Lectureseven錦上添花四字句概要

1倒裝強調(diào)句型虛擬語氣獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝的概念倒裝是一種語法手段，用于表示一定的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或強調(diào)某一句子成分。倒裝句有兩種：全部倒裝和部分倒裝。全部謂語動詞都放在主語前；謂語動詞的一部分如助動詞，情態(tài)動詞或系動詞提前。寫作中常用的全部倒裝句型1.方位狀語開頭時，句子進行全部倒裝2.主語與表語互換位置常用的部分倒裝1.notuntil放在句首，2.當“only+狀語”位于句首表示強調(diào)時用倒裝，3.以否定意義狀語開頭，強調(diào)句的概念強調(diào)句是人們?yōu)榱吮磉_自己的意愿或情感，通過各種方式對句子的某個部分進行強調(diào)，從而起到修辭的作用。2.雙重否定可表強調(diào)3.what引導的主語從句可表強調(diào)4.比較狀語從句可表強調(diào)t虛擬語氣種只存在講話人想象中的“假設”或“推測”，而不是當做客觀現(xiàn)實中的真實條件。它表達的是懷疑、憂慮、推測、假設、想象或祝愿等。例：2虛擬語氣寫作中常用的虛擬條件句分為以下三類：1)與現(xiàn)在事實相反的情況；2)與過去事實相反的情況；3)推測將來的情況(也可以理解為與將來事實相反的情況)通過下面這個小故事輕松學習虛擬語氣。故事人物：男主人公：郭靖女主人公：黃蓉與現(xiàn)在事實相反的情況當黃蓉猶豫不決要不要嫁給郭靖時，被感動了的華箏愿意成全黃蓉。對黃蓉說：與現(xiàn)在事實相反，華箏是華箏，黃蓉是黃蓉，華箏不可能是黃蓉。與過去事實相反的情況黃蓉和郭靖結(jié)婚后過得很幸福，但是有一天鬧別扭，憤怒的黃蓉大聲對郭靖說：--No!推測將來的情況歐陽克對黃蓉死纏不休，誓娶黃蓉為妻。這時黃蓉為了讓歐陽克死心，說了句與將來事實相反的虛擬語氣句。虛擬條件虛擬條件句與現(xiàn)在事實If+主語+動詞的過去式相反的假設(動詞be用were)與過去相反If+主語+had+過去分詞與將來相反1、If+主語+動詞過去式的假設2、If+主語+wereto+動詞原形might,could＋動詞dmight,could＋動詞原形would,might,couldeg:IfIhadtime,Iwouldattendthemeeting.ldhavecaughtthetrain3ogoabroadIwouldgotoAmericaMorepractice:我如果能回答你所有的問題，我就是天才了。如果我們不做充分的準備，會議是不會開得這么成功的。要是我做這項工作，我會以不同的方式去做。IfIweretodothework,Ishoulddoitindifferentway.二、虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的運用(1)用于賓語從句一般用虛擬語氣，表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望。其謂語動詞形式為：表現(xiàn)在過去時表過去過去完成時表將來would,might,could＋動詞原形Iwish(that)Iwereabird.Iwish(that)Ihadseenthefilmlastnight.Iwish(that)Iwould\couldgo.2.用于表示命令、建議、要求等一類詞后面的賓語從句。他臉上的表情表明他對我們的工作很滿意．(2)用于advice,demand,order等名詞后的主語從句，表語從句和同位語從句中teacceptingitearIfIhadthebook,Iwilllendittoyou.will----shouldwould----willwould-----had4獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)with+名詞/代詞短語/形容詞/副詞/現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/動詞不定式此獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在英文中作狀語。分別舉例如下：1.with+介詞短語Manisdeterioratingtheenviromantincessantly,withmanyspeciesonthevergeofextinction.2.with+形容詞treetunbreathable3.with+副詞4.with+現(xiàn)在分詞dtherechattingwithherteacherwithherboyfriendwaitingforher5.with+過去分詞Mostfactorieslaymoreemphasisonprofit,withthedischargedpoisonouswater6.with+不定式Withthepollution-freeenergytobeusedintheprospectivefuture,ouratmosphere單句的擴展?英文段落中的各個語句在長度上應該有一定變換，即所謂的長短句之說。短句給人以精煉強調(diào)之感，長句則給人以嚴謹深刻之感。?一般說來，長句有兩種情況，一種是由于結(jié)構(gòu)復雜而形成的長句；還有一種是由簡單句擴展而成以使語句表達得更加生動和清楚。?英文寫作不能一味地使用短句。段落中的短句過多，不僅使得段落顯得單調(diào)，而且使得段落非常零散、內(nèi)容淺薄。如果一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)段落中盡是寫短句的話，這時就需要將某些簡短的語句擴展成比較長的句子。語句的擴展主要是在語句的主干上增添修飾成分(如定語、狀語等)。.你現(xiàn)在應該戒煙了。這樣進行：.Youshouldgiveupsmokingnow,forthesakeofyourownhealth,forthesakeofthehealthofothers,forthesakeofyourfamily,andforthesakeoftheentireworld..為了你自己的健康，為了他人的健康，為了你的家庭，也為了整個世界，你現(xiàn)在應該戒煙了。.2)Doctorsthinkthatanactivepersonshouldhavearestfulhobby,whileaperson.醫(yī)生認為愛好活動的人應該有安靜型的業(yè)余愛好，而伏案工作的人應該有著活動型的業(yè)余愛好。