheformoftheoriginal.Iftranslatorswanttousefreetranslationproficiently.Youdbettergraspextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.CONCLUTION:Ifusingliteraltranslationandfreetranslationproper,youwillsucceedintranslatingacomposition.Themostimportantintranslationisthewayinwhichhowtodearwiththecomplexproblemsofequivalencebetweenthesourceandtargetarticles.Butcompleteidentityofmessageisimportant,evenuseliteraltranslationonthedesignativelevelofimformativefunctiononecanonlyaimattheclosetapprorimotionandingeneralitisposibletoobtainafunctionallysatisfactorycorrespondace.Literaltranslationisagoodchoicetotranslatelivelyandclosely,astheoriginal.Itretainstheidea,styleandrhetoricoftheoriginal.Translatorsshouldgraspit.Literaltranslationisnotword-for-wordtranslation.Sometimes,translatorsshoulddosomechangeintranslationsothattheycanmakethetranslationmoreacceptable.Word-for-wordtranslationisunqualified.Notallsentencescantranslateliterally.Somesentences,ifusedliteraltranslationwouldnotbeaccordingwiththecultureoftargetlanguage.Especiallyforsomeidioms.Translatorsshouldhaveextensiveknowledge,comprehendtheoriginalthoroughly.Especiallyintranslatingsomeproffessionalmaterials.Freetranslationisaskill.Itneednotpaymoreattentiontotheformoftheoriginalandthedetails.Butfreetranslationshouldaccordwithtargetlanguagecultureandcustoms.Thentargetlanguagereaderscanaccepttranslationeasily.Thoughfreetranlationgivesleewaystotranslators,theyshouldnotaddpersonalemotiontotheoriginalworks.Becauseiftranslatorsaddedtheirownemotiontothetranslation,targetlanguagereadersandsourcelanguagereaderswouldhavedifferentfeeling.Sothetranslationisunqualified.Freetranslationalsoneedsextensiveknowledgeandcultureofbothsourcelanguageandt