試論醫(yī)學(xué)英語的特點(diǎn)及其翻譯

PAGEPAGE2AcknowledgementsThisthesiswouldnothavebeenfinishedwithoutthehelpandsupportofmanypeoplewhoaregratefullyacknowledgedhere.Attheveryfirst,Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisor,associateprofessorChenHailong,forhisconsiderateguidance,consistentencouragement,constructiveadviceandprofoundknowledge,withoutwhichthisthesiswouldnothavecometothepresentstage.IamgratefultoalltheteacherswhohavegivenmewonderfullecturesduringmyMAcoursesinShanghaiMaritimeUniversity.Theyare:ProfessorHanZhonghua,ProfessorWangDawei,ProfessorWengFengxiang,ProfessorZhengLixin,andassociateProfessorYuanYongfang,associateProfessorSunAnguo,associateProfessorShiDongqin,associateProfessorNiWeipingandassociateProfessorMaoJunchun.IwouldlikeexpressmygratitudetothemFinally,IwouldliketoextendmyspecialthankstoDingqing,chiefphysicianoftheFifthAffiliatedHospitalofXinjiangMedicalUniversity,forherinsightfulcommentsandprofessionalsuggestions.

AbstractMedicaltranslationhasalonghistoryinChina.Withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomyandtheswiftadvanceofscienceandtechnology,medicaltranslation(animportantbranchofEST)witnessesahypergrowth.OnthebasisofNida’sFunctionalEquivalenceTheory,thisthesistentativelyprobesintothetranslationofmedicalEnglish.Firstly,thisthesisbrieflyintroducestheconcept,significanceandhistoricaldevelopmentofmedicalEnglish.Secondly,startingwiththedivergenceoflanguageandstylistics,thethesiselaboratesonthestylisticfeaturesofmedicalEnglishbyalargenumberofmedicaltranslationexamples.Then,thethesisdealswiththetheoryoffunctionalequivalenceanditsapplicationtomedicalEnglishtranslation.Intheend,theauthorgivesabriefconclusionandproposestwobasiccriteriaformedicaltranslation.Throughoutthethesis,stressislaidontheapplicationoftranslationtheorytopractice.Thisthesisconsistsofsixchapters,contentsofwhichareasfollows.ChapterOnepresentsabriefintroductiontomedicalEnglishincludingthehistoryandimportanceofmedicaltranslation.InChapterTwoageneralreviewismadeonESTtranslationandstudiesofmedicaltranslationinChina.ChapterThreemakeselaborationsonthestylisticfeaturesofmedicalEnglishfromtheangleoflexionandgrammar.ChapterFourgivesanintroductiontoNida’sFunctionalEquivalence,whichisviewedasthetheoreticalframeworkofthisthesis.InthisChapter,casestudiesaremadetodemonstratetheapplicationoffunctionalequivalencetheorytomedicaltranslation.ChapterFiveexpoundsonfaithfulnessandaccuracy,proposedasbasiccriteriaformedicaltranslation.ChapterSixisthebriefconclusion,inwhichinsufficienciesarepointedoutandfurtherresearchsuggested.Keywords:medicalEnglish;medicaltranslation;stylisticfeatures;functionalequivalence

摘要醫(yī)學(xué)翻譯在我國歷史悠久，源遠(yuǎn)流長。隨著現(xiàn)代社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)及科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，作為科技英語重要分支的醫(yī)學(xué)英語也進(jìn)入了飛速發(fā)展的階段。本文以奈達(dá)功能理論為基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯進(jìn)行了試探性的研究。首先，文章簡(jiǎn)要介紹了醫(yī)學(xué)英語的概念、重要性及其發(fā)展歷史。其次，文章從語言的多樣性入手，通過大量的醫(yī)學(xué)英語實(shí)例，詳盡描述了醫(yī)學(xué)英語的文體特點(diǎn)。再次，文章著重介紹了奈達(dá)功能對(duì)等理論的發(fā)展過程、含義、遵循原則及其在醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯實(shí)踐中的運(yùn)用。最后，筆者總結(jié)全文，提出醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和要求。