園藝科學概述

HorticulturalScienceBILINGUALCOURSEContentsIntroductiontoHorticulture(2h)ClassificationofHorticulturalCrops(4h)AnatomyofHorticulturalCrops(6h)GrowthEnvironmentofHorticulturalCrops(6h)PlantPhysiologyofHorticulturalCrops(4h)PropagationofHorticulturalCrops(2h)MineralNutrientsandFertilizationofHorticulturalCrops(4h)OrganicHorticulturalPractice(4h)HOMEWORK-1stChooseoneofyourfavoritehorticulturalcropsanddescribeitsclassificationaccordingtoitsscientificname,seasonalgrowthcycle,kindofstem,stemgrowthform.Pleasealsoincludepicturesforillustration.Seetheexampleonthenextslide.Emailtoyaoqscau@.荔枝（litchi,lychee

）Thelitchi(alsoknownaslychee)isthesolememberofthegenusLitchiinthesoapberry(無患子)

family,Sapindaceae(無患子科).ItisatropicalandsubtropicalfruittreenativetosouthernChina,Taiwan,BangladeshandSoutheastAsia,andnowcultivatedinmanypartsoftheworld.scientificname:Litchichinensisseasonalgrowthcycle:perennialkindofstem:treestemgrowthform:erectQuestionsTranslatethefollowingChineseintoEnglish.界門綱目科屬種KingdomDivisionClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesChapter3AnatomyofHorticulturalCropsGlossaryAnnualringsEpidermisOrganellesBark樹皮EpigeousgerminationParenchymacellsCellFoliageleavesParthenocarpyChromosomeHardwood闊葉材Plantanatomy年輪表皮細胞器子葉出土萌發(fā)薄壁細胞細胞營養(yǎng)葉單性結(jié)實染色體植物形態(tài)CompleteflowerPlasmamembraneHeartwoodComplextissueHypogeousgerminationPlastidCompoundleavesImperfectflowerMeristemsCompressionwood應壓木IncompleteflowerProproots完全花質(zhì)膜心材復合組織子葉不出土萌發(fā)質(zhì)體復葉不完全花分生組織不完全花支持根TaprootSimpleleavesTensionwood應拉木VascularplantSimpletissueWood木材TissueSoftwood針葉材TurgorpressureXerophytesTotipotencyGenome直根，主根單葉維管植物簡單組織組織膨壓旱生植物細胞全能性基因組ConductingtissueInflorescenceReactionwood應力木Culm莖稈DifferentiationSapwood邊材SclerenchymacellsCollenchymacellsSecretionPrimaryvegetativebodyVascularcambium疏導組織花序分化厚壁細胞/skli?-/厚角細胞/k?-/分泌初生營養(yǎng)體維管形成層WholeplantOrgansTissuesCellsOrganellesMacromoleculesLevelsoforganizationofplantsThestudyofplantsbelowtheleveloforgansusuallyrequirestheaidofspecialequipmentsuchasmicroscopestoobserveandmanipulate.Thecellisthebasicunitoforganizationoflivingthings.Cell:Thebasicstructuralandphysiologicalunitofplantsandanimals.Plantanatomy:Thestudyofthestructureofcells,tissues,andtissuesystemsofplants.Cellstructure針晶簇晶核糖體細胞核核仁大中央液泡淀粉粒細胞壁細胞膜高爾基體葉綠體液泡膜線粒體細胞質(zhì)粗面型內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)滑面型內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)高爾基小泡TypesofplantcellsandtissuesSimpletissuesParenchyma:characterizedbythinwall.Collenchyma:havingathickprimarywall.Sclerenchyma:havingtwowalls,primaryandsecondary.Primaryandsecondarywallscontaincellulose,hemicelluloseandpectin,albeitindifferentproportions.Approximatelyequalamountsofpectinandhemicellulosearepresentindicotprimarywallswhereashemicelluloseismoreabundantingrasses.Thesecondarywallsofwoodytissueandgrassesarecomposedpredominantlyofcellulose,lignin,andhemicellulose.Thecellulosefibrilsareembeddedinanetworkofhemicelluloseandlignin.Cross-linkingofthisnetworkisbelievedtoresultintheeliminationofwaterfromthewallandtheformationofahydrophobiccompositethatlimitsaccessibilityofhydrolyticenzymesandisamajorcontributortothestructuralcharacterisiticsofsecondarywalls.FunctionsThemostimportantfunctionoftheparenchymacellsofrootsandstemisthestorageoffood(e.g.starch)andwater.Theintercellularairspacespermitgaseousexchange.