實(shí)用英語綜合教程

/UNIT1

TextA

PRE-READINGTASK

Exercise1

Beforereadingthepassage,trytoanswerthequestions.

1.Doyouknowwhatpublicrelationsis?

2.Whatistheusualabbreviationforpublicrelations?

3.Whydocompaniesusepublicrelations?

Nowcompareyouranswerswithyourneighbours'.

PublicRelations

1.WhenthefoundersoftheUnitedStateswrotetheDeclarationofIndependence,theysaidthata"decentrespect"fortheopinionofpeopleeverywhererequiredtheAmericancoloniestotelltheworldwhytheywerefreeingthemselvesofBritishrule.TheAmericanfounderbelievedthattheircausecouldnotwinunlesstheyhadtheconfidenceofotherpeoples.

2.Publicrelations,too,triestowintheconfidenceandgoodwillofpeople.Nocompany,governmentagency,school,hospital,orotherinstitutioncanflourishifitpaysnoattentiontowhatthepeoplethinkofit.Publicrelationsistheactivityofgivingabusinessorotherorganisationinformationabouthowitsactionsmightaffectpublicopinion--orhowpublicopinionmightaffectitsactions.Itisalsothejobofthepublicrelationsofficertotellthepublicaboutacompany'sactivities,plans,orideas.Thisisnecessarybecausepeoplearelikelytohavemoreconfidenceinacompanyiftheyknowsomethingaboutit.

3.Thereisnotjustonebigpublicwhoseopinionacompanyhastoworryaboutifitistosurviveandgrow.Onlyafeworganisations,suchasanationalgovernment,aresolargethatallthepublichassomeopinionabouttheiractions.Mostcompaniesandorganisationshavetothinkabouttheopinionsofsmallergroups--theircustomers,forinstance,ortheirworkersortheirshareholders.Acompanymustalsohavethetrustandgoodwillofitsneighboursintheplaceswhereithasfactoriesandoffices.Thecompanymustbeongoodtermswiththegovernment,becauseeverybusinesscanbeseriouslyaffectedbygovernmentlawsorregulations.

4.Gainingtheconfidenceofothersrequires,firstofall,thoughtfulnessaboutotherpeople'sbeliefs,interests,andfeelings.Publicrelationsbeginsbyplanningone'sactionssoastorespecttherightsandbeliefsofotherpeople.Unlessapublicrelationsprogramtakesthesethingsintoaccount,itcandolittletohelpacompany.Notallthemoneyintheworld,northemostskilfulwritersorspeakers,canmakeacompanylookasifitcaresaboutotherpeopleifthecompanyreallydoesnotcare.Mostcompanies,therefore,considerhowanyaction,suchasmovingtoanewlocationorbuyinganotherbusiness,willaffectpublicopinion.Havingmadeadecision,thecompanywantseveryonetounderstandthedecisionandthereasonsitwasmade.

5.Mostlargecompanieshaveapublicrelationsdepartment,whichtellsthepublicaboutthecompany'splansandactivities.Thedepartmentismadeupofwriters,editors,photographicandpictureexperts,andresearchers.

6.Therearemanywaystorevealacompany'sactivitiesandcharacter.Averyeffectiveoneisthroughspeechesbyofficialsofthecompanybeforeorganisationssuchasthelocalchamberofcommerceandvariousclubs.Thespeechesareusuallyreportedinthenewspapersandareoftenreprintedfordistributiontogovernmentofficials,educators,journalists,andotherswhomightbeinterestedinthecompany'sviews.Printedpamphletsandbooklets,includingthecompanymagazineandtheannualreportofthemanagementtotheshareholders,alsohelpinformthepublicaboutacompany.Motion-picturefilmsareoftenusedtoshowpeoplesomethingaboutacompany.Acompanymayalso,asapublicservice,undertakeprojectsnotdirectlyconnectedwithitsbusiness,tohelpmakesocietybetter.

7.Besidesusingtheirownpublicrelationsstaffs,manycompanieshireindependentpublicrelationsfirms,whichworkforseveralclientsatonce.Speciallytrainedoutsidersoftenseetrendsorproblemsthatpeopleinsideacompanymightmissbecausetheyaretooclosetothesituation.