縱觀全文，筆者認(rèn)為本文最大的特點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)調(diào)了翻譯理論與醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯實(shí)踐相結(jié)合的重要性。全文共分六個(gè)章節(jié)，主要內(nèi)容如下:第一章：簡(jiǎn)要地介紹了醫(yī)學(xué)英語的概念及重要性。第二章：探討科技英語的基本特點(diǎn)，介紹我國醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯的發(fā)展及現(xiàn)狀。第三章：從詞匯、語法等層面詳盡介紹了醫(yī)學(xué)英語的文體特征。第四章：引入本文的理論基石-奈達(dá)功能對(duì)等理論，并通過大量的醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯實(shí)例進(jìn)行論證。第五章：提出醫(yī)學(xué)翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：忠實(shí)、準(zhǔn)確，并舉例說明。第六章：簡(jiǎn)要總結(jié)全文。關(guān)鍵詞：醫(yī)學(xué)英語，醫(yī)學(xué)翻譯，文體特點(diǎn)，功能對(duì)等ContentsTOC\o"1-4"\h\z\uChapterOneIntroduction 11.1MedicineandMedicalEnglish 11.2SignificanceofMedicalEnglishTranslation 31.3ObjectivesandSynopsisoftheThesis 5ChapterTwoLiteratureReview 72.1AbriefStudyonESTTranslation 72.2GeneralreviewonStudiesofMedicalTranslationinChina 9ChapterThreeStylisticFeaturesofMedicalEnglish 133.1StyleandStylistics 133.2GeneralFeaturesofESTStyle 153.3LexicalFeaturesofMedicalEnglish 163.3.1EtymologicalFeaturesofMedicalEnglish 16WordsDerivedfromLatinandGreek 17BorrowedCommonWords 183.3.2CompositionalFeaturesofMedicalTerminologies 193.3.3Neologisms 24Eponym 24Abbreviation 273.4GrammaticalFeaturesofMedicalEnglish 313.4.1PassiveVoice 343.4.2Nominalization 383.4.3LongandComplexSentences 403.4.4Non-finiteverbs 43ChapterFourApplicationofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory 454.1ConceptofTranslation 454.2PreviousStudiesonEquivalence 474.2.1VinayandDarbelnet 474.2.2Catford 474.2.3House 484.2.4Newmark 494.2.5Baker 504.2.6Jackobson 504.3FormalEquivalenceandDynamicEquivalence 524.4FunctionalEquivalence 534.5CaseStudyinMedicalEnglishTranslation 554.5.1Case1 554.5.2Case2 564.5.3Case3 574.5.4Case4 59ChapterFiveCriteriaandRequirements 645.1Faithfulness 645.2Accuracy 65ChapterSixConclusion 69Bibliography 71ChapterOneIntroduction1.1MedicineandMedicalEnglishMedicinereferstotheartandscienceofhealing.Itencompassesarangeofhealthcarepracticesevolvedtomaintainandrestorehumanhealthbythepreventionandtreatmentofillness.Contemporarymedicineapplieshealthscience,biomedicalresearch,andmedicaltechnologytodiagnoseandtreatinjuryanddisease,typicallythroughmedication,surgery,orsomeotherformoftherapy.AccordingtoChrishall,“ThewordmedicineisderivedfromtheLatinarsmedicina,meaningtheartofhealing.Thoughmedicaltechnologyandclinicalexpertisearepivotaltocontemporarymedicine,successfulface-to-facereliefofactualsufferingcontinuestorequiretheapplicationofordinaryhumanfeelingandcompassion,knownas‘bedsidemanner’inEnglish.”(Chrishall,1989)However,inanarrowsense,“Medicineisabranchofhealthscienceandthesectorofpubliclifeconcernedwithmaintainingorrestoringhumanhealththroughthestudy,diagnosis,treatmentandpossiblepreventionofdiseaseandinjury.”(Jordan,1997)Uptonow,therehasbeennorecognizeddisciplinecalledmedicallinguistics,butperhapsthereoughttobeone.Thelanguageofmedicineoffersintriguingchallengesbothtomedicalmajorsandtolinguists.Classicalscholarshaveanalyzedthecontentsandlanguageofthemostancientmedicalrecordsingreatdetail,butthelaterdevelopmentofmedicalterminologyhasreceivedmuchlessattention.Heretheauthorpresentsabriefoverviewofthehistoryandcharacteristicsofthelanguageusedbymedicswhentheycommunicatewithoneanother.ItiscommonlybelievedthattheoldestwrittensourcesofwesternmedicinearetheHippocraticwritingsfromthe5thand4thcenturiesBC,whichcoverallaspectsofmedicineatthattimeandcontainnumerousmedicalterms.HippocraticwasanancientGreekphysicianoftheageofPericles,andwasconsideredoneofthemostoutstandingfiguresinthehistoryofmedicine.Heisregardedas“thefatherofmedicine”inrecognitionofhislastingcontributionstothefieldasthefounderoftheHippocraticSchoolofmedicine.ThisintellectualschoolrevolutionizedmedicineinancientGreece,establishingitasadisciplinedistinctfromotherfieldsthatithadtraditionallybeenassociatedwith(notablytheurgyandphilosophy),thusmakingmedicineaprofession.TheGreekeraofthelanguageofmedicine,whichlastedevenaftertheRomanconquest,sincetheRomans,whohadnosimilarmedicaltradition,importedGreekmedicine.MostofthedoctorspractisingintheRomanEmpirewereGreek,andtheworksbyGalenofPergamum(aprominentRomanphysician,philosopherandwriterwhoisoftenconsideredasthemostimportantcontributortomedicinefollowingHippocratic)fromthe2ndcenturyAD,wereforcenturiesvaluedashighlyastheHippocraticones.TheGreeklegacycomprisesnumerousnamesofdiseasesandsymptoms,suchascatarrh(downflow),diarrhoea(throughflow),dyspnoea(badbreathing),melancholic(pertainingtoblackbile)andpodagra.(Today,themostinfluentialmedicaljournalsareallwritteninEnglish,andEnglishhasbecomethelanguageofchoiceatmedicalconferences.WehaveenteredtheeraofmedicalEnglish,whichresemblestheeraofmedicalLatinandonceagain,medicaldoctorshavechosenasinglelanguageforinternationalcommunication.WhereasinformertimesnewmedicaltermswerederivedfromclassicalGreekorLatinroots,nowtheyareoften,partlyorwholly,composedofwordsborrowedfromordinaryEnglish—e.g.“bypassoperation”,“clearance”,“baseexcess”,“screening”and“scanning”.Anddoctorsfromnon-English-speakingcountriesnowhavethechoicebetweenimportingtheseEnglishtermsdirectlyandtranslatingthemintotheirownlanguage.Theterm“bypass”,forinstance,isacceptedinGerman,Dutch,Scandinavian,ItalianandRomanian,whereastheFrench,whodonotfavouranglicisms,translatedittopontage.ThePoleschoosepomostowanie,whichhasthesamemeaningaspontage(mostbeingabridge),andtheRussiansuseshuntirovanie,whichisjustanotheranglicism,beingderivedfromEnglishshunt.MedicalEnglishacronymssuchasAIDS,CT,MR,ECG,SARS,andPCRpresentthedifficultyandcomplexitythatusuallytheinitialsnolongerfitwhentheEnglishtermistranslated,butasarulesuchdiscrepanciesaresimplyignored.AIDS,forinstance,iswidelyacceptedandhasalmostbecomeanouninitsownright,thoughinFrenchandSpanishitisSIDAandinRussianSPID,reflectingtheorderoftheequivalentwordsintheselanguages.Forlinguists,thelanguageofmedicineisfascinatingfortheflowofconceptsandwordsfromonetonguetoanother.Formedicsorlayman,anappreciationofthehistoryandoriginalmeaningofwordsoffersanewdimensiontotheirprofessionallanguage.1.2SignificanceofMedicalEnglishTranslationWiththerapiddevelopmentofeconomy,scienceandtechnologyeversincethestartingofthe21stcentury,medicalscienceintheworldisdevelopingatanamazingrate.Willspointsoutthat“medicalscienceisgrowingatanalarmingratewithitsknowledgebeingrepresentedby1.5millionjournalarticlesannually.”