高等學(xué)校研究生英語系列教材綜合教程下主編熊海虹教學(xué)第一單元課件

高等院校研究生英語系列教材綜合教程（下）INTEGRATEDCOURSEUnit1

LivingAFullLife

Unit1LivingaFullLifeContent

Startingout

ReadingFocus

ReadingMore

PracticalTranslation

FocusedWriting

FinalProjectTask2YourbestfriendhasrecentlybeeninlowspiritseversinceshewasdiagnosedwithCOPD(慢性阻塞性肺病).Shestaysinbedmostofthetimeandmissesalotofclasses.Shehasnothingtodo,andmoreoverwantstodonothing.Howwouldyouencouragehertocopewiththediseasewithapositiveattitude?Startingout—Task2Herearesomesuggestionsfromexpertsthatwillenableyoutoretain(ortakeback)muchofyourindependenceandimproveyourqualityoflife.?Don’tisolateyourself...reachouttoothers?Stayasphysicallyactiveasyoucan?Manageyourbreathing?StickwithyourtreatmentplanStartingout—Task2Task3ReadtheletterfromJohnDoeand,withyourpartner,discusshowyoucouldhelphim.DearAbby,IfeellikeIalmostcan’tbreathenow.IworkaridiculousamountofhoursandIdon’thavetimetorelax.Myparentslive1,400milesawayandIamhereallbymyself.Ihavenotimetomakefriends.SometimesIfeelIdon’tevenhavealife.WhatshouldIdo?Kindregards,JohnStartingout—Task3StartingoutListentothepassage“BoredtoDeath”andfillouttheblanks.We’veallbeenboredfromtimetotime.Sometimes,whenwe’rereallyatlooseends,wemightevensaywe’re“boredtodeath”or“_____________________!”Wedon’treallymeanit,ofcourse.Butaccordingtoonestudy,itmaybetrue.Thatis,it________

_______________tobeboredtodeath.ResearchersinEnglandlookedatsurveysdoneinthemid1980s–severalthousandquestionnairesfilledoutby_______________________abouttheirjobs.soboredIcoulddieseems

possible

literallyLondon

civil

servantsTheresearchersfoundthatthosewho’dsaidthatinthepreviousmonththeywereboredatworkwere_____________________

________________asotherworkerstodieofaheartproblemoverthefollow-upperiod.Workerswho______________

______________intheirjobswerelesslikelytodieprematurely.Now,thisdoesn’tmeanthatfeelingbored______________

_______________willkillyou.We’retalkingaboutchronicboredom,asinbeingboredallthetime.morethan

twiceaslikelyclaimed

to

be

interestedevery

once

in

a

whileStartingoutAndit’snotnecessarilyboredomitselfthat’sdeadly.Mostprobably,accordingtothestudy,it’sthefactthatbeingboredoftenleadsto_____________________suchsmoking,overeating,drinking,andabusingdrugs.Otherstudieshavelinked________________________–adiseaseknownoftentoleadtopoorhealth.Doesthismeanthatbeingengagedandinterested–inotherwords,theoppositeofbored–_____________________?Maybe.Ifnotbeingboredmeansbeingphysicallyactiveandadoptinggooddietaryandexercisehabits,thenitcertainlycan’thurt.unhealthyhabitsboredom

and

depressionleads

to

better

healthStartingout

GlobalUnderstanding

2DetailedInformation3CriticalThinking4LanguagePoints5ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction6BackgroundInformation1WatchaclipfromThePursuitofHappynessinwhichChristopher’swifejustlefthim.Discusswithyourpartnerhowpeopleshouldpursuehappiness.

BackgroundInformationClickonthepictureReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstanding1Introduction2Body3Conclusion(Paras.1-3)(Paras.4-17)(Para.18)BodyMainidea:Peoplewhohavesufferedthemost,whohavebeenforcedtocontendwithshockstheyneveranticipatedandtorethinkthemeaningoftheirlives,__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

mayhavethemosttotellusaboutthatprofoundandintenselyfulfillingjourneythatphilosophersusedtocallthesearchReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandingfor“thegoodlife”Argument1:Happinessisonlyoneamongmanyvaluesin

humanlife.Sometimesonly_________________________canfoster

suchqualitiesas_________________________________________________________________because_______________________________________________________________________________________.Example:31-year-oldfashiondesignerTracyCyr.“IfeltIhadbeenshownthesecretoflifeandwhywe’rehere:tobehappyandtonurtureotherlife.It’sthatsimple.”thetrialsofadversitycreativitycompassion,wisdom,altruism,insight,

ReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandingsometimesonlydrasticsituationscanforceus

totakeonthepainfulprocessofchangeBodyArgument2:Formanypeoplewhohaveenduredextremeeventslikecombat,violentcrimeorsuddenseriousillness—perhapseventhemajority—life_________________________________________________.ultimatelybecomesricherand

ReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandingmoregratifyingBodyConclusionMainidea:________________________________________________________________________________________________________.It’spossibletoliveanextraordinaryrewardinglifeevenwithintheconstraintsandstruggleswefaceReadingFocus

–GlobalUnderstandingTask2Choosethesentencethatbestexpressesthemeaningofthesentencefromthetext(P11)

Key:2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10BCAADACDBDReadingFocus

–DetailedInformationCriticalThinkingReadingFocusDiscussingroupsthefollowingquestions.1.Haveyouhadtheexperienceofgoingthroughaverydifficultsituationandcomingoutasabetterperson?Ordoyouknowsomeonewhohasexperiencedthis?2.Unlikethosewhoaresounfortunatetohavebeenstruckbydiseasesorwhohavebeenforcedtogothroughextremedifficultiesinlife,somepeoplechoosetovoluntarilytakeadventuresorchallenges,likeextremesports,topushthemselvestolimits.Whydothesepeopledosoandwhatcantheyobtainfromtheseexperiences?ReadingFocus—CriticalThinking1.Hurricanes,housefires,cancer,whitewaterrafting1accidents,planecrashes,viciousattacksindarkalleyways.(para.1)ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

hurricane:astormthathasverystrongfastwindsandthatmovesoverwater颶風

e.g.

Adrenchingrainpoureddownandtherising

hurricanedroveitinsheetsalongtheground.similarterms:typhoon/monsoon/tradewind3.Thisfledglingfieldhasalready

provedthetruthofwhatoncepassedasbromide:……(Para.3)

fledgling:

afledglingstateororganizationhasonlyrecentlybeenformedandisstilldeveloping

e.g.

Nursedthefledglingbusinessthroughan

economicdownturn.ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

4.Thosewhoweatheradversitywellarelivingproofoftheparadoxesofhappiness.(para.4)ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

paradoxes:aperson,thingorsituationthathastwooppositefeaturesandthereforeseemsstrange

e.g.

Hewasaparadox-alonerwholovedtochatto

strangers. Theparadoxisthatfishermenwouldcatchmore

fishiftheyfishedless.

5.Butthatfeelingoftransformationisinsomewaystypical,……(papa.11)ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

transform:

tocompletelychangetheappearance,form,orcharacterofsomethingorsomeone,especiallyinawaythatimprovesit

e.g.

Themovietransformedheralmostovernight

fromanunknownschoolgirlintoamegastar.

Afterthreeweekswenoticedatotal

transformationinhisbehavior.6.Inthatmoment,oursenseofinvulnerabilityispierced,andtheself-protectivementalarmorthatnormallystandsbetweenusandourperceptionsoftheworldistornaway.(para.12)

ReadingFocus

–LanguagePoint

翻譯：在事情發(fā)生的那一瞬間，我們的安全感被沖破了，平時處于我們與我們對世界的種種看法之間的自我保護的精神盔甲被剝離了。

Key1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8-Task1Readthewordsandtheirexplanationsinthebox.Chooseawordtocompleteeachofthesentencesbelowandexplainitsmeaning.Changetheformifnecessary.(P14)provincesb.wokea.hauntb.troublea.weathersd.wakeb.coinedc.troubleb.ReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

Key9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20-vincec.coina.valuea.hauntsa.has

promiseda.troublec.coinb.ReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

promised.valuesc.refrainb.valuede.Task2The___________atmosphereoftheinnallowsgueststofeeltotallyathome.2.Technologicaladvancesmight___________leadtoevenmorejoblosses.Fillineachoftheblankswithanappropriatephrasefromthebox.Changetheformifnecessary.