8.Anyonewhoplanstodopublicrelationsworkshouldgetasbroadaneducationaspossible.Inadditiontoacollegeeducation,workinsomeareaofthecommunicationsfield--onanewspaperorwithabroadcastingstation--isusefulforthefuturepublicrelationsofficer.

NewWords

declaration

n.aformalannouncement宣言，宣布

decent

per;sociallyacceptable得體的，合乎禮儀的

2.satisfactory;quitegood令人滿意的，像樣的

goodwill

n.1.友好,親善

2.(商店，企業(yè)等的)信譽(yù)

flourish

v.tobesuccessful,veryactive茂盛,繁榮

action

n.行動(dòng)，做法

affect

v.tohaveaninfluenceon(something)影響

survive

v.tocontinuetoexistorlive生存,幸存

serious

a.1.importantbecauseofpossibledangerorrisk嚴(yán)重的

2.solemnandthoughtful嚴(yán)肅的,深思的

seriously

ad.嚴(yán)重地,厲害地

regulation

n.(usu.pl.)theruleorrestrictionmadebyanauthority規(guī)章,條例,法令

thoughtful

a.1.caringaboutotherpeople體貼的,關(guān)心的

2.thinking思考的,沉思的

thoughtfulness

n.考慮周到

skil(l)ful

a.havingorshowingskill靈巧的,熟練的

writer

n.thepersonwhosejobistowritebooks,stories,etc.整理,作家

location

n.aplaceorposition場地,場所,位置

editor

n.編輯

photographic

a.攝影的

reveal

v.tomake(facts,etc.)known揭示，透露，泄露

character

n.特征，特點(diǎn)

chamber

n.1.(商業(yè)資本家聯(lián)合組織的)會(huì)所

2.寢室

commerce

n.trade(esp.betweencountries)商業(yè)，貿(mào)易

club

n.俱樂部，社團(tuán)

distribution

n.(instanceof)givingorbeinggiventoeachofseveralpeople,etc.分發(fā),分配

educator

n.thepersonwhoeducates(fessionally)教育工整理

journalist

n.新聞工整理，記者

pamphlet

n.小冊子

booklet

n.athinbook,usu.inpapercovers小冊子

annual

a.1.happeningeveryyear一年一次的

2.calculatedfortherear按年計(jì)的

motion

n.moving移動(dòng),運(yùn)動(dòng)

motion-picture

n.acinemafilm電影

undertake

v.1.to(startto)makeoneselfresponsiblefor(something)擔(dān)任,從事

2.toagreeorpromisetodosomething同意(做),答應(yīng)(做)

staff

n.(pl.)全體工作人員,全體職員

outsider

n.apersonwhoisnot(orisnotacceptedas)amemberofasociety,group,etc.外人,局外人,非會(huì)員

PhrasesandExpressions

free...of

免除,解除

pay(no)attentionto

（不）注意

(be)ongoodtermswith

同某人關(guān)系好

soasto

為的是,以便

oaccount

對(duì)...加以關(guān)注,考慮

careabout

關(guān)心

bemadeupof

由...組成

inform...about/of

把...告訴某人

ProperName

theDeclarationofIndependence

(美國)《獨(dú)立宣言》

TextB

PRE-READINGTASK

Exercise1

Herearesometypicalinterviewquestions.Thinkaboutwhatyoumightsayinreply.

1.Whyhaveyouselectedthiskindofwork?

2.Ifyouhadyourchoiceofajobandcompany,whatwouldyoumostliketodoandwhere?

3.Wouldyoubewillingtoworkovertime?

Nowreadthepassagetolearnmoreabouttheinterview.

TheInterview

1.Letussupposethatyourletterofapplicationforajobhasbeenreceivedbyyourprospectiveemployerandyouhavebeenaskedtogototheofficeforaninterview.Howdoyouprepareyourselfandbehaveduringthisinterview?Thefollowingadviceshouldhelpyougetthroughthismostimportantfirststeptowardsgettingajob.