(Wills,2001)Medicineisascientificdisciplinewhichisdevelopingwitheconomyandtechnologyinanamazingrateandeachyearincorporatesagreatmanynewterms,namely,neologismsintothemedicallexicon.Withtheswiftadvanceofscienceandtechnology,medicalscienceisplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleintheinternationalcommunication.Meanwhile,Chinakeepsabsorbingthemostadvancedtheoryofmedicalscienceandstudyingthemedicaltechnologycomingfromcountriesallovertheworld,especiallyfromtheEnglish-speakingcountries.Andwithoutanaccurateunderstandingofthemedicalterms,concepts,mechanismandterminologies,itisimpossibletopresentapreciseandscientifictranslationthatconveystheuniversalmeaningoftheoriginalmedicaltext.Furthermore,althoughthesignificantroleofTCM(TraditionalChineseMedicine)anditsprofoundinfluenceonpeople’shealthsystemiswellrecognizedtodaybymedicalprofessionalsandspecialiststhroughouttheworld,alargenumberofwesternersincludingtheprofessionalmedicsstilldonotfullyunderstandtheconceptandmechanismofChinesemedicine.TCMisestablishedonthebasicconceptsofcorrespondencebetweenmanandnature,theintegrityofthehumanbodyandmind,andthemaintenanceofadynamicbalanceoflifeactivitiesundertheinfluencesoftheinternalandexternalenvironments.TheconceptsandrelationshipsbetweenhumanandnatureinChinaaretotallydifferentfromthewesterncountries.Themeasurementsandbenchmarksarenotthesameasthoseofwesternmedicalsystem.Chineseunderstandingandinterpretationofsuchbenchmarkswillbedifferentfromthatofwesternpeople.Asaresult,thediagnosisbasedonChinesemedicineisnotthesameasthatonwesternmedicine,andChinesemedicaltreatmentandinterpretationofapatient’sprogresscanalsoradicallydivergefromthoseofwesternmedicine.Actually,Chinesemedicineisquitelogicalandscientific.Itevencancuresomediseaseswhichregardedasincurableinwesternmedicine.AlmostallofthemisunderstandingsaboutChineseMedicineintheWeststernsfromthefactthattheChineselanguage,especiallyancientmedicalChinese,isespeciallydifficult,or“chaotic”(oftenusedbysomewesternpeopletodefineChineselanguage)forthewesternpeople.Inaddition,theculturebarriersbetweenChinaandwesterncountriesalsoacceleratethedifficultiesoftraditionalChinesemedicine.Thus,translatingTCMintoEnglishisanReviewingonthestudiesinChina,wecanseethateversincethefoundingofPRC,particularlysincetheimplementationofChina’sreformandopen-uppolicyin1979,asuccessionofpublicationsonmedicalEnglishgrammar,medicalwriting,readingandtranslatinghavebeenpresented,whichhavegreatlyinfluencedthedevelopmentofmedicalEnglishinChina.AsanEnglishteacherinthemedicaluniversity,theauthorofthisthesisfindsitimportanttoteachhismedicalstudentshowtodealwiththemedicaltranslationastheyalwaysfeelitextremelydifficulttodothemedicaltranslationevenwhentheyhaveagoodcommandofEnglishlanguageskills.Thisinspirestheauthortostartresearchingthetheoriesandstrategiesofmedicaltranslation,whichtheauthorbelievesisofgreathelptohisteachingcareer.Finally,wecansafelysummarizethatinordertokeeppacewiththesharpdevelopmentofmodernmedicineandintroducemoreaboutTraditionalChineseMedicinetotheworld,theresearchonmedicalEnglishanditstranslationisofgreatsignificance.ThisthesistriestocombinethestylisticsfeaturesofmedicalEnglishwiththetranslationtheorieshomeandabroad.