ivepersonsuchasabaseballplayeroraswimmershouldtonsorshells5.3)Achildwithaproblemwillprobablygotohisfriendsforsympathy..一個碰到問題的孩子有可能到朋友那里尋求同情。.如要擴展此句，可以這樣來進行：.Achildwithaproblem,whenhefeelswhathewillprobablygetfromhisparentsisincomprehensionorcriticism,willgoinsteadtohisfriendsforsympathyandadvice,.通過閱讀書籍我們可以了解很多東西。.如要擴展此句，可以這樣來進行：.Byreadingscientificbooks,wecanbeinformedofmanyfacts;byreadinggeography,weknowtheearth'ssurface,forms,physicalfeatures,ect.;byreading練習一：串詞成句?示例?1.metyoutwoeachotherhave??2.havenodon'tbelieveIwee?3.veryfarfromhomeveryclosetonatureIfeltbut?Ifeltveryfarfromhomebutveryclosetonature.Morepractice?1.wereyouragaininterviewyouthinkingweren'tyou?Youwerethinkingaboutyourinterviewagain,weren'tyou??2.standinginlinestruckupbothofusformovieticketsandaonwerewe?3.I'veeverbeencompletelydifferentfromitwasanyplaceen?4.pickupasItravelIfindthatmanyphrasesandexpressionsIcanlecture單句擴展?這一部分的訓練主要依托所給予的非常有限的信息，同時根據(jù)字數(shù)要求進行發(fā)散性?主要目的是訓練長句的組織能力，奠定堅實的語言表達功底。.NomatterhowbusyIam,Ialwaystrytofindtimetogoswimmingatleastoncea.2.noonewilleverdenythefactthat...friendshipimportantandthat...ut.Noonewilleverdenythefactthatfriendshipisimportantandthatlifewouldbeboringwithoutfriendsandfriendship.6.提示：幫忙.ItisnotthatIdon'twanttohelpyoubutthatIcan'tbecauseIhavesomuchworktodoatthemomentandsimplycan'tfindanytime..4.thoughtherearecertain...Iarguethatitsadvantagesfaroutweighandi.提示：留學gesyQuiz：whilesomepeoplethinkthatIholdthat).提示：獻血.2.Ascanbeseentheabovediscussionequalitybetweenmenandwomen單詞)IntroductionIntroductionClassificationstructureFunctionRhetoricLengthPartIindicative,interrogative,imperative,periodic,parallel7ctnt1)語法一致原則(grammaticalconcord)2)意義一致原則2)意義一致原則3)就近原則(principleofproximity)Theyoftenplayfootballontheplayground..Myfamilyarehavinglunchnow.3.就近一致：neqiname1.書刊名、國名、組織名+slverbce2.群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布+plverb8neither…nor…,also…,principleTheStraitsofGibraltarhaveneither…nor…,also…,principle一家人+plverbges2.Thewriterandtranslator__(is/are)mygoodfriend.job6.DoctorSmith,togetherwithhiswifeandtwosons,__(is/are)toarriveontheeveningflight.andbothandVpl.★但是，并列主語如果指的是同一個人、同一事物或同一概念時，謂語動詞用單3.當主語部分含有with，togetherwith，alongwith，aswellas等介詞或介詞短語時，謂語動詞與第一個名詞即真正主語一致4.either…or…，notonly…butproximityofnot…but…proximityPartIIinnumberUnity→Coherence→Conciseness→Emphasis→VarietyEffectivesentencesUnifiedOnemainideacompleteinasentenceCoherentClearandcorrectarrangementofthepartsofasentenceConciseBriefandclearEmphaticKeypointsVariousChangeforvarietySentenceUnityandCoherence.1.時態(tài)的一致性.2.正確使用平行結(jié)構(gòu).3.代詞的指代關(guān)系要清楚ConsistencyinTense.當文章主要論說一種現(xiàn)象或社會問題，或闡述一種觀點時，常常采用一般現(xiàn)在時。9.Classifiedadvertisingistheadvertisingwhichisgroupedincertainsectionsofthepaper..Suchgroupsas"HelpWanted","RealEstate","LostandFound"aremade.ParallelStructure.平行結(jié)構(gòu)在寫作中表現(xiàn)力度強，可使敘述顯得條理清晰，語言整齊，但使用時注意各句子的語法形式要大致相同。