薄壁組織FunctionsThecollenchymaserveassupportingandstrengtheningtissue.Incollenchymawithchloroplasts,photosynthesistakesplace.厚角組織FunctionsAnimportantsupportingtissueinplants,sclereidsareresponsibleforthehardnessofdateseedsandtheshellofwalnut.Fibresprobablyplayaroleinthetransportofwaterintheplant.Starchgranulesarestoredintheyoung,livingfibres.厚壁組織ComplextissuesEpidermis:theoutmostlayeroftheplants.Secretorytissues:tissuessecretingmaterial,eitheroutsideorinside.Conductingtissues:anelaboratesystemofvesselsusedinconductingorganicandinorganicsolutesfromplacetoplaceintheplant.Apicalmeristems:areasofactivegrowthlocatedatthetips,wherecellsaredividingrapidly.FunctionsTheepidermalcellsprotecttheunderlyingcells.Thewaxycuticlepreventsthelossofmoisturefromtheleavesandstems.Thetransparentepidermalcellsallowsunlight(forphotosynthesis)topassthroughtothechloroplastsinthemesophylltissue.Thestomataofleavesandstemsallowgaseousexchangetotakeplacewhichisnecessaryforphotosynthesisandrespiration.Watervapourmaybegivenoffthroughthestomataduringtranspiration.Theroot-hairsabsorbwateranddissolvedionsfromthesoil.氣孔Functionsxylemisanimportantstrengtheningtissue.Xylemvesselsandtracheidstransportwaterandmineralsalts.Starchissometimesstoredinthexylemfibresandxylemparenchyma.木質(zhì)部管胞導管分子FunctionsSievetubestransportorganiccompounds.Companioncellshelpstoregulatethemetabolicactivitiesofthesievetubeelements.Thephloemfibresgivetheplantmechanicalstrength.Thephloemparenchymastorescompoundssuchasstarch.韌皮部篩管分子伴胞代謝Cellstructure針晶簇晶核糖體細胞核核仁大中央液泡淀粉粒細胞壁細胞膜高爾基體葉綠體液泡膜線粒體細胞膜粗面型內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)滑面型內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)高爾基小泡123456邊緣嵌合體周緣嵌合體扇形嵌合體StemDicotstemIndicotstems,vascularbundles(維管束)arearrangedinacircleneartheoutside.

Thephloemarefoundontheoutsideofthevascularbundleandthexylemareontheinside.

Thereisapith(髓)locatedinthecentermadeupofmostlyparenchymalcells.MonocotstemInmostmonocotsthevascularbundlesarearrangedthroughoutthegroundtissue（基本組織）ratherthaninaring;thusitisnotpossibletodistinguishpithandcortex(皮層)regions.腋芽頂芽芽痕頂芽（帶頂端分生組織）節(jié)間節(jié)托葉葉片葉緣葉柄根狀莖rhizome匍匐莖runner刺狀葉匍匐莖stolon卷須塊莖potatoModifiedstems球莖cormWhat’sthedifferencebetweenastrawberryrunnerandacloverstolon?Therearesomeadventitiousrootsonthestrawberryruuner,however,noadventitiousrootsispresentonthecloverstolon.AnatomyofHorticulturalCropsLeafRootFlowerLeafExternalAnatomyoftheLeafPhyllotaxy(葉序)Phyllotaxyisarrangementofleavesalongthelengthofthestematthenodes.TheLeaf:SiteofPhotosynthesis&Transpiration互生對生輪生葉序alternate-oneleafpernode,offsetinoppositedirections,alternating.Typicalofgrasses.opposite-twoleavespernode,setinoppositedirections.whorled-multipleleavespernode,setinaspiral.