2.Firstofall,doeverythingyoucantopreparefortheinterviewassoonasyouknowitisarranged.Makealistofallthepointsyouwanttoaskaboutifyouhavethechance.Equipyourselfwithallyourcertificatesandotherrelevantdocuments,alistofalltheexaminationsyouhavepassed,denotingsubjectsandcredits,alltheschoolsyouhaveattended,sportsyouhaveplayedandanypositionsofresponsibilityheldatschool.Ifyouhavehadajobbefore,thenyoushouldlistdetailsofthisaswellandyourreasonsforleaving.Youmayalreadyhavesuppliedthesedetailsbutyoushouldhaveacopywithyouincaseyouareaskedforit.Itshowsefficiencyonyourpart.

3.Secondly,findoutallyoucanaboutyourprospectiveemployer.Whatexactlythefirmdoes,whereitisandhowlongithasbeeninexistence.Atthesametimecheckthetimesofbusesandferriessothatyouaresuretoarriveontime.Infact,ifyoucan,bealittleearly.Noonewantstoemployamemberofstaffwhoisalwayslate!

4.Thirdly,makealittleextraeffortwithyourappearance.Isyourhairtidy?Yourshirtfreshlypressed?Yourdressclean?Shoespolished?So,yourpreparationscomplete,youhavearrivedattheofficeontimeandarewaitingtobecalledfortheinterview.Ifyouarefeelingalittlenervous,takeafewdeepbreathsandletthemoutslowly.Readthroughyourcurriculumvitaeagainsothatitisfreshinyourmind.

5.Whentheinterviewerorasecretaryinvitesyouin,trytoshowcourtesyinyourappearanceandmanner.Standuntilyouareinvitedtositandthensitstraightinthechair,donotlounge.Relaxandsmile.

6.Theinterviewerwillbeginbyaskingyouquestionsaboutyourself,yourcurriculumvitaeandevenperhapswhatyouhopethefutureholds.Answerthequestionssimply,directlyandhonestly.Donotshowimpatienceifyoufeeltheinterviewerisrepeatingthingsoraskingquestionsthathavenorelevancetothematterinhand.Heorsheprobablyjustwantstoknowifyouhaveopinionsofyourown,andwhetheryoucanspeaksensiblyandcoherently.Lookstraightattheinterviewerwhenyouanswerquestionsandifaskedaboutyourfamilyorschoolspeakwithloyaltyandaffection.Calltheinterviewer"Sir"or"Madam"oruseanameifyouhavebeenaskedtodoso.Keepyourcertificatesandotherdocumentsuntiltheyareaskedfor.Ifyoufailedanexamorhadajobbeforedonotbeafraidtotalkaboutit.Ifyouareaskedwhatsalaryyouexpect,statethefigurementionedintheadvertisementyourepliedto.

7.Ifyousensethattheinterviewiscomingtoanend,bereadywithyourqueries.Theinterviewermayaskyouifyouhaveanyquestionsbutifyouarenotasked,waitforasuitablemoment.Youhaveasmuchrighttobeconcernedaboutyourfutureworkastheinterviewerhasaboutyourabilitytodothejob.Donotlayundueemphasisonquestionsaboutholidays,daysoff,lunchbreaks,sportsfacilities,etc.Askfirstofallaboutpromotionprospects,otherexaminationsyoucantaketogetaheadandsoon.

8.Whentheinterviewisatanend,standup,wishtheinterviewer"Goodmorning"or"Goodafternoon",andwalkout.

