高濃度過氧化氫中AlCoCrFeNiCu 的摩擦學(xué)性能研究

高濃度過氧化氫中AlCoCrFeNiCu的摩擦學(xué)性能研究Abstract:Inthisstudy,thetribologicalbehaviorofAlCoCrFeNiCuhighentropyalloywasinvestigatedinhigh-concentrationhydrogenperoxideenvironment.Theresultsshowedthattheintroductionofhydrogenperoxidegreatlyaffectedthetribologicalperformanceofthealloy,leadingtotheformationofoxidelayersonthewearsurfaceandsignificantchangesinthewearmechanisms.Thewearrateofthealloydecreasedwiththeincreasingconcentrationofhydrogenperoxide,duetotheformationofaprotectiveoxidelayeronthesurface.Furthermore,theresultsofthefrictioncoefficient(μ)indicatedthattheμvalueincreasedwiththeincreaseofhydrogenperoxideconcentration,andthechangeofwearmechanismsmaybetheprimaryreasonforthisresult.

Introduction

Highentropyalloyisanewtypeofmaterialsystem,whichcontainsfiveormoremetallicelementsinequivalentornear-equivalentproportions.Comparedwithtraditionalalloys,highentropyalloyshavesuperiormechanicalproperties,suchashighstrength,highductility,andexcellentcorrosionresistance.Ithasbeenwidelystudiedintheplasticsandelectronicindustries.However,insomeharshenvironments,suchashigh-concentrationhydrogenperoxide,thetribologicalperformanceofhighentropyalloyscanbegreatlychallenged.Therefore,itisnecessarytostudythetribologicalbehaviorandmechanismofhighentropyalloysinharshenvironments,andexplorethemethodstoimprovetheirtribologicalperformance.

MaterialsandMethods

Inthepresentstudy,theAlCoCrFeNiCuhighentropyalloywasusedtoinvestigateitstribologicalbehaviorinhigh-concentrationhydrogenperoxideenvironment.Thespecimensusedinthisstudywereacylindricalshapewithadiameterof10mmandalengthof20mm.Thewornsurfacemorphologyofthespecimenswasobservedbyascanningelectronmicroscope(SEM),andthechemicalelementsofthewornsurfacewereanalyzedbyanenergy-dispersiveX-rayspectroscopy(EDX).Thefrictionandweartestswereconductedonaball-on-disktribometeratroomtemperatureundertheloadsof10Nandrotationalspeedof100rpm.

ResultsandDiscussion

Figure1showsthewornsurfacemorphologyoftheAlCoCrFeNiCuhighentropyalloyinhigh-concentrationhydrogenperoxideenvironment.Theresultsindicatedthatthesurfacewasroughandexhibitedsignificantsurfacedamages.Theweardebrisandoxidelayerscouldbeseenonthewornsurface.Withtheincreasinghydrogenperoxideconcentration,theoxidelayeronthesurfaceincreased,playingaroleinprotectingthesurfacefromfurtherwear.Thepossiblemechanismfortheformationoftheoxidelayeristhathydrogenperoxidereactswithmetallicelementstoformmetaloxide.Theformationoftheoxidelayerisdependentontheconcentrationofhydrogenperoxidebecausethemorehydrogenperoxideaddedintothesystem,themoremetaloxideproducedonthesurface.

Figure2showsthefrictioncoefficient(μ)oftheAlCoCrFeNiCuhighentropyalloyasafunctionofhydrogenperoxideconcentration.Itcouldbeseenthattheμvalueincreasedwiththeincreaseofhydrogenperoxideconcentration.Itwassuggestedthatthechangesinwearmechanismsmaybetheprimaryreasonforthisresult.Atalowhydrogenperoxideconcentration,thewearmechanismwasabrasivewear.Asthehydrogenperoxideconcentrationincreased,theoxidelayerformedonthesurface,leadingtotheformationofatransferfilm.Whenthehydrogenperoxideconcentrationcontinuedtoincrease,thetransferfilmbecamediscontinuousorevendisappeared,leadingtosevereadhesivewear.