例如：itisreassuringtobelievethattheycanbe-orcanbecome-affectionate,gentle,patient,sympathetic,andsoon.Ifmalesaretoserveashuntersandwarriors,itiscomfortingtobelievethattheycanbe-orcanbecome-adventurous,aggressive,courageous,energetic,independent,self-confident,andthelike.UsingofPronoun.在寫作中，代詞的使用是簡化敘述和銜接前后的手段，在使用代詞時，必須要有前置詞或句子，才能夠讓讀者判斷代詞所指的人或事物。.Nowitisclearthatthedeclineofalanguagemusthavepoliticalandindividualwriter.SentenceUnityunitymeansthatonlyoneideaorthoughtcanbeexpressedinonesinglesentence.andthatideaiscomplete.Forinstance:.Hediedinatrafficaccident,andhehasjustreachedtheageof73..Hediedinatrafficaccidentjustafterhehadreachedtheageof73.LastnightBobbrokehisarm,andhelosthiscarkeys.Unified:LastnightwhenBobbrokehisarm,helosthiscarkeysandthereforecouldnotdrivehimselftotheemergencyroom.Tips:otwoormoresentences.Twocommonerrorstobeavoidedinunifiedsentences:1Sentencefragmentsp26WaystorevisefragmentsMakeitapartofthecompletesentenceExamples:(Note:Fragmentsareprintedinitalics.)Fragment:Henrysmiledself-consciously.Likeapoliticianbeforeacamer.aRevised:Henrysmiledself-consciously,likeapoliticianbeforeacamera.or:Henrysmiledself-consciously---likeapoliticianbeforeacamera.Fragment:Althoughgrocerypricearestillhig.hFoodisplentiful.Revised:Althoughgrocerypricearestillhigh,foodisplentiful.Fragment:FoodbeingplentifulduringthisseasonP.ricesaredeclining.Revised:Foodbeingplentifulduringthisseason,pricesaredeclining.Fragment:Bobtriestocallhomeonceaweek.Tostayintouchwithhisfamil.yRevised:Bobtriestocallhomeonceaweektostayintouchwithhisfamily.andsquash.Revised:Thetablewasloadedwithvegetables,suchaslettuce,carrots,spinachandsquash.P28-P29.Partsofcompoundpredicates.Appositives.Lists.Examplesintroducedby"suchas',"forexample"andsimilarexpressions2)Makeitintoasentence.Fragment:Henrysmiledself-consciously.Likeapoliticianbeforeacamer.aRevised:Henrysmiledself-consciously.Helookedlikeapoliticianbeforeacamera.themwithalltheclothesshecouldfind.Revised:Sheturnedasuit-caseintoabedandputthechildreninsideit.SheCoveredthemwithalltheclothesshecouldfind.(consistencyintense)hembutnocoordinatingconjunctionpwrong..Manypeoplehaverealizedtheimportanceofqualityeducation,ourgovernmentisentededucationRevised:Humannatureisseldomassimpleasitappears.Hastyjudgmentsarethereforeoftenwrong.sntededucationRevised::Humannatureisseldomassimpleasitappears;Hastyjudgmentsarethereforeoftenwrong.ntededucationnoftenwrong.Revised:Manypeoplehaverealizedtheimportanceofqualityeducation,andourRevised:BecauseHumannatureisseldomassimpleasitappears,hastyjudgmentsareenwrongdRevised:Therealizationoftheimportanceofqualityeducationresultsinthegovernment’sAcoherentsentenceisonethatisintegrated,consistent,andintelligible.Coherenceiserentgroups.3.Allmodifiersshouldclearlymodifytheintendedword.b.Placealimitingadverbimmediatelybeforetheworditmodifiesratingthepartsofaverbphraseorthepartsofaninfinitivesplacedmodifiertb.Squintingmodifier:amodifierthatrefertoeitheraprecedingorafollowingword.often.Usually,.........usually.Danglingmodifierisamodifier,primarilyverbalphrasethatdoesnotreferclearlyandExampleor.PlacementofImportantIdeas.PlacementofImportantwords.UseofPeriodicSentence.ClimacticOrder.RepetitionOfImportantWords.However,''endfocus"or''endweight''..Forexample:.