(especiallyNida’sFunctionalEquivalenceTheory)Thus,itisanurgentneedtodevelopmedicalEnglishtranslationtheoryandpracticeinChina.1.3ObjectivesandSynopsisoftheThesisTheessentialpurposesandobjectivesofthisthesisaretohighlightthesignificanceoftheapplicationoftranslationtheory(functionalequivalence)tomedicaltranslationpracticetogiveacomparativeperspectiveanalysistothefeaturesofmedicalEnglishandtoputforththecriteriaformedicaltranslation.Thisthesisconsistsofsixchapters.ChapterOnebrieflyintroducesmedicineandmedicalEnglish,presentsthesignificanceofstudyingmedicaltranslation,andexplainsthenecessityofmedicaltranslationinourcountry,thusintroducingthestructureofthewholeessay.ChapterTwomakesabriefsurveyofstudiesonEST(EnglishforScienceandTechnology)andthenreviewsthecurrentstudiesonmedicalEnglishtranslationinourcountry.ThefirstsectionshowsabriefhistoryofESTtranslationresearchinChinawithanintroductionofthecharacteristicsofeveryperiod.Thesecondsectionfocusesonthecurrentstudiesonmedicaltranslationespeciallythetranslationtheoriesandstrategiesinourcountry.ChapterThreefocusesonstylisticsfeaturesofmedicalEnglish.Inthischapter,theauthoranalyzesthefeaturesfromfourangels:lexicalfeaturesofmedicalEnglishfrometymology;composingfeaturesofterminologies;neologisms,eponymandabbreviations;grammaticalfeaturesofmedicalEnglishsuchasnominalization,passivevoice,longsentencesandnon-finiteverbs.ChapterFourmainlydealswiththeapplicationoffunctionalequivalencetomedicaltranslationpractice.Theauthorfirstdeliversanoverviewonthepreviousstudiesonequivalence.(VinayandDarbelnet,Catford,House,Newmark,BakerandJackobson)Then,theauthorintroducesformalequivalence,dynamicequivalenceandfunctionalequivalence.Finally,afairnumberofexamplesareprovidedbymeansofcasestudyinthecourseofanalysisoftheapplicationoffunctionalequivalence.ChapterFiveanalyzesandteststhestylisticfeaturesofmedicalEnglishandtheapplicationoffunctionalequivalencetotranslation,onthebasisofwhichtheauthorputsforwardthecriteriaformedicaltranslation:faithfulnessandaccuracy.ChapterSixistheconclusionwhichsummarizesthewholepaperandgivessomesuggestionstomedicaltranslators.

ChapterTwoLiteratureReview2.1AItisuniversallyknownthatESTistheabbreviationforEnglishforScienceandTechnology.ESTistheoutcomeoftheswiftdevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyaftertheWorldWarⅡ.ItalsocanbecalledtechnicaltranslationwhichisoneofimportantbranchesofEnglishtranslationinwesterncountries.ESTemergedin1950sandarousedtheworldwideattentionandledtomuchresearchamongdifferentnationssince1970s.LiuMiqingsuggeststhat“ESTmayrefertowrittenandspokenlanguageinvolvedinscienceandtechnologyingeneral,whichmayincludetechnicalworks,technicalessaysandreports,experimentalreportsandprogramme,technicalinformationandwritingmaterialsandsoon.AnimportantandperhapssurprisingfeatureofEnglishforScienceandTechnologyisthatitsnormalstyleiscommontobothwrittenandspokencommunication.”(LiuMiqing,1998)ThemostimportantpurposeofESTistofocusonitsreferential,rolesandfunctions.ThehistoryoftechnicaltranslationinChinamayspanabout2000years,beginningfromthetranslationofBuddhistScripturesintoaccount.AccordingtoLiYashuthedevelopmentofESTtranslationinChinahasexperiencedaboutfourperiods.