Newwords

application

n.aformalrequest申請(qǐng)，請(qǐng)求

prospective

a.futureorpossible;expectedtobeortooccur未來的，有希望的，預(yù)期的

behave

v.1.toactorconductoneselfinthespecifiedway表現(xiàn)，舉動(dòng)

2.toshowgoodmanners;conductoneselfwell舉止適當(dāng)，有禮貌

arrange

v.1.toplanthedetailsof(afutureevent);organiseinadvance準(zhǔn)備，籌備，安排

2.toput(something)inorder;maketidy,neatorattractive排列，整理，布置

equip

v.tosupplywithwhatisneeded,foraparticularpurpose裝備，配備

relevant

a.有關(guān)的

document

n.thepaper,form,book,etc.givinginformationaboutsomething文件，公文

denote

v.表示，代表

credit

n.1.學(xué)分

2.信用貸款,賒欠

detail

n.asmall,particularfactoritem細(xì)節(jié),詳情

ferry

n.渡船

polish

v.rubsomethingsothatitshines擦亮,磨光

polished

a.shinyfrompolishing擦亮的,磨光的

preparation

n.1.準(zhǔn)備，預(yù)備

2.準(zhǔn)備工作,準(zhǔn)備措施

nervous

a.fearful;worried神經(jīng)緊張的,情緒不安的

curriculum

(pl.curriculavitae)resume(求職者等寫的)簡歷,履歷

interviewer

n.thepersonwhoconductsaninterview(對(duì)求職者)進(jìn)行口頭初審的人,(對(duì)應(yīng)試者)進(jìn)行面試的人

secretary

n.anemployeeinanoffice,usu.workingforanotherperson,dealingwithletters,typing,filing,etc.秘書,書記

courtesy

n.禮貌的舉止，文雅的儀態(tài)

lounge

v.tositorstandinalazyway懶洋洋地坐或站

patience

n.beingcalmwhenyouarewaitingorwhenyouhavetrouble,problems,etc.耐心,忍耐

impatience

n.不耐煩，不耐心

relevance

n.有關(guān)

sensible

a.rightandgood;wise合情理的;明智的

sensibly

ad.inasensibleway合情理地,切合實(shí)際地

coherently

ad.條理清楚地,前后一致地

loyalty

n.beingtrueandfaithful忠誠

affection

n.thefeelingoffondness;love喜愛,熱愛

madam

n.(alsoMadam)夫人,女士

salary

n.thefixedregular(usu.monthly)paymenttoemployeesdoingotherthanmanualormechanicalwork薪水

query

n.aquestionordoubt問題;質(zhì)詢

undue

a.morethanisrightorproper;excessive不適當(dāng)?shù)?過分的

emphasis

n.(pl.emphases)強(qiáng)調(diào)

promotion

n.1.theraisingorbeingraisedtoahigherrankorposition提升,晉升

2.theencouragementoraidtotheprogressof(acause)促進(jìn),提倡

prospect

n.1.(pl.)thechanceofsuccess前景;前途

2.thereasonablehopethatsomethingwillhappen;theexpectation希望,期望

PhrasesandExpressions

getthrough

通過

preparefor

為...作準(zhǔn)備

makealistof

造表列出,把...列入一覽表

equip...with

裝備,配備

aswell

也

incase

萬一

onsomeone'spart/onthepartofsomeone

由某人表現(xiàn)出來的,由某人所作出的

ontime

準(zhǔn)時(shí)

inhand

處理中的,執(zhí)行中的,手頭有的

cometoanend

結(jié)束

waitfor

等待

beconcernedabout

關(guān)心

lay(undue)emphasison

(過分)強(qiáng)調(diào)

getahead

有進(jìn)展

andsoon

等等

atanend

結(jié)束,完畢UNIT2

TextA

PRE-READINGTASK

Exercise1

Beforereadingthepassage,lookatthesequestions.Thentrytofindtheanswersasyoureadit.

1.Whatisthegeneralmeaningoftheword"culture"?

2.Whatdoestheword"culture"meanforthosewhostudyhumankind?

WhatIsCulture?

1.Theword"culture"hasmanydifferentmeanings.Forexample,wesometimessaythatpeoplewhoknowaboutart,music,andliteraturearecultured.However,thewordculturehasadifferentmeaningforanthropologists(peoplewhostudyhumankind).Toananthropologistthewordculturemeansallthewaysinwhichagroupofpeopleact,dress,think,andfeel.Peoplehavetolearntheculturalwaysoftheircommunity:theyarenotsomethingthatthepeopleinthegrouparebornwith.

