廣東省北江中學(xué)2022屆高考英語語法復(fù)習(xí)專項(xiàng)七

廣東省北江中學(xué)2022屆高考英語語法復(fù)習(xí)專項(xiàng)七被動(dòng)語態(tài)一要點(diǎn)精講語態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系。英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)(activevoice)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)(passivevoice)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的承受者。一）被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)是由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，如果有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引出的短語表示。助動(dòng)詞be隨主語的人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化。A.十種常見時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)：do被動(dòng)語態(tài)：amisaredoneWecleantheclassroomeveryday..Theclassroomiscleanedbyuseveryday.2.一般過去時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)：did被動(dòng)語態(tài)：wasweredoneWecleanedtheclassroomyesterday.Theclassroomwascleanedbyusyesterday.3.一般將來時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)：will/shalldo被動(dòng)語態(tài)：will/shallbedoneTheclassroomwillbecleanedsoon.WhenshallwebegivenalectureontheInternet?4.一般過去將來時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)：woulddo被動(dòng)語態(tài)：wouldbedoneWetoldhimthattheclassroomwouldbecleanedsoon.Iwasn'ttoldthatIshouldbeinvitedtotheparty.5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)：am/is/are/doing被動(dòng)語態(tài)：amisarebeingdoneTheclassroomisbeingcleanednow.Arethebabiesbeingtakencareofbythisnurse6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)：was/weredoing被動(dòng)語態(tài)：was/werebeingdoneWewerecleaningtheclassroomthistimeyesterday.Theclassroomwasbeingcleanedthistimeyesterday.7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)：has/havedone被動(dòng)語態(tài)：has/havebeendoneTheradiohasnotbeenturnedonyet.Hasanewtrainingcentrebeensetupinourtown我們鎮(zhèn)上新的培訓(xùn)中心建好了嗎？8.過去完成時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)：haddone被動(dòng)語態(tài)：hadbeendoneShetoldmethatshehadbeendismissedbyherboss.HerhomeworkhadnotbeenfinishedwhenIgothome.9.將來完成時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)：will/shallhavedone被動(dòng)語態(tài)：willshallhavebeendoneWewillhavecleanedtheclassroombyfiveo'clock.我們將在五點(diǎn)之前打掃完教室。Theclassroomwillhavebeencleanedbyfiveo'clock.教室將在五點(diǎn)以前打掃完。10.過去將來完成時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)：wouldhavedone被動(dòng)語態(tài)：wouldhavebeendoneIsaidwewouldhavecleanedtheclassroomby5:00.我說我們將在五點(diǎn)之前打掃完教室。Isaidtheclassroomwouldhavebeencleanedby5:00.我說教室將在五點(diǎn)以前打掃完。注：含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+bedone”構(gòu)成。Themachinemustbeoperatedwithcare.這機(jī)器必須小心操作。Suchasentenceoughtnottobeusedhere.這個(gè)句子不應(yīng)該用在這里。B.“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)語態(tài)除常用“be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成外，還可用“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語中，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。Theboygothurtwhenhewasridingtoschool.那孩子騎車上學(xué)時(shí)受傷了。注意：用“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其后的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者（即by短語）一般不表示出來。Finallyhisbikegotrepaired.最后他的自行車得到了修理。C．被動(dòng)語態(tài)中常用的介詞1．by表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或施加者Bywhomisthebookwritten這本書是誰寫的？Thechildrenweredrivenindoorsbytherain.孩子們被雨趕進(jìn)了室內(nèi)。2．with表示用某種工具Thewolfwaskilledwithagun.狼被槍打死了。Thefieldwasspreadwithwildflowers.田野里野花遍地。3．from表示源于某種物質(zhì)（看不出原材料）Goodwineismadefromgrain.好酒是糧食制成的。4．of表示用某種材料制成（看得出原材料）Thetableismadeofwood.這張桌子是用木頭做的。5．其他介詞Youarewantedonthephone.有電話找你。Heisknowntoeverybody.Shewascaughtintherain.她遭雨淋了。注意：動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引出的短語表示，但被動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中的by短語并不總是表示動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者。Apolicemanisknownbytheclotheshewears.警察可以通過他的服裝辨認(rèn)出來。（by表示方式）Hewasmuchflatteredbyheraskinghimtodinner.她邀請他吃晚飯，他受寵若驚了。（by表示原因）二）被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法英語中，大多數(shù)情況下用主動(dòng)語態(tài)比較簡練、有力。但是，被動(dòng)語態(tài)也有其特殊的用途，它也是表達(dá)思想、描述事物的需要。人們通常在下列情況下使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)：A.不知道或不必說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者Scientistssaythatworkisdonewheneveraforcemoves.科學(xué)家們說，力移動(dòng)時(shí)就做了功。