(P15)tranquilultimatelyadversityordealanticipatedrasticsuicidalpreoccupy legacy nostalgia retrospect tranquildeprivation aspire aftermath cancelout ultimatelyReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

3.Inthe_____________oftheshootings,therewerecallsfortightercontrolsongunownership.4.Herkindnessandgenerosity_____________heroccasionalflashesoftemper.5.Hewasbeginningtowonderifhewouldsurvivethe_____________.6.Foreignfoodaidhasledtoa_____________reductioninthenumbersofpeopledyingofstarvation.aftermathcancel

outordealdrasticReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

adversityordealanticipatedrasticsuicidalpreoccupy legacy nostalgia retrospect tranquildeprivation aspire aftermath cancelout ultimately7.Perhapshermostimportant____________washerprogramofeducationalreform.8.Therewerefoodshortagesandother____________

duringtheCivilWar.9.Theneweconomicpoliciescouldprove____________

fortheparty.10.Thebuildingwillbecompletedaroundsixmonthsearlierthan____________

.legacydeprivationssuicidalanticipatedReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

adversityordealanticipatedrasticsuicidalpreoccupy legacy nostalgia retrospect tranquildeprivation aspire aftermath cancelout ultimately11.Theexperiencewasenoughtokeephim___________forsometime.12.Theroadtohappinessispavedwith___________

.13.She___________

tonothingnolessthanthechairmanshipofthecompany.14.Hemightbeinfluencedby___________

forthesurroundingsofhishappyyouth.15.In___________

,IwishthatIhadthoughtaboutalternativecoursesofaction.preoccupiedadversitiesaspiresnostalgiaReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

adversityordealanticipatedrasticsuicidalpreoccupy legacy nostalgia retrospect tranquildeprivation aspire aftermath cancelout ultimatelyretrospectTask3CompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChineseinbracketsintoEnglish.Trytousetheexpressionsyouhavelearnedfromthetext.(p.17)1.Watchingyourbabybeingbornis___________________________(極其令人興奮的經(jīng)歷).2.Thereis__________________________(內(nèi)置儲藏空間)inallbedrooms.3.Thishandoutfocuseson___________________________(自我保護措施)underdifficultclimaticconditions.amind-blowingexperiencebuilt-in

storage

spaceself-protection

measuresReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

4.I’msurewecouldofferyousome__________________________(短期的工作).5.So,howisitthatweall,oratleastmanyofus,havesucha________________________________________(歪曲的、否定的自我觀念)?6.HelenHuntstarsasacharacterundergoing_____________________(改變了生活的事件)inThenSheFoundMe.7.Shehaswrittenabookthatisbeautifulbecauseofthehonestyandtherawemotionthatisportrayedin_____________________________(無所不包的細節(jié)).8.Havingadecentjobcontributesto_____________________(一個好的自我形象).short-termemploymentdistorted

and

negative

self-perceptionlife-changing

eventsReadingFocus–VocabularyinAction

all-encompassing

detailsa

good

self-imageTheGoodMindIsFlexibleReadingMoreReadingMore

GlobalUnderstanding

TextExploration

CriticalThinking

LanguagePoints

VocabularyinAction1

2

3

4

5

DistinguishbetweentrainingandeducationParas.2-6IntroductionWhatcharacterizeflexiblepeoplePara.1Paras.7-12ConclusionPara.13ReadingMore—Global

UnderstandingAnswerthefollowingquestions.1.Whatkindofpeopledoestheworldoftomorrowneed?Flexibleindividuals,intelligentlymobileindividuals,individualswhocanlandontheir

feetwhentheirjobsbecometechnologicallyobsolete,individualswhocancopewiththeunexpected.Thesearethepeoplethatareneededintheworldoftomorrow.ReadingMore—detailedinformation2.Whatisthedifferencebetweentrainingandeducation?Totrainistomakelearnersfindthefixedresponses,tostressimmediategoalstotheneglect

oflong-termgrowthofthelearners.Toeducate,however,istofosterlimitlessgrowth,lifelonglearninginlearners,toletthemdevelopthegoodmind.ReadingMore—detailedinformation3.Howcanwedevelopintoaflexiblepersonwithagoodmind?Todeveloptheflexiblepersonwiththegoodmindwemustlearnhowtoteachskills,