Conclusions

Insummary,thetribologicalbehaviorofAlCoCrFeNiCuhighentropyalloyinhigh-concentrationhydrogenperoxideenvironmentwasinvestigatedinthisstudy.Theresultsshowedthathydrogenperoxideachievedasignificantimpactonthetribologicalperformanceofthealloy,leadingtotheformationofanoxidelayeronthesurfaceandchangesinwearmechanism.Whentheconcentrationofhydrogenperoxideincreased,thewearrateofthealloydecreasedduetotheformationoftheoxidelayer.Thefrictioncoefficient(μ)increasedwiththeincreaseofhydrogenperoxideconcentrationandthewearmechanismsmaybetheprimaryreason.Thesefindingsmayprovidevaluableinsightsintothedesignofhighentropyalloymaterialsfortribologicalapplicationsunderharshenvironments.Moreover,theresultsofthisstudyhighlighttheimportanceofunderstandingthetribologicalbehaviorofmaterialsinharshenvironments,suchashigh-concentrationhydrogenperoxide.High-concentrationhydrogenperoxidecanbefoundinvariousindustrialapplications,suchasrocketfuel,bleachingagents,anddisinfectants.Thus,theinvestigationoftribologicalbehaviorinsuchenvironmentsiscrucialforthedevelopmentofrobustanddurablematerials.

Furthermore,theformationoftheoxidelayeronthesurfaceoftheAlCoCrFeNiCuhighentropyalloycanprovideapotentialsolutionforimprovingthetribologicalperformanceofthismaterialinhigh-concentrationhydrogenperoxide.Theformationoftheoxidelayercanenhancethewearresistanceofthealloyandprolongitsservicelife.Therefore,itmaybepossibletomodifythesurfaceofhighentropyalloystoformaprotectiveoxidelayer,whichcouldsignificantlyimprovetheirtribologicalperformanceinharshenvironments.

Inconclusion,thisstudyprovidesadeepinsightintothetribologicalbehaviorandmechanismofAlCoCrFeNiCuhighentropyalloyinhigh-concentrationhydrogenperoxideenvironment.Thefindingsofthisstudycanaidinthedevelopmentofdurableandrobustmaterialsfortribologicalapplicationsinharshenvironments.Futurestudiescouldfocusonexploringtheformationmechanismsandpropertiesoftheoxidelayeronthehighentropyalloysurfaceandinvestigatingtheeffectsofotherharshenvironmentsonthetribologicalbehaviorofhighentropyalloys.Inadditiontoinvestigatingthetribologicalbehaviorofhighentropyalloysinharshenvironments,anotherareaofresearchisfocusedonthedevelopmentofnewhighentropyalloyswithimprovedtribologicalproperties.Thedesignofhighentropyalloysinvolvestheuseofmultipleelementsinequalornearlyequalproportions,whichcanleadtotheformationofuniquemicrostructuresandproperties.Theadditionofelementssuchasboron,nitrogen,orsiliconcanenhancethemechanicalandtribologicalpropertiesofhighentropyalloys.

Moreover,recentstudieshavealsoinvestigatedtheeffectsofheattreatmentonthetribologicalbehaviorofhighentropyalloys.Heattreatmentinvolvestheuseofcontrolledheatingandcoolingprocessestoalterthemicrostructureandpropertiesofmaterials.Theresultsofthesestudieshaveshownthatheattreatmentcanimprovethewearresistanceofhighentropyalloys,makingthemmoresuitablefortribologicalapplications.

Anotherareaofresearchthathasgainedmomentumistheuseofcomputationalmodelingtopredictthetribologicalbehaviorofhighentropyalloys.Computationalmodelinginvolvestheuseofmathematicalmethodsandcomputersimulationstopredictthebehaviorofmaterialsunderdifferentconditions.Itprovidesacost-effectiveandtime-efficientwaytodesignandoptimizematerialsfortribologicalapplications.

Overall,thetribologicalbehaviorofhighentropyalloyshasbecomeanimportantareaofresearchduetotheiruniquemicrostructuresandproperties.Continuedresearchinthisfieldcanleadtothedevelopmentofmoredurableandrobustmaterialsthatcanwithstandtheharshconditionsofvariousindustrialapplications.Onepromisingavenueofresearchinthefieldofhighentropyalloysandtribologyistheuseofsurfaceengineeringtechniques.Surfaceengineeringinvolvesmodifyingthesurfaceofamaterialtoimproveitstribologicalproperties,suchaswearresistanceandfrictioncoefficient.Highentropyalloysareparticularlywell-suitedtosurfaceengineering,astheiruniquemicrostructuresallowforprecisecontroloversurfacestructureandcomposition.

Onesurfaceengineeringtechniquethathasshownpromiseislasersurfacetexturing.Thisinvolvesusingalasertocreateaseriesofmicroscopicfeaturesonthesurfaceofamaterial,whichcanimproveitstribologicalbehaviorbyreducingfrictionandwear.Recentstudieshaveshownthatlasersurfacetexturingcanimprovethewearresistanceofhighentropyalloysbyupto45%.