Afterwar,everythinghadbeendestroyed.戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后，一切都被毀壞了。B.強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者Ifyoubreaktheschoolrules,youwillbepunished.如果你違反校規(guī)，你將受到懲罰。（強(qiáng)調(diào)you）XiaoLiwaselectedmonitoroftheclass.小李被選為班長。（強(qiáng)調(diào)XiaoLi）C.動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不是人而是無生命的事物Thebridgewaswashedawaybytheflood.橋被洪水沖走了。Manyaccidentswerecausedbycarelessdriving.許多事故都是開車不小心造成的。D.修辭的需要，為了使句子更加簡練、勻稱Heappearedonthestageandwaswarmlyapplaudedbytheaudience.他出現(xiàn)在舞臺(tái)上，受到了觀眾的熱烈鼓掌。E.為了表示委婉或禮貌，避免提及動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者或說話者自己Everybodyisexpectedtoobeythefollowingrules.希望大家遵守以下規(guī)定。Thecontrolroommaynotbeenteredwithoutpermission.非經(jīng)許可，勿入控制室。F.科技文獻(xiàn)中為了客觀地描述事情及其過程Thefilmiscoatedwithlight-sensitivechemicals,whicharechangedbythedifferentshadesandcoloursoflight.膠卷上涂了一層感光的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，這些物質(zhì)因光的不同色度與顏色而改變。G.新聞報(bào)道中為了體現(xiàn)新聞的客觀性Thewest-eastgaspipelineprojectwaskickedoffonJuly4,abigeventinthenation'swestdevelopmentcampaign.西氣東輸工程7月4日全線開工，這是國家西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略的一件大事。H．有些動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣上常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)Hewasborninthiscity.他出生在這個(gè)城市。Theschoolissituatedinthesuburbs.這所學(xué)校位于郊外。三）注意點(diǎn)1一般情況下，只有及物動(dòng)詞才能跟賓語，而不及物動(dòng)詞不能跟賓語，所以只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，不及物動(dòng)詞則沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。但有些不及物動(dòng)詞后面跟上介詞或副詞后，變成一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，因此就可以有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。在使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，千萬不要遺漏句末的介詞或副詞。--Thepatientsarewelllookedafterbythenursesinthishospital.--ThemeetinghasbeenputofftillnextSaturday.Suchabadhabitshouldbegotridof.Alltheimportantmattershavenowbeenattendedto.2不可拆開的短語動(dòng)詞（不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞短語），如takeplace,loseheart,belongto,consistof,changecolour等，也不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:Thebookbelongstome.這本書是我的。Shecaughtaverybadcold.她患了重感冒。必背：一些常見的不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)賓詞組catchacold感冒eatone'swords食言loseheart喪失信心losepatience失去耐心makeaface做鬼臉makeupone'smind決心makebed鋪床makeroomfor為……騰出地方keepwatch守望keepsilence保持安靜speakone'smind表明見解takeplace發(fā)生takeone'stime從容不迫，別著急takeoffice就職takeone'sleave請假takenotes作筆記takeuparms拿起武器takeone'splace就坐3連系動(dòng)詞一般不用于被動(dòng)。四）被動(dòng)語態(tài)特例（用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)義）：(一)用謂語動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義1.動(dòng)詞(表示主語的屬性特征)+副詞(well/badly/easily/smoothly),用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)義。(read,write,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,eat,lock...)Thepenwritessmoothly2.表示狀態(tài)特征的連系動(dòng)詞+adj./n.,用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)義。(look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,make,...)Thesteelfeelscold．3.表示“開始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動(dòng)”的動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)義。(begin,open,start,stop,end,finish,shut,move,run...)Theshopopensat6am.everyday．(二)用非謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)1．want/need/require作“需要”講時(shí)后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí)，用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)義；當(dāng)然也可接不定式的被動(dòng)式作賓語。Yourjacketneedswashing/tobewashed2.beworth后常接動(dòng)名詞，用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)義．Thebookisworthreading.3.不定式在某些形容詞后作狀語,且和句子的主語(或賓語)構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)義。(difficult,easy,hard,fit,pleasant,good,light,comfortable,safe)Thebookisdifficulttounderstand4.不定式作后置定語,與被修飾的名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,又和該句主語(或賓語)構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí),用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)義。Iwillgivehimsomethingtodrink5.不定式toblame,表示“應(yīng)受批評,責(zé)備”，tolet表示“出租”時(shí)用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)義。Theboyistoblameforwhathehasdone.二語法精練（選擇正確答案,并將答案寫在對應(yīng)的題號前25×4′=100′）1.Insomepartsoftheworld,tea___withmilkandsugar.A.isservingB.isservedC.servesD.served