2.Instinctivebehaviour,ontheotherhand,isapatternofbehaviourthatananimalisbornwith.Spidersspinningtheirwebsisanexampleofinstinctivebehaviour.Themotherspiderdoesnotteachherbabieshowtospinwebs.(Infact,sheisnoteventherewhentheyareborn.)Theyknowhowtodoitwhentheyareborn.Thisiswhatwemeanbyinstinctivebehaviour.

3.Ashumans,welearnsomeofthewaysofourculturebybeingtaughtbyourteachersorparents.Welearnmoreofthewaysofourculturebygrowingupinit.Weseehowotherpeopleinourculturedothings,andwedothemthesameway.Weevenlearnhowtothinkandfeelinthisway.

4.Allhumanbeingshavecertainbasicneeds,suchaseating,drinking,keepingwarmanddry,andsoon.However,thewayinwhichtheytakecareoftheseneedsdependsonthecultureinwhichtheygrowup.Allcultureshavewaysofeating,drinking,dressing,findingshelter,marrying,anddealingwithdeath.Thefoodsthatwethinkaregoodtoeat,thekindsofclotheswewear,andhowmanypeoplewecanmarryatonetimeareallpartsofourculture.

5.Ourowncultureseemsverynaturaltous.Wefeelinourheartsthatthewaythatwedothingsistheonlyrightwaytodothem.Otherpeople'sculturesoftenmakeuslaughorfeeldisgustedorshocked.Wemaylaughatclothingthatseemsridiculoustous.Manypeoplethinkthateatingoctopusorajuicyredpieceofroastbeefisdisgusting.Theideathatamancanhavemorethanonewifeorthatbrothersandsisterscanmarryeachothermayshockothercultures.

6.Ideasofwhatisbeautifuldifferfromoneculturetoanother.TheFlatheadIndiansofNorthAmericausedtobindtheheadsofbabiesbetweenboardssotheywouldhavelongslopingforeheads.IntheFlatheadculture,longslopingforeheadswerebeautiful.Otherculturesmightthinkthattheyarestrange-lookingandunattractive.Manypeoplecutscarsintotheirbodiesortattoothemselvessothatothersintheirculturewillthinktheyarebeautiful.Objectsareinsertedinholesinthenose,lips,andearsinanumberofdifferentcultures.Inmanytwentieth-centurysocieties,rouge,lipstick,eyeshadow,perfume,andhairsprayareallusedtoincreaseattractiveness.

7.Whenpeopledie,differentculturesdisposeoftheirbodiesindifferentways.Sometimesbodiesareburned.Sometimesbodiesareburiedintheground.Inmanyculturesinthepast,peoplewereburiedwithfood,weapons,jewellery,andotherthingsthatmightbeusefulinthenextlife.Forexample,theancientEgyptiansburiedpeoplewithlittlehumanfiguresmadefromclay.Theseclayfiguresweresupposedtoworkforthedeadpersonintheotherworld.AreligiousgroupcalledtheParsesexposedtheirdeadonplatformsforbirdstoeat.Somepeoplepracticeasecondburial.Afterthebodieshavebeenintheearthforseveralyears,thebonesaredugupandreburied,sometimesinasmallcontainer.

8.Thesearejustafewofthemanydifferentcustomsthatarefoundindifferentcultures.Mostofthetime,thedifferentwaysthatarethecustomsofdifferentculturesareneitherrightnorwrong.Itissimplythatdifferentpeopledothesamethingsindifferentways.