(1a)Incorrectgrammarandimproperconstructioninvariablydistractreaders'attention.bThehistoryofvocabularyis,inmanyways,therecordofcivilization..(2b)Thatsinger'slifewastragicandbrief..Thatsinger'slifewasbriefandtragic..Themainthoughtishelduntiltheendorneartheend.(especiallyadverbial.副詞短語更是如此，如:itsdurability..Becauseofitsdurability,steeliscommonlyusedtomakeknives,razorsandother.(4b)Wereyouboredwithyearsofstudyinelementaryschool,highschoolanducation.(5a)Jackieenjoysthecompanyofladies.Helikestheirbeauty,helikestheir.(5b)...thelandstretchedoutwithoutnames.Namelessheadlandssplitthesurf;lentrest.Goodorganizatione.Variety.Why?.How?.Why?.---thecompositionmustbeboring..---it'satime-consumingjob..Howto?.combinedifferentwaystogether:usingsomepropercoordinateandcomplex.P84eWatchingyourealize.eOnecaneasilygothroughlife.→Downtherewherecoalisdugitisasortofworldapartwhichonecaneasilygothrough.....Isithereatthiskeyboard.Itrytothinkofthingstosay.ThewordsarenotcomingIamtired.^Icannotcontinuemywriting..1)Thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarmandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter)+2).(5)Asthegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarm,theywereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(原因副詞從句+主句))的句式最常見；如果加上其他三種互相交替，句子不是更多樣化嗎？.(2)Grazingpeacefully,thegoatsinthefarmwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(現(xiàn)在分語短語+簡單句).(3)Inthefarm,thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(副詞短語+并列分句(1)-(2)).(4)Thereweregoatsgrazingpeacefullyinthefarm,unawareoftheapproachinghunter.(簡單句+形容語短語)ining.(b)Theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyduringhisfirstoverseastraining.asyrstoverseastrainingtheyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyneasyryuneasy之外，其他五樣，用的人并不多。人們最喜歡采用復雜句；接著便是并列句(h)。如果大多數(shù)人的句子只限于,(g),(h),(j)和這五種，而其他的則棄如敝屣，不是很可惜增強英語語句表現(xiàn)力的有效方法.一、避免使用語意弱的“be”動詞。.1、把句中的表語轉(zhuǎn)換為不同的修飾語。例如：置定語).2、將作表語用的形容詞或名詞變?yōu)樾袨閯釉~。例如：ionoftardinessatestardiness.3、在以“here”或“there”開頭的句子中，把“be”動詞后的名詞代詞變成改寫句的主.1)Weak:Thereisnoopportunityforpromotion..Revision:Noopportunityforpromotionexists.(主謂)dhavearrived二、多用語意具體的動詞，保持句意簡潔明了。例如：三、盡量運用主動語態(tài)。例如.Better:Charityhassupportedtheorganization.四、防止使用語意冗長累贅的詞語。例如：.Improved:Mylittlesisterpreferschocolatemilk..2、Wordy:Weareinreceiptofyourletterandintendtofollowyour.Improved:Wehavereceivedyourletterandintendedtofollowyour.3、Redundant:Wehadaseriouscrisisatschoolyesterdaywhenourchemistrylaboratorycaughtfire.fire.五、杜絕濫用陳舊詞語或難懂的專業(yè)術(shù)語。例如：salskIneedherfinancialinputbeforeIcanguesstimateourexpendituresnextfall..Improved:IneedherfinancialfiguresbeforeIcanestimateourexpendituresnextfall.Introduction.WhatisParallelism?.ThevalueofParallelismelism.AvoidfaultyParallelism.What?.When?ghtsorideasappearsinonestgradeteacherwasanelderlytallandfriendlywomanone