newlibrary_____inourschoollastyear?A.Is;builtB.Was;builtC.Does;buildD.Did;build

saysthatMrLi_____tothefactorynextweek.A.issentB.wouldsendC.wassentD.willbesent

recentyearsanumberofcommunicationsatellites________intoorbitabouttheearth.

A.havebeenputB.wereputC.hadputD.areput

5.----Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse?----Notyet,therooms_____.

A.arebeingpaintedB.arepaintingC.arepaintedD.arebeingpainting

youhaveanyclothes________today?”themaidasked.A.towashB.bewashedC.washD.tobewashedmonkeywasseen_____offthetree.A.jumpB.jumpsC.jumpedD.tojump

issaidthatanewrobot____byhiminafewdays.

AdesignedBhasbeendesignedCwillbedesignedDwillhavebeendesigned

arelate.Iexpectthefilm____bythetimewegettothecinema.

AwillalreadyhavestartedBwouldalreadyhavestartedCshallhavealreadystartedDhasalreadybeenstarted

10.“Haveyoumovedintothenewflat?”“Notyet.Theroom____.”

AhasbeenpaintedBispaintedCpaintsDisbeingpainted

11.Agreatnumberofcollegesanduniversities____since1949.

AhasbeenestablishedBhavebeenestablishedChaveestablishedDhadbeenestablished

12.“____twoticketsforthenewplayattheGrandTheatreonSaturday.Shallwegoandseeittogether?”

ATheyhavebeengivenBIhavebeengivenCIwasgivenDTheyhavegiventome

13.Yououghttohaveputthemilkintherefrigerator,now____sour.AIsmellBitissmeltCitsmellsDitissmelling

14.—Iwaswonderingifwecouldgoskatingontheweekend.

—________good.A.Sound

B.Sounded

C.Sounding

D.Sounds15.Idon'tremember____thechancetotrythismethod.

AhavingbeengivenBtohavebeengivenChavinggivenDtohavegiven

16.Hedoesnotpossessabicycle,thisoneheuses____Peter.

AisbelongedtoBbelongedtoCbelongstoDisbelongingto

17.Thereasonforallthechangesbeingmade____tousyet.

AhasnotexplainedBhasnotbeenexplainedCdidnotexplainedDwerenotexplained

18.Whenheturnedthecorner,hefoundhimself____byamaninblack.

AtailedBbeentailedCwastailedDhadbeentailed

composition____anym