NewWords

cultured

a.(ofpeople)refined;cultivated有修養(yǎng)的，有教養(yǎng)的

anthropologist

n.人類學(xué)家，學(xué)人類學(xué)的學(xué)生

humankind

n.(=mankind)人類

cultural

a.oforinvolvingculture文化的，文化上的

instinct

n.1.本能

2.天性,直覺

instinctive

a.本能的，天生的

pattern

n.thewayinwhichsomethinghappensordevelops方式,型

spider

n.蜘蛛

spin

v.1.(蜘蛛)結(jié)(網(wǎng))

2.紡

web

n.網(wǎng)

basic

a.基本的，初步的

shelter

n.1.掩蔽,保護(hù)

2.躲避處,隱蔽處

disgust

v.使厭惡

disgusted

a.感到厭惡，反感

shock

v.1.(使)震驚,

2.(使)震動(dòng)

shocked

a.感到震驚的

octopus

n.章魚

juicy

a.多液汁的

roast

a.cookedinanoven,etc.烤過的

v.tocook(meat,etc.)inanovenorinfrontofafire烤,炙(肉)

disgusting

a.令人厭惡的，令人作嘔的

differ

v.nottobethesameas;beunlike不同,有異

bind

v.(bound)totieorfasten,e.g.withrope綁,縛,系

slope

v.(使)傾斜

n.1.傾坡，傾面

2.傾斜，斜度

sloping

a.斜的，傾斜的

forehead

n.前額

scar

n.疤，傷痕

tattoo

v.文身,在...上刻花紋

insert

v.toput,fit,placesomethingintosomethingorbetweentwothings插入,嵌進(jìn)

rouge

n.胭脂，口紅

v.涂胭脂，抹口紅

lipstick

n.唇膏

perfume

n.香水，香料

spray

n.噴霧，用作噴霧的液體

dispose

v.togetridofsomeoneorsomethingthatonedoesnotwantorcannotkeep處理,處置

weapon

n.thethingdesignedorusedforcausingphysicalharm武器,兵器

jewel(l)ry

n.寶石飾物，珠寶，飾物

clay

n.粘土，陶土

dead

a.nolongeralive死的

expose

v.1.touncoverorleaveuncoveredorunprotected使暴露,使遭受

2.tomakeknown(somethingsecret);reveal揭穿(秘密),暴露

burial

n.埋葬，葬禮

container

n.abox,bottle,etc.inwhichsomethingiskept,transported,etc.容器(箱、瓶等)

PhrasesandExpressions

bebornwith

與生俱來

atonetime

同時(shí),曾經(jīng)有一個(gè)時(shí)期

feelinone'sheart

心里覺得

laughat

因...而笑,嘲笑

differfrom...to

一方與另一方(在意見方面)持不同看法

disposeof

處理,處置,清除

ProperNames

theFlatheadIndian

扁頭印第安人

Egyptian

埃及人,埃及(人)的

theParsee

n.帕西人

TextB

PRE-READINGTASK

Exercise1

Beforereadingthepassage,gooverthefoodlisttodecidewhichyouthinkisgoodtoeat

(√)andwhichisbadtoeat

(×)

1.tomatoes6.rats（鼠）

2.pork（豬肉）7.termites（白蟻）

3.beef8.fish

4.mutton（羊肉）9.dogs

5.butterfly（蝴蝶）10.ducks

Nowcompareyourchoicewithyourneighbours'andgiveyourreasonforyourchoice.

FoodandCulture

1.Weallhaveideasaboutwhatkindsoffoodsaregoodtoeat.Wealsohaveideasaboutwhatkindsoffoodsarebadtoeat.Asaresult,peoplefromonecultureoftenthinkthefoodsthatpeoplefromanothercultureeataredisgustingornauseating.WhenthefamousboxerMuhammadAlivisitedAfrica,forexample,onememberofhisgroupbecamequitesickwhenhesawsomeonepickupabutterflyandeatit.Manypeoplewouldfinditdisgustingtoeatrats,butthereareforty-twodifferentcultureswhosepeopleregardratsasappropriatefood.

2.SomepeopleinAfricathinkAfricantermitesmakeadeliciousmeal.Manyotherpeoplewouldprobablybesickiftheyhadtoeattermites,butonehundredgramsoftermitescontainmorethantwiceasmanycaloriesandalmosttwiceasmuchproteinasonehundredgramsofcookedhamburger.

3.However,foodlikesanddislikesdonotalwaysseemrelatedtonutrition.Forexample,broccoliisfirstonalistofthemostnutritiouscommonvegetables,butitistwenty-firstonalistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.Tomatoesaresixteenthonthelistofthemostnutritiousvegetables,buttheyarefirstonthelistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.