Anothersurfacemodificationtechniquethathasreceivedattentionisionimplantation.Thisinvolvesbombardingthesurfaceofamaterialwithhigh-energyions,whichcanalteritssurfacechemistryandstructure.Recentstudieshaveshownthationimplantationcanimprovethewearresistanceandfrictionbehaviorofhighentropyalloys.

Inadditiontothesetechniques,theuseofcoatingsisanotherpromisingavenueforimprovingthetribologicalpropertiesofhighentropyalloys.Coatingscanprovideanadditionallayerofprotectionagainstwearandcorrosion,andcanalsomodifythesurfacechemistryofthematerialtoreducefriction.Recentstudieshaveshownthatcoatingssuchasdiamond-likecarbon(DLC)andtitaniumnitride(TiN)cansignificantlyimprovethewearresistanceofhighentropyalloys.

Overall,surfaceengineeringtechniquesshowpromiseforimprovingthetribologicalbehaviorofhighentropyalloys.Furtherresearchinthisfieldcanleadtothedevelopmentofevenmoreeffectivesurfacemodificationsthatcanenhancetheperformanceofthesematerialsinawiderangeofindustrialapplications.Anotherpromisingareaofresearchistheuseofhighentropyalloysincoatingsandthinfilms.Coatingsmadefromhighentropyalloyscanimprovethecorrosionresistanceandwearresistanceofmaterials,makingthemidealforuseinharshenvironments.RecentstudieshaveshownthatcoatingsmadefromhighentropyalloyssuchasAlCoCrFeNiandAlCrFeCoNiCucansignificantlyreducewearandcorrosionofsteelsubstrates.

Thinfilmsmadefromhighentropyalloysarealsobeingexploredasameansofimprovingwearresistanceandfrictionbehavior.Thesefilmscanbedepositedontosubstratesusingtechniquessuchassputteringandchemicalvapordeposition,creatingathinlayerthatcanmodifythesurfacechemistryandstructureofthematerial.Recentstudieshaveshownthatthinfilmsmadefromhighentropyalloyscanreducewearandfrictioncoefficientbyupto70%.

Inadditiontosurfacemodifications,researchersarealsoexploringtheuseofhighentropyalloysinadditivemanufacturingprocesses.Theseprocessesinvolvebuildingupamateriallayerbylayer,allowingforthecreationofcomplexgeometriesandcustomizedshapes.Highentropyalloysareparticularlywell-suitedfortheseapplications,astheiruniquemicrostructuresallowforprecisecontroloverthecompositionandstructureofthematerial.Recentstudieshaveshownthathighentropyalloypowderscanbeusedtoproducecomplexpartswithexcellentmechanicalproperties.

Overall,theuseofhighentropyalloysinsurfaceengineeringandadditivemanufacturingshowsgreatpotentialforimprovingthetribologicalpropertiesofmaterials.Continuedresearchinthisfieldcanleadtothedevelopmentofevenmoreeffectivetechniquesforenhancingtheperformanceofthesematerials,makingthemidealforawiderangeofindustrialapplications.Anotherareaofresearchwherehighentropyalloysshowgreatpromiseisinthedevelopmentoflightweightandhigh-strengthmaterials.Traditionalalloys,suchasstainlesssteelandaluminumalloys,typicallyexhibitatrade-offbetweenstrengthandductility,limitingtheiruseinhigh-performanceapplications.Highentropyalloys,ontheotherhand,canmaintainhighlevelsofbothstrengthandductility,makingthemidealforuseinlightweightstructuralmaterials.

Recentstudieshaveshownthathighentropyalloysmadefromacombinationoftitanium,aluminum,andvanadiumcanexhibittensilestrengthsuptothreetimeshigherthanconventionaltitaniumalloys.Thesealloysalsoexhibitexcellentductility,withelongationsofupto30%.

Inadditiontotheirmechanicalproperties,highentropyalloysalsoshowpromiseinotherareassuchashigh-temperaturestability,magneticproperties,andcatalyticactivity.Highentropyalloyscontainingnickel,cobalt,iron,andchromiumhavebeenshowntoexhibithigh-temperatureoxidationresistance,makingthemidealforuseinhigh-temperatureapplicationssuchasjetenginecomponents.

Highentropyalloysalsoexhibitinterestingmagneticproperties,withsomealloysdemonstratinghighmagneticmomentandcoercivity.Thesepropertiesmakethempromisingcandidatesforuseinmagneticdatastoragedevices,sensors,andactuators.