角質(zhì)層柵欄葉肉細胞海綿葉肉細胞InternalanatomyoftheleafArealcrosssectionofleafThefunctionsofleaf:1.Foodmanufacture2.Protection:budscales(芽鱗),floralbracts(花苞片),sepals(花萼片)3.StorageFordetails,seethetextbook(P69).Tips:

Normally,budscalesarepresentinthewinterbuds,therefore,theplantagecanbeestimatedaccordingtothenumberoftheringofbudscalescars.a)Cuticle:Waxylayer,waterproofing,upperleaves.b)Upperepidermis:Upperlayerofcells.Nochloroplasts.Protection.c)PalisadeMesophyll:Tightlypackedupperlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.d)SpongyMesophyll:Lowerlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.Airspacesaroundthem.e)LowerEpidermis(hypodermis):Lowerexternallayerofcellsinleaf.f)VascularBundle:Bundleofmanyvessels（導管）(xylemandphloem)fortransport.g)Xylem:Livingvascularsystemcarryingwater&mineralsthroughoutplant.h)Phloem:Livingvascularsystemcarryingdissolvedsugarsandorganiccompoundsthroughoutplant.i)GuardCells:2cellssurroundingstomatathatcontrolrateofgas&waterexchange.j)Stomata:Openingbetweenguardcellsforgas&waterexchange.a)Waxylayer,waterproofing,upperleaves.b)Upperlayerofcells.Nochloroplasts.Protection.c)Tightlypackedupperlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.d)Lowerlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells.Airspacesaroundthem.e)Lowerexternallayerofcellsinleaf.f)Bundleofmanyvessels（導管）(xylemandphloem)fortransport.g)Livingvascularsystemcarryingwater&mineralsthroughoutplant.h)Livingvascularsystemcarryingdissolvedsugarsandorganiccompoundsthroughoutplant.i)2cellssurroundingstomatathatcontrolrateofgas&waterexchange.j)Openingbetweenguardcellsforgas&waterexchange.角質(zhì)層上表皮柵欄葉肉組織海綿葉肉組織下表皮維管束木質(zhì)部韌皮部保衛(wèi)細胞氣孔cuticleupperepidermispalisademesophyllspongymesophylllowerepidermisvascularbundlexylemphloemguardcellstomaFactorswhichcausestomatatoopenorclose1.Lightgenerallycausesstomatatoopenanddarknesstoclose.Insomesucculentplants,however,thistrendisreversedandtheplantsopentheirstomataatnightwhentheycantakeadvantageofthecoolereveningtemperaturesforgaseousexchange,thusreducingwaterloss.2.

Wiltingorwaterdeficit(水分虧缺)causesthestomataofaplanttoclose,

thuspreventingfurtherwaterlossfromtheleaves.

3.AnincreaseinCO2(carbondioxide)causesstomatalclosure.

4.