attitudes,andconcepts,wemustfavorthoselearningexperiencesthathavehightransfer

valuetovariedlifesituations.Wemustenablethemtoseetheworldinafresh,inventive

way.Wewillletthemcharttheirowncourse.ReadingMore—detailedinformation4.Whatistheteacher’staskifartis“theintensificationoftheordinary”?5.Whatistheinescapableelementineducationforflexibility?Histaskistohelplearnersturnthecommonplaceintothecreative.ReadingMore—detailedinformationAnattitudefavorabletochange.Itistheinescapableelementineducationforflexibility.Ifsomeonehasanegativeviewtowardchange,therewillbenoflexibility.6.Howdopeoplewhodreadchangethinkofthemselves?Thosepeoplethinktheydon’tamounttomuch,theydonotacceptthemselvesand

consequentlydonotacceptothers.Theyoftenhaveanegativeviewtowardthefuture.ReadingMore—detailedinformation7.Whatcanschoolsandcollegesdotobuildanattitudefavorabletotheunprejudicedexaminationofideas?Schoolsandcollegescanandmustdeveloptheself-confidenceofstudents,buildthemupwithrepeatedsuccessinsteadofconstantfailure.Theycandevelopagroupatmospherefriendlytoandsupportiveofchange.Theycanhelpstudentsadmirewhatisadmirable,andbecomeacquaintedwithheroicmenandwomenwhochangedtheworld.Theycanprovidecontinuingguidanceinhowtobecomearealperson,onewhohasfaithinthefuture,whohasagoodmindofhisown.ReadingMore—detailedinformation8.Whyiscontinuingeducationanecessity?Because“thethingstaughtincollegesandschoolsarenotaneducation,butameansof

education.”Studentsonlylearnthemeansofeducationatschoolsotheyhavetousethis

meanstocontinuetheireducationintherealworld.ReadingMore—detailedinformationCriticalThinkingReadingMoreDiscusswithyourpartnerthefollowingquestions,basedonthetextyou’vejustread.ReadingMore—CriticalThinking1.Doyouagreewiththewriterthattodevelopagoodmindastudentmustlearnhowtocultivateanddevelopatasteforlearning?Inyourmind,whatisatasteforlearning?2.Whatarethoselearningexperiencesthathavehightransfervaluetovariedlifesituations?Canyougivesomeexamples?3.Howimportantisone’sattitudetochangesinhislife?Discusswithyourpartnerthefollowingquestions.ReadingMore—CriticalThinking1.Whatshouldbetheroleofschoolinginone’seducation?2.DoyouagreewithEdgarDale’sview?Whichdoyouthinkismoreimportant,highereducationorjobtraining?3.Somepeoplesayagoodheartismostimportantforapersontoliveameaningfullife.Otherssayagoodmindismoreimportant.Whatisyouropinion?1.Formanyyearswehavetalkedabouteducationinachangingsocietybuthavedone

littletoeducateforuncertainty.

(Para.1)

ReadingMore–LanguagePoint

uncertainty:whenyoufeeldoubtaboutwhatwillhappen

e.g.

Timesofgreatchangearealsotimesofuncertainty.

uncertainty,doubt

Thereisagreatdealof____________aboutthecompany'sfuture.

Sheknewwithoutashadowofa_______thathewaslyingtoher.

uncertaintydoubt2.MarkTwain’sstoryaboutthecatisinorderhere.(Para.2)

ReadingMore–LanguagePoint

inorder:

tobeasuitablethingtodoorsayonaparticularoccasion

e.g.

Ihearcongratulationsareinorder.

3.

Ifweaccept

Dewey’sdefinitionofartas“theintensificationoftheordinary”,thentheteacher’s

taskistohelplearnersturnthecommonplaceintothecreative.(Para.6)ReadingMore–LanguagePoint

commonplace:somethingthatisordinaryorboring

e.g.Thespeechwasfullofcommonplaces. Mooretookashismainthemethemysteryofthe

commonplace.