(LiYashu,LiNanqun,2000)ItiscommonlybelievedthatESTtranslationstartedintheearlyperiodofHanDynastytolateSongDynasty.TheforemostexponentofBuddhismwasintroducedfromIndiatoChinathroughthefamoussilk-road.ThetranslatorsinthisperiodwerealmostthoseofBuddhistScriptures,amongwhomXuanZanginTangDynastygainedthegreatestfamewithhisrichexperiencesandtranslationtheoriessurpassingallhisformers.ThisperiodmaybeconsideredastheearliesttimeofChinesetechnicaltranslation.Whileatthattime,technicaltranslationwasjusthandmaidofreligioustranslationbecausetherewasnoperfecttechnologicalsystemandfewmaterialsaboutscienceandtechnologyinforeigncountries.Ontheotherhand,Chinesescienceandtechnologyweresuperiortoforeignatthattime.FragmentarytechnicalknowledgetranslatedintoChinesewasrecordedinthematerialsofBuddhistScripture,butsuchknowledgeinfluencedChinesescienceandtechnologytoacertaindegree.(LiNanqiu,XuPing,ZhangFan,1999)ThesecondperiodofESTtranslationinChinawasduringthetimefromlateMingDynastytoearlyQingDynasty.(LiNanqiu,XuPing,ZhangFan,1999)Althoughscienceandtechnologywerevaluedbyemperorsinthisperiod,theconflictbetweenthecountrysovereigntyandinputofscienceandtechnologycausedtheprocessoftechnicaltranslationfromforeignlanguagetoChinesetoslowdown.DuringlateQingDynasty,technicaltranslationinChinahadbeengrowingup.Underthebackgroundoffeudaldynastiesandinvasionofwesterncountries,manyexcellenttranslatorspioneeredinESTtranslationrelatedresearchandcontributedtomanybranchesinthisfield,whichincludedqualificationsforESTtranslation,educationofESTtranslationtalents,methodsandunificationprinciplesofscientificterminology,translationmethodsofscientificliterature,syntaxofESTandcriteriaofESTtranslationetc.(LiYashu&LiNanqiu,2000)Inthisperiod,therearemanyoutstandingpioneersinESTtranslation,suchasYanFu,LiShanlan,XuShou,HuaHengfang,LiangQichaoandsoon.TheyhavegreatlyinfluencedthedevelopmentofESTtranslationinthebackwardChinaatthatperiod.Forinstance,YanFu,whotranslatedEvolutionandEthics,AnInquiryintoNatureandCauseoftheWealthofNationsandsoon,broughttheideasofbourgeoisrevolution,thecapitalistpolitics,economyandlawsystemtoChina,andalsomadeagreatinfluenceonlaunchingXinHairevolutionwhichoverthrewtheruleoffeudalismintheend.(LiNanqiu,XuPing,ZhangFan,ThethirdperiodofESTtranslationistheRepublicofChina(1912-1949)inwhichChinaenteredintotheperiodofformation.Theconstantpoliticalstruggleandmilitarywarsledtogreatchangesinallaspectsincludingeducation,technology,scienceandsociety.Duringthistime,about10,000kindsoftranslatedbookswhichintroducedknowledgeofallfieldsfromwesterncountriesinmoderntimeswerepublished.Meanwhile,manyfamoustranslators,suchasLuXun,ZhouTaofeng,JiangAihuaetc.setoffananimatediscussionoftranslationtheoriesandmethods,thecontentofwhichinvolvestranslationprinciples,translationmethods,qualificationsoftranslationtalents,translationofterminologiesandtechnicalterms,commentsonqualitiesoftranslatedtexts,etc.withthegrowingofESTtranslationgroup,ESTtranslationactivitieshadalreadysmashedthetrammelsofforeignideas.ComparedwiththescaleofESTtranslationandliterarytranslation,religioustranslationactivitieshadthenfounditselfinaninsignificantposition.Atthesametime,thenumberofESTtranslatedbookswasfarmorethanthatofliterarytranslatedbooks.(LiNanqiu,XuPing,ZhangFan,1999)Altogether,thegrowingstrengthoftranslatorsgroupandagenciesoftranslationpress,theimprovementoftranslatedbooksinquantityandquality,theformationofESTtranslationproperty,theall-sidedinfluenceoftranslatedbooksonsocialdevelopmentaswellascharacterizationofESTtranslationtheoriesandmethodshaveallprovedtheformationofESTtranslationcause.