Increaseintemperaturecausesstomatatoopen.stoma:stomata,stomasLeafBlade:Wideflattenedareaofleafforconcentratingsunlightonphotosyntheticcells.Petiole:Shortstemthatattachesleaftomainstemorbranch.Veins:Vascularbundleswithinleaffortransport.Node:Growthregionofstemwhereleavesornewbranchesarise.Axillarybud:Babyleaforstem(nextyearsgrowth).SimpleLeaf:OneBlade無托葉有托葉無葉柄抱莖單葉復葉CompoundLeaf:BladeDividedIntoLeafletsPalmatelyCompound(Digitate):Norachis（/reikis/,葉軸）PinnatelyCompound(Pinnate):Witharachis掌狀復葉羽狀復葉PinnatelyandPalmatelyTrifoliate羽狀三出復葉掌狀三出復葉TwicePinnatelyCompound(Bipinnate)二回羽狀復葉Pinnatifid:Pinnatelydissectednearlytothemidrib羽狀半裂葉片葉脈(vein)的排列方式羽狀網(wǎng)狀掌狀三出平行TheVascularSystemThevascularsystemisdistributedthroughoutthemesophyll,andisvisibleonthesurfaceoftheleafasthevenationpattern.弧形葉脈掌狀葉脈平行葉脈羽狀葉脈網(wǎng)狀葉脈Acrosssectionofthepetiolerevealsthatthephloemisonthebottomofeachvein,andthexylemisontop(pictureitaspeelingawayfromthestemasitgrowsoutwardfromthestem).Bothareprimary,anddonotdevelopfromthevascularcambium.hydrophyte-plantevolvedtothriveinverywetconditionsxerophyte/xeriphyte-plantevolvedtothriveinverydryconditionsmesophyte-plantevolvedtothriveinmoderateconditions(withrespecttowater)Wouldyouexpectaxerophytetohaverelativelyfew,orrelativelymanystomates,comparedtoamesophyte?andWhy?DISCUSSION:Whatwater-savingepidermalfeaturesdoxerophyteshave?Plantscanbebroadlyclassifiedintothreecategories:1.numeroustrichomes(毛狀體)(somewithsecretedresins)2.thickwaxycuticle(角質(zhì)層)3.fewuppersurfacestomates

4.stomatesrecessedintogroovesontheleafsurfaceleavesmodifiedforverydryenvironmentsLeafModificationsandSpecializationsLeavesshowthegreatestdiversityofmodificationofalltheplantorgans.Anoverviewofsomeofthesefollows,butyouwillencounterleavesthatwillamazeandastoundyoubeyondwhatyouseehere.Leafstructureandshapeisintimatelyrelatedtotheenvironmentalconditionsunderwhchtheplantevolved,butalsoinwhichithasdeveloped.Thegeneticplasticityofplantorgansisclearlyreflectedinsuchthingsasvariableshapes,pigmentationandsizesofleavesandstemsonthesameplantthatgrowinsunversusshade,orothervariableenvironments.課堂提問角質(zhì)層上表皮柵欄葉肉細胞維管束鞘細胞木質(zhì)部韌皮部下表皮海綿葉肉細胞保衛(wèi)細胞氣孔葉脈Roots直根系須根系支持根Thefunctionsofroots:1.Generalfunctions:anchorage(固定),nutrientandwaterabsorption(養(yǎng)分和水分的吸收),hormonesynthesis(激素的合成)2.Specializedfunctions:storageofcarbohydrates(儲存碳水化合物),aerialsupport(氣生性支撐),propagation(繁殖)proprootsorbracerootspropagativeroots-havemeristematicregionsfromwherenew,geneticallyidenticalplantletscangrow.Theseregionsarenotthesameasnodes:theydonotcontainatrueapicalmeristem.Someplantscanbepropagatedfromasectionofaroot.Rootcuttingsofwoodyplantsareusuallytakenfromplantsduringthedormantseason,whencarbohydratelevelsarehigh.Rootcuttingsofsomespeciesproducenewshoots,whichthenformtheirownrootsystem,whereasrootcuttingsofotherplantsdeveloprootsystemsbeforeproducingnewshoots.Examplesofplantsthatcanbepropagatedfromrootcuttingsincluderaspberry(樹莓),blackberry(黑莓),rose(玫瑰),trumpetvine(凌霄花),phlox(夾竹桃),crabapple(海棠),fig(無花果),lilac(丁香花).adventitiousroots-arerootsthatgrowanywheretheyarenot“expected.”Examplesaretheadventitiousrootsthatgrowfromtherunnersofstrawberryplants.Severaloftheroottypeslistedabove(e.g.,proproots,aerialroots)canalsobeconsideredadventitious.AirlayeringSoftwoodcuttingTheCortexJustinternaltotheepidermisliesthecortex,composedprimarilyofparenchyma.Comparisonofthecrosssectionsofdicotandmonocot中柱鞘內(nèi)皮層Cortexplastidsareprimarilyforstorage(fats,carbohydrates).Onlyinsomespecieswithphotosyntheticrootsaretherechloroplastsinthesecells.Inwoodyplants,thecortexisshedoffoncewoodygrowthbegins(suberization).Inherbaceousplants,thecortexismaintainedthroughoutthelifeoftheplant.Epidermis