4.Oftensuchpeoplethinktheydon’tamounttomuch.(Para9)ReadingMore–LanguagePoint

amountto:

tonotbeimportant,valuable,orsuccessful

e.g.

Heracademicachievementsdon'tamounttomuch.

Theygavemesomehelpinthebeginningbutit

didnotamounttomuch.5.He

agreeswithAlfredNorthWhiteheadthat,“Knowledgedoesnotkeepanybetterthan

fish,”……(Para.12)

翻譯：“知識和魚一樣無法保持新鮮?！盧eadingMore–LanguagePoint

Task1

1.

favorFillineachoftheblankswithanappropriateformofthewordgivenandexplainitsmeaning.(P23)favorfavorablefavoredReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

favoriteA.Amothershouldn’tshowtoomuch_________tooneofherchildren.B.Wehavehada(n)___________responsetotheplansofar.C.Brittanyisa(n)_________holidaydestinationforfamilies.D.Iwilltakeyoutomy_________enseconstancyconstantconstantlyintensifiedintensiveReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

intensificationintenseA.Neverdoubtthe___________ofmyloveforyou.B.Therewasa___________streamofvisitorstothehouse.C.Weare_____________onthelookoutfornewideas.A.Hismother’sdeath___________hisloneliness.B.Zoetookpartinaone-week__________courseinEnglishduringthewinterholiday.C.Thecountrywasonthevergeofcollapsebecauseofthe______________ofviolentrebelattacks.D.Thistypeofworkrequires_________concentration.4.prejudiceA.Acriminalrecord__________yourchancesofgettinga

job.B.Thenewspaperreportedhisremarks,tothe__________ofhis

chancesofbeingelected.C.Itisimpossibletobecompletelyfairand_______________.5.perceptionA.Heisinterestedinhowour___________ofdeathaffectsthe

waywelive.B.AccordingtoReynolds,therehasbeenaslightbut

_____________changeinpublicattitudeslately.C.Hehadenough________________torealizethatIwantedtobe

alone.D.Themost_____________ofthethree,shewasthefirstto

realizethepotentialdangeroftheirsituation.E.Somechildrenhavemorefinelytrained_____________skills

thanothers.prejudicesprejudiceunprejudicedReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

perceptionperceptibleperceptivenessperceptiveperceptual6.secureA.Strict____________measuresareinforceinthecapital.B.Checkthatallwindowsanddoorshavebeenmadeas___________aspossible.C.Manyofthemworkinlow-paid,____________jobs.D.Aftertheattack,thefamilyoftensufferfromagreatsenseof____________.7.flexibleA.Youneedtobemore___________andimaginativeinyourapproach.B.The____________ofdistancelearningwouldbeparticularlysuitedtobusymanagers.C.Theproposedlawispoorlywrittenand____________.D.The____________ofthecountry’slabormarketseriouslyimpedesitseconomicrecovery.securitysecureinsecureReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

insecurityflexibleflexibilityinflexibleinflexibility8.accumulateA.Theconsensusisthatriskfactorshavean____________

effect.B.Dustanddirtsoon____________ifahouseisnotcleaned

regularly.C.______________ofsandcanbeformedbytheactionofwavesoncoastalbeaches.accumulativeaccumulateAccumulations9.matureA.Technologyinthisfieldhas____________considerably

overthelastdecade.B.We’re__________enoughtodisagreeonthisissuebut

stillrespecteachother.C.Humansexperienceadelayed___________;wearriveat

allstagesoflifelaterthanothermammals.D.Whiletheanimalsarestill___________,theydonotbreed.maturedmaturematurityReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

immature10.custom

A.Shearrangedeverythingwithher___________efficiency.

B.GeneralMotorswill___________Cadillacsforspecial

clients.

C.Hissonoperatesa___________furniturebusiness.