(LiNanqiu,DongYashu,2000)In1979,asymposiumonESTwasheldinShanghai,whichwasChina’sfirstacademicactivityinESTandsymbolizedastartofresearchonESTtranslationtheory.Since1980s,asetofacademicmagazinessuccessivelycameintobeing,suchasCHINESESCIENCE&TECHNOLOGYTRANSLATORSJOURNAL,CHINESEREANSLATORSJOURNAL,ENGLISHOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYLEARNINGandSHANGHAIJOURNALOFTRANSLATORSFORSCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY,allofwhichhavesetupdedicatedcolumnstodiscusstechnicaltranslation.Especiallyduringtheperiodfrom1990tillnow,theresearchoftechnicaltranslationtheoriesandthestudyoftranslationstrategiesconstitutethetwomainpointsintechnicaltranslation.ESTtranslationtheoryresearcheshavebeendonefromvariousangles,amongwhichareresearchesfromtheangleofmodernlinguistics,andtheangleofstylistics.(WangYan,2003)2.2 GeneralreviewonStudiesofMedicalTranslationinChinaAsanimportantbranchoftechnicaltranslation,medicaltranslation,whichcanbetracedbacktoasfarasnearly50000yearsago,hasbeendevelopingwithESTtranslation.Actually,medicineandpharmacologyhavealwaysdominatedintheinternationalexchangeofscienceandtechnologyinChinesehistory.TheearliestrecordofmedicaltranslationdatedbacktoEastHanDynastywhenBuddhistScripturewastranslatedintoChinese.Undergoingalongperiodofdevelopmentcombinedwiththepracticeandtheorystudiesoftechnicaltranslation,afairnumberofmedicaldocumentsweretranslatedandpublished,whichhelpedtoimproveboththemedicaltechniquesandscienceinChina.Inrecentdecades,moreandmoretranslationschoolshaverecognizedtheimportanceofmedicaltranslation.SincethesuccessfulopeningpolicyinChina,theexchangesofscienceandtechnologywithforeigncountrieshavebecomemoreandmorefrequent.Medicaltranslationisveryimportantbecausemedicinehasbeenplayingaspecialrolebothinscienceandpeople’sdailylife.Undersuchcircumstances,agreatmanyresearcheshavebeenmadeonmedicaltranslation,butthefocushasbeenalwaysontheskillsofhowtotranslatetheterminologies,abbreviation,collocationandlongsentenceswithadverbialandattributiveclauses.(LiNanqiu,XuPing,ZhangFan,1999)TCMtranslationwasboominginthe1980s.Duringthisperiod,TCMhavegainedwidespreadattention.ThetranslationbegantostudyTCMtranslationfromatheoreticalpointofview,andtriedtoseekanswerstotheproblemwithreferencetotranslationstudies.Somerepresentativefiguresare:ManfredPorkertPaulU,Unschule,NigelWiseman,PaulZmiewskiandLiZhaoguo.ThelaborsoftheaboveexpertshavelaiddownaverygoodfoundationfortheresearchofTCMtranslation.In1985,aNationalMedicalTerminologyCommitteewasestablishedtoreinforcetheworkofunificationandcensoring.Andbookspublishedduringcurrenttimeinclude“ACoursebookonReadingandTranslationofEnglishMedicalJournalsandBooks”editedbyShaoXundaoin1980,WangLifuandJiangPeng’s“PracticalEnglish-ChineseTranslationTechniquesofMedicalEnglish”in1986,QingDezhuang’s“AnalysisonEnglish-ChineseTranslationofMedicalEnglish”in1987,ZhangZhicheng’sbook“IntroductiontoMedicalTerminology”in1991.MorerecentonesareWangChongjia’s“PracticalGrammarandTranslationTechniquesofMedicalEnglish”,andZhouTiecheng’s“AProbeintoMedicalEnglish”and“TechniquesandPracticeonMedicalTranslation”editedbyLuoLeiin2004(LuoLei,2004),togetherwith“MedicalEnglishTranslation”editedbyWangWenxiuandWangYing.“TheHistoryofTraditionalChineseMedicine”editedbyLuoJiaqunin2006.(ZhuZhongbao,2000)Furthermore,manyfamousjournalsinChinaalsowitnessedtherapiddevelopmentofmedicalEnglish.In1