Dermaltissue(表皮組織)ProtectionoftherootCortex

Groundtissue（基本組織）StorageofphotosyntheticproductsActiveintheuptakeofwaterandmineralsEndodermiscylinderoncecellthickthatformsaboundarybetweenthecortexandthestelecontainsthecasparianstrip,whichwillbeexplainedlaterwhenwediscusswateruptakePericycle

（中柱鞘）foundjustinsideoftheendodermismaybecomemeristematic

responsiblefortheformationoflateralrootsVascularTissue

XylemandPhloemFormsanX-shapedpatterninverycenterofrootDicotEpidermis

DermaltissueProtectionoftherootCortex

GroundtissueStorageofphotosyntheticproductsActiveintheuptakeofwaterandmineralsEndodermiscylinderoncecellthickthatformsaboundarybetweenthecortexandthesteleevenmoredistinctthandicotcounterpart

containsthecasparianstrip,whichwillbeexplainedlaterwhenwediscusswateruptakePericycle

foundjustinsideoftheendodermismaybecomemeristematic

responsiblefortheformationoflateralrootsVascularTissue

XylemandPhloemFormsaringnearcenterofplant

PithCentermostregionofrootMonocotprimaryroot

（初生根）

rootthatdevelopsdirectlyfromtheradicle

（胚根）ofanembryoratherthanfromacrown（根頸）ornode

(beanseedling)原表皮層原形成層靜止中心苞葉Flowers雌蕊，心皮雄蕊花藥花絲柱頭花柱子房花瓣萼片花柄/’pedis?l/,/pi’d∧?kl/花萼/’keiliks/花冠Ifaflowerhasbothmale(雄性)andfemale(雌性)parts,itissaidtobeperfect(兩性花).Whenallofthefourpartsofaflowerarepresent,acompleteflower(完全花)exists.Ifoneormorepartsaremissing,theflowerissaidtobeincomplete(不完全花).Certainflowersareeithermaleorfemaleand,therefore,imperfect(單性花).Inplantsdescribedasmonoecious(雌雄同株),bothmaleandfemaleflowersoccurinoneplantbutarephysicallylocatedondifferentparts.減數(shù)分裂/mai’?usis/二倍體單倍體花粉囊Mitosis有絲分裂/mi’t?usis/生殖細胞管細胞花托/ri’sept?kl/胚珠聚傘圓錐花序穗狀花序總狀花序傘房花序傘形花序頭狀花序圓錐花序受精FertilizedF.G.H.I.A.花藥B.花絲C.柱頭D.花柱E.子房F.花瓣G.萼片H.花托I.花柄AntherFilamentStigmaStyleOvaryPetal–corollaSepal–calyxReceptaclePedicle雄蕊stamen雌蕊pistil,carple課堂提問Seed種皮胚乳單子葉葉鞘真葉胚根平行葉脈須根系主根凋萎的子葉網(wǎng)狀葉脈胚芽鞘/kolioptail/上胚軸下胚軸胚芽鞘胚乳HOMEWORK-2ndChooseahorticulturalplanttodemonstratethefu