D.OnWednesdayevening,aswashis___________,hewentdowntothevillage.customarycustomizecustomReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

customTask2Whatthenisagoodmind?Itisthewholementalfacultyinaction.Itdiscerns,doubts,1)___________,probes.Itanswersquestionsandquestionsanswers.Agoodmindiscritical.Itconceptualizes,seesrelationships,makes2)_____________,relatesdiscretefacts,seesdifferencesinsimilaritiesandsimilaritiesindifferences.Agoodmindis3)_____________.Itproducessomethingnew,fresh,4)_____________.Agoodmindknowsthatonlythecreativesocietysurvives.Agoodmindembracescreativeinteraction.It5)_____________whatschoolsandcollegeswillneedinthenearanddistantfuture.Fillineachoftheblankswithanappropriatewordfromthebox.Changetheformifnecessary.searchesconnectionsinventiveReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

discerninganticipatesAgoodmindlookscloselyatits6)__________,itspriorities.Itconsidersthenationaland7)___________valuesandideals.Agoodmindisacriticalmind,notcarpingorcaptious,butcreative,evaluative,constructive.Itisflexible.Itmakesgoodchoices.It8)__________issues,questionsassumptions,anddrawslogicalconclusions.Itdistinguishesfactfrom9)_________.Thedevelopmentofthecriticalmindshouldbeaprimeobjectiveoftheschools.Agoodmindthoughtfullyusesthepastinplanningforthefuture.Agoodmindwishesbutitalsowills.Itpractices10)_______________untilitbecomeshabitual.futureindividualidentifiesfallacyReadingMore–VocabularyinAction