4.Butdislikeisnottheonlyreasonwhysomecultureswillnoteatacertainfood.Insomecultures,certainfoodsaretaboo.TabooisawordfromthelanguageoftheFijiIslandsthatisusedtodescribesomethingthatisforbidden.Somefoodsaretabooincertainreligions,buttherearealsootherfoodtaboosthatarenotconnectedtoareligion.Wedonotusuallythinkaboutwhycertainthingsaretabooinourculture.Wemaynotevenknowwhytheyaretaboo.Anthropologiststrytodiscoverthehiddenreasonsfortaboos.Forexample,thesacredcowsofIndiaarewellknown.CowscangowherevertheywanttointhestreetsofIndia,andtheycaneatanythingtheywantfromthesuppliesofthefoodsellersonthestreet.Asaresult,thecowsareaproblem.However,nooneinIndiawillkillthemoreatthem.Itistabootodoso.Thiscustomseemsstrangetootherpeople,butanthropologistsbelievethattherearereasonsforit.First,cowsarevaluablebecausethefarmersneedthemtohelpplowtheirfields.Second,cowmanureisusedasafertilizeronthefields.InIndia,manyfarmerscannotaffordtospendmoneyonfertilizer.Third,thecowmanurecanbedriedandburnedtomakecookingfires.Therefore,farmersthatkilltheircowsformeatsoonfindthattheycannotploworfertilizetheirfieldsormakeacookingfire.

5.AnotherexampleisthatAmericansdonoteatdogs,althoughpeoplefromsomeotherculturesregardthemasgoodfood.IntheUnitedStates,dogsareveryimportanttopeopleaspets.Theyareusuallyregardedaspartofthefamily,almostlikeachildinsomecases.Inaddition,dogshavevalueasprotectionagainstcriminals.Thieveswillnotusuallyenterahousewherethereisadogbecausethedogwillbarkandpossiblyattackastrangerwhoistryingtogetintoahouse.Apparently,thedog'splaceinsocietyasacompanionandasaprotectionagainstcriminalsmakesthedogtabooasfood.

6.Thetabooagainsteatingporkoccursinmorethanoneculture.ThereissomeevidencethatsomeancientEgyptiansdidnoteatpork.TheancientIsraelitesalsoregardedporkastaboo.Oneexplanationforthepig-eatingtabooisthatporkthatisnotcookedsufficientlymayspreadadiseasecalledtrichinosis.However,mostpeoplenolongerthinkthatthisisagoodexplanationfortheporktaboo.

7.Anthropologistsbelievethatmostfoodlikesanddislikesarearesultofthewaysoflifeofdifferentpeople.Somepeopleliveinareaswheretherearebothlargeanimalsandmanyinsects.Itisdifficultforthesepeopletokilllargeanimals,anditrequiresalotofenergy.Itiseasierforthemtouseinsectsforfoodbecauseitisnotdifficulttocatchinsectsanditdoesnotrequirealotofenergy.Nomadicpeoplewhomovearoundwillnotwanttokeeppigsforfood.Peoplewillnoteatpetssuchasdogs.Americanseatalotofbeefbecausethereisplentyoflandforraisingcattleandtheirmeatcanbeshippedcheaplyforlongdistancesbyrailroads.

NewWords

nauseating

a.令人作嘔的

boxer

n.apersonwhofights(someone)withthefists,esp.asasport拳擊手

butterfly

n.蝴蝶

rat

n.鼠

regard

v.toconsiderorthinkaboutsomeoneorsomethinginthespecifiedway把...視為,把...認(rèn)為

appropriate

a.suitable,rightandproper合適的

termite

n.白蟻

delicious

a.givingpleasure,esp.tothesensesoftasteandsmell美味的,可口的

gram

n.克(重量單位)

calorie

n.卡路里，卡(熱量單位)

protein

n.蛋白質(zhì)