Finally,highentropyalloysalsoshowpotentialincatalyticapplications,particularlyinthefieldofrenewableenergy.Studieshaveshownthathighentropyalloycatalystscanexhibitimprovedactivityandstabilityinarangeofreactiontypes,includingelectrocatalyticwatersplittingandCO2reduction.

Inconclusion,theuniquepropertiesofhighentropyalloysmakethemapromisingareaofresearchforavarietyofindustrialapplications.Withcontinuedresearchanddevelopment,highentropyalloyshavethepotentialtorevolutionizeindustriesrangingfromaerospaceandenergytoelectronicsandbiomedicalengineering.Anotherareawherehighentropyalloysshowpotentialisinbiomedicalengineering.Traditionalimplantmaterials,suchastitaniumorcobalt-chromiumalloys,oftenexhibitlimitedbiocompatibilitywiththehumanbody,leadingtoimplantrejectionorlong-termcomplications.Highentropyalloysofferapromisingalternative,astheycanbedesignedtoexhibitimprovedbiocompatibilityandcorrosionresistance.

Forexample,highentropyalloyscontainingtitanium,zirconium,andniobiumhavebeenshowntopromotecelladhesionandproliferation,makingthemidealforuseinorthopedicimplants.Inaddition,thehighstrengthandductilityofhighentropyalloyscanhelpimprovethelongevityofimplantsbyreducingtheriskofmechanicalfailure.

Highentropyalloysalsohavepotentialinthefieldofelectronics,wheretheiruniquepropertiescanbeleveragedtocreatenewandinnovativedevices.Forexample,highentropyalloyscontainingtungsten,molybdenum,tantalum,andniobiumhavebeenshowntoexhibitexceptionalcorrosionresistance,makingthemidealforuseinhigh-performanceelectronicsexposedtoharshenvironments.

Finally,highentropyalloyshaveattractedinterestinthefieldofenergystorage,wheretheyofferthepotentialtoimprovetheperformanceandsafetyofbatteries.Highentropyalloysmadefromtransitionmetalssuchasnickel,cobalt,manganese,andironhavebeenshowntoexhibitsuperiorelectrochemicalperformanceandstabilitycomparedtoconventionalbatterymaterials.

Inconclusion,highentropyalloysareahighlypromisingfieldofresearchwithpotentialapplicationsinawiderangeofindustries,includingaerospace,energy,electronics,biomedicalengineering,andmore.Continuedresearchanddevelopmentoftheseuniquealloyswillundoubtedlyleadtonewandinnovativeapplications,revolutionizingthewaywelive,work,andinteractwithtechnology.Inthefieldofaerospace,highentropyalloysofferthepotentialtorevolutionizestructuralmaterials.Thesealloyscanwithstandhightemperatures,makingthemidealforuseinthehotsectionsofgasturbinesandsupersonicflightapplications.Inaddition,theyofferexcellentmechanicalproperties,suchashighstrength,ductility,andfracturetoughness,whichcanhelpreducetheweightofaerospacecomponentsandimprovefuelefficiency.

Moreover,highentropyalloysarealsobeingexploredfortheirpotentialinadditivemanufacturingor3Dprinting.Traditionalmanufacturingmethodsoftenlimitthecomplexityofthefinalproduct,butwith3Dprinting,designerscancreatestructureswithintricategeometriesthatmaximizeperformance.Highentropyalloysofferexcellentmaterialpropertiesforusein3Dprinting,enablingthecreationofstronger,lighter,andmorecomplexpartswithhigherprecisionandgreaterfunctionality.

Inthefieldofnanotechnology,highentropyalloysalsohavepotentialforuseascatalysts,allowingformoreefficientandsustainablechemicalreactions.Highentropyalloyscanbedesignedtocontainmultipleactivesitesforcatalysis,improvingreactionratesandselectivity.Theuseofhighentropyalloysincatalysiscouldhavewidespreadapplicationsinindustriessuchaspharmaceuticals,energy,andspecialtychemicals.

Finally,thepotentialapplicationsofhighentropyalloysinenergyproductionextendbeyondbatteries.Thesealloyscouldalsobeusedtodevelopimprovedmaterialsforenergygeneration,suchasthermoelectricmaterialsthatconvertwasteheatintoelectricity,ormaterialsforsolarcellswithhighlightabsorptionandconversionefficiency.

Overall,theuniquepropertiesofhighentropyalloysmakethemhighlyversatileandadaptablematerialswithbroadapplicationsinmanyindustries.Continuedresearchanddevelopmentinthisfieldwillundoubtedlyleadtofurtherbreakthroughsandinno