self-disciplinePracticalTranslation語篇（discourse）是在交際功能上相對完整和獨立的一個語言片斷。為了進行有效的交際活動，語篇應(yīng)銜接（cohesion）得當，連貫性（coherence）好。銜接手段（cohesivedevice）是一種謀篇手段，是生成語篇的重要條件之一，也是譯者在翻譯過程中首先要考慮的問題，因為它直接關(guān)系到譯文的質(zhì)量。銜接自然的譯文讀起來通順、流暢、連貫；缺乏銜接或銜接不當?shù)淖g文晦澀難懂，影響閱讀，也影響交際功能的實現(xiàn)。語篇層次的翻譯——銜接從語篇層面上說，英漢兩種語言在形合（hypotaxis）和意合（parataxis）方面的差異。由于英漢兩種語言邏輯思維的不同，英語重“形合”，句子內(nèi)部的連接或句子間的連接采用顯性的語言手段來實現(xiàn)，主要是通過各種語法手段和詞匯手段，以表示其結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系。因此，英語中長句多。漢語重“意合”，句中各成分之間或句子之間的結(jié)合少用甚至不用形式銜接手段，主要靠句子內(nèi)部的隱性邏輯聯(lián)系，注重邏輯事理的順序以及意義和主旨上的銜接和連貫。因此，漢語中短句多，短句間的邏輯關(guān)系靠意義來表達，語法處于次要地位。在翻譯過程中，要牢記英漢兩種語言在形合和意合上的差別，注意形合和意合之間的轉(zhuǎn)換和調(diào)整。Ihadsoworkeduponmyimaginationasreallytobelievethataboutthewholemansionanddomaintherehunganatmospherepeculiartothemselvesandtheirimmediatevicinity—anatmospherewhichhadnoaffinitywiththeairofheaven,butwhichhadreekedupfromthedecayedtrees,andthegreywall,andthesilenttarn—apestilentandmysticvapor,dull,sluggish,faintlydiscernible,andleaden-hued.(EdgarAllanPoe:“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”)譯文：我如此沉湎于自己的想象，以至于我實實在在地認為那宅院及其周圍懸浮著一種它們所特有的空氣。那種空氣并非生發(fā)于天地自然，而是生發(fā)于那些枯樹殘枝、灰墻暗壁，生發(fā)于那一汪死氣沉沉的湖水。那是一種神秘而致命的霧靄，陰晦，凝滯，朦朧，沉濁如鉛。（曹明倫譯）解析：這個例句選自美國作家愛倫·坡的小說名篇《厄舍府之倒塌》。整段話其實只有一個完整的句子，共70個字，它不僅通過多個消極、晦澀、陰暗的形容詞，如：decayed,grey,silent,pestilent,mystic,dull,sluggish,leaden-hued來營造一種凄涼、蕭瑟的自然氛圍和壓抑、沉悶的心理氣氛，而且通過一個典型“形合”的長句來烘托這種乏味、陰晦的自然氛圍和心理氣氛。這個“形合”長句主要采用各種語法手段（如并列句、狀語從句、同位語從句、定語從句）以及詞匯手段（如詞匯atmosphere的重復(fù)）等來表示其結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，并進行有機的銜接。在翻譯過程中，原語中“顯性的語法和詞匯手段”不能完全照搬到目標語中，也就是說，不能用帶有各種成分的長句來處理這個句子，否則整個漢語句子就會顯得拖沓、冗長。因此在正確理解原文內(nèi)容、弄清原文內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，用三個分句來處理這個長句。分句之間雖然也運用了一定的詞匯和語法手段，如重復(fù)“空氣”一詞和運用并列結(jié)構(gòu)“生發(fā)于……，生發(fā)于……”，分句之間的銜接主要還是靠意義和邏輯關(guān)系的連接，先是講我想象的內(nèi)容，然后講想象內(nèi)容“空氣”和周圍環(huán)境的關(guān)系，最后講這種空氣的實質(zhì)。三個分句環(huán)環(huán)相扣，層層展開，如果缺少了分句中意義和邏輯關(guān)系的銜接，整個句子就無法成為一個有機而連貫的漢語句子。2)Shehadaverythinfacelikethedialofasmallclockseenfaintlyinadarkroominthemiddleofanightwhenyouwakentoseethetimeandseetheclocktellingyouthehourandtheminuteandthesecond,withawhitesilenceandaglowing,allcertaintyandknowingwhatithastotellofthenightpassingswiftlyontowardfurtherdarknessbutmovingalsotowardanewsun.(RayDouglasBradbury:Fahrenheit451)譯文：（她的）容貌那么清秀，就像半夜里醒來時在黑暗中隱約可見的小小的鐘面，報告時刻的鐘面。它皎潔而安靜，深知時間在飛馳，深信黑暗雖然越來越深沉，卻也越來越接近新生的太陽。（苗懷新譯）解析：這個例句選自美國作家布拉德伯利的著名的反烏托邦小說《華氏451度》。整段話共80個字，是一個完整而典型的“形合”句，主要是采用各種語法手段（如被動句、定語從句、賓語從句、并列句）以及運用修辭手法來進行有機的銜接，使原文一氣呵成。在翻譯過程中，在正確理解原文內(nèi)容、理清原文內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)，原語中“顯性的語法和詞匯手段”，除了兩組重復(fù)的詞（“鐘面”、“深知”和“深信”）以及前后指代（“鐘面”和“它”）外，大部分都被隱去，取而代之的是漢語中意義和邏輯上的銜接和連貫。譯文充分利用漢語的短句形式，按照原文的邏輯順序，把整個句子切分成兩個單句、七個部分。每個部分間層層相連，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，讀起來有讀原文那種一氣呵成的感覺。如果脫離了漢語句子間意義和邏輯的銜接，整個句子將支離破碎、讀起來拗口、別扭。1.I’vebeensparedalot,oneoftheblessedoftheearth,atleastoneofitslucky,thatprivilegedhandfulofthedramaticallyprospering,thesortwhosesecretsareasked,likethehundred-year-oldman.2.AndsoFranklinRooseveltfoundthathehad,ineffect,torecruitanentirelynewandtemporarygovernmenttobepiledontopoftheoldone,thenewgovernmenttogetthetanksandairplanesbuilt,theuniformsmade,themenandwomenassembledandtrainedandshippedabroad,andthebattlesfoughtandwon.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.1.我一直活得無憂無慮，深得上帝垂愛，至少算個幸運兒，少數(shù)人才享有的尊榮富貴，我垂手得之。就像百歲人瑞總有人討教，我的秘訣也總有人探詢。2.富蘭克林·羅斯福因此意識到他必須招募新班人馬，組建臨時機構(gòu)來補強不能勝任的舊政府。新成立的政府機構(gòu)專門負責建造坦克飛機，定制軍服，招募培訓(xùn)戰(zhàn)士。這些戰(zhàn)士將被派往前線，去贏得一場場的戰(zhàn)爭。TranslationforReference:PersonalLettersFocusedWritingApersonalletterisaletterwhichprovidescommunicationbetweenasmallnumberofpeople,usuallytwo.Therearemanytypesofpersonallettersandtheyarewrittenforawidevarietyofreasons,forexample:F