hamburger

n.漢堡包，漢堡牛肉餅

dislike

n.thefeelingofnotliking不喜歡,反感

v.nottolike不喜歡,反感

nutrition

n.營養(yǎng)物，食物

broccoli

n.(一種)花椰菜

nutritious

a.ofhighvalueasfood有營養(yǎng)的,營養(yǎng)價(jià)值高的

taboo

n.(某些文化中的)禁忌，忌諱

a.禁忌的，忌諱的;禁止的

forbid

v.(forbade/forbidden)tomake(something)difficultorimpossible;preventornotallow禁止,不許可

sacred

a.神圣的

wherever

ad.inanyplace在任何地方

manure

n.肥料，糞肥

fertilizer

n.肥料(天然或人造肥料)

afford

v.(usu.withcan,could,orbeableto)tohaveenoughmoney,time,space,etc.for(aspecifiedpurpose)(常與can,could或beableto連用)(有足夠的錢或時(shí)間等)能做

fertilize

v.使肥沃，使多產(chǎn)

pet

n.寵物

criminal

n.apersonwhocommitsacrimeorcrimes罪犯

a.犯了法的，與犯罪有關(guān)的

bark

v.(指狗)吠，叫

companion

n.apersonorananimalwhogoeswith,orspendsmuchtimewithanother同伴,伴侶

pork

n.豬肉

evidence

n.theinformationthatgivesareasonforbelievingsomethingorprovessomething證據(jù),根據(jù)

sufficient

a.enough足夠的,充分的

sufficiently

ad.充分地

trichinosis

n.(醫(yī))旋毛蟲病，毛線蟲病

insect

n.昆蟲

nomadic

a.1.游牧部落的

2.流浪的

PhrasesandExpressions

asaresult

因此,作為結(jié)果

pickup

拾起,拿起

regard...as

認(rèn)為...是,把...當(dāng)作

insomecases

在某些情況下

inaddition

另外

plentyof

大量的,足夠的

ProperNames

MuhammadaAli

穆罕默德.阿里(美國拳擊運(yùn)動(dòng)員,1942-)

theFijiIslands

斐濟(jì)群島

India

印度

Israelite

猶太人,希伯來人UNIT3

TextA

PRE-READINGTASK

Exercise1

Beforereadingthepassage,readthequestionscarefullyandthentrytofindtheanswersasyoureadthepassage.

1.Wherecanthecomputerfinditsapplications?

2.Whatisthesiliconmicrochip?

3.Whatisthefutureofcomputers?

ALookatTomorrow

1.Futuristslovecomputers.Afterall,40yearsagoelectronicdigitalcomputersdidn'texist;todaymicrochipsastinyasababy'sfingernailaremakingallsortsoftasksfasterandeasier.Surelythefutureholdsstillmoremiracles.

2.Someofthecomputerexperimentsnowgoingoninspireexcitingvisionsofthefuture.Forexample,scientistsareworkingondevicesthatcanelectronicallyperformsomesightandhearingfunctions,whichcouldmakelifeeasierfortheblindanddeaf.They'realsoworkingonartificialarmsandlegsthatrespondtotheelectricimpulsesproducedbythehumanbrain.Scientistshopethatsomedayapersonwho'slostanarmcouldstillhavenear-normalbraincontroloveranartificialarm.

3.Videogames,computerizedspecialeffectsinmovies,andreal-lifetrainingmachinesnowbeingusedbytheU.S.Armyarecausingsomepeopletopredictneweducationalusesforcomputers.Computerscouldsomedaybeusedtosimulatetraveltootherplanets,toexploretheoceanfloor,ortolookinsideanatom.

4.Experimentswithelectronicbankingandshoppinginspirepredictionsthattheseactivitieswillsoonbedonefromhomecomputerterminals.Cars,too,mightbeequippedwithcomputerstohelpdriversfindtheirwayaround(Hondahasoneinanexperimentalcar)ortocommunicatewithhomeandofficecomputers.Manypeople,includinghandicappedworkerswithlimitedabilitytomovearound,alreadyareworkingathomeusingcomputerterminals.Eachterminalisconnectedtoasystematacompany'smainoff