生物專業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯a

Abiogenesis

earlytheorythatheldthatsomeorganismsoriginatedfromnonlivingmaterial.Alsocalled:autogenesis,spontaneousgeneration

自然發(fā)生說(shuō)，無(wú)生源說(shuō)認(rèn)為生命起源于無(wú)生命有機(jī)物的學(xué)說(shuō)1精選課件pptAbnormalhemoglobinHemoglobinmoleculewithadifferentshapeduetoanalteredAminoacidsequence(ultimatelycausedbyanalteredDNAbasesequence),suchasintheinheriteddiseasesickle-cellanemia.2精選課件pptAbscisicacid

aplanthormonethatpromotesdormancyinperennialplantsandcausesrapidclosureofleafstomatawhenaleafbeginstowilt.3精選課件ppt

Acetylcholine

achemicalreleasedatNeuromuscularjunctionsthatbindstoreceptorsonthesurfaceoftheplasmamembraneofmusclecells,causinganelectricalimpulsetobetransmitted.Theimpulseultimatelyleadstomusclecontraction.

4精選課件ppt

AcetylCoA

anintermediatecompoundformedduringthebreakdownofGlucosebyaddingatwo-carbonfragmenttoacarriermolecule(CoenzymeAorCoA).5精選課件ppt

Acidrain

theprecipitationofsulfuricacidandotheracidsasrain.TheacidsformwhensulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxidesreleasedduringthecombustionofFossilfuelscombinewithwaterandoxygenintheatmosphere.6精選課件pptAcquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome(AIDS)

acollectionofdisordersthatdevelopasaresultofinfectionbytheHumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),whichattacksHelpertcells,cripplingtheImmunesystemandgreatlyreducingthebody'sabilitytofightinfection;resultsinprematuredeathbroughtaboutbyvariousdiseasesthatoverwhelmthecompromisedimmunesystem.7精選課件ppt

Actin

theproteinfromwhichMicrofilamentsarecomposed;

formsthecontractilefilamentsofsarcomeresinmusclecells.8精選課件ppt

Activetransport

transportofmoleculesagainstaconcentrationgradient(fromregionsoflowconcentrationtoregionsofhighconcentration)withtheaidofproteinsinthecellmembraneandenergyfromATP.Passive被動(dòng)的9精選課件pptAdaptation

tendencyofanorganismtosuititsenvironment;oneofthemajorpointsofCharlesDarwin'stheoryofevolutionbyNaturalselection:organismsadapttotheirenvironment.ThoseorganismsbestadaptedwillhaveagreaterchanceofsurvivingandpassingtheirGenesontothenextgeneration.10精選課件ppt

Adenine

oneofthefournitrogen-containingbasesoccurringinNucleotides,thebuildingblocksoftheorganicmacromoleculegroupknownasNucleicacids(DNAandRNA).AdenineisalsothebaseintheenergycarryingmoleculeATP(adenosinetriphosphate)whichistheenergycoinofthecell.aden=gland11精選課件ppt

Adenosinediphosphate(ADP)lowerenergyformofATP,havingtwo(insteadofthethreeinATP)phosphategroupsattachedtotheAdeninebaseandribosesugar.12精選課件ppt

Agestructure

therelativeproportionofindividualsineachagegroupinapopulation.

13精選課件pptAlleles

alternateformsofagene.14精選課件ppt

Aminoacids

thesubunits(Monomers)fromwhichproteins(polymers)areassembled.Eachaminoacidconsistsofanaminofunctionalgroup,andacarboxylacidgroup,anddiffersfromotheraminoacidsbythecompositionofanrgroup.15精選課件ppt

Aminoacidsequencealsoknownastheprimarystructureofaprotein/polypeptide;thesequenceofaminoacidsinprotein/polypeptidecontrolledbythesequenceofDNAbases.16精選課件ppt

Amphibians

classofterrestrialvertebrateswhichlaytheireggs(andalsomate)inwaterbutliveonlandasadultsfollowingajuvenilestagewheretheyliveinwaterandbreathethroughgills.Amphibianswerethefirstgroupoflandvertebrates;todaytheyaremostlyrestrictedtomoisthabitats.17精選課件ppt

Angiosperms

floweringplants.Firstappearingatleast110millionyearsagofromanunknowngymnospermancestor,floweringplantshaverisentoDominanceinmostoftheworld'sFloras.ThemaleGamephyteis2-3cellscontainedwithinapollengrain;thefemalegamehyteisusuallyeightcellscontainedwithinanovulewhichisretaindonthesporophytephaseoftheplant'slifecycle.18精選課件ppt

Annuals

plantsthatgrowandreproducesexuallyduringoneyear.Anniversary19精選課件ppt

Anther

theofastamen'sfilament;dividedintopollensacsinwhichthepollengrainsform.

20精選課件pptAntibiotics

substancesproducedbysomemicroorganisms,plants,andvertebratesthatkillorinhibitthegrowthofbacteria.21精選課件ppt

Antibodies

proteinsproducedbyImmunesystemcellsthatbindtoforeignmoleculesandmicroorganismsandinactivatethem.22精選課件ppt

Appendix

blindsacattheendoftheLargeintestinethatusuallyrupturesduringfinalexams;avestigial(退化的)organinhumans.

23精選課件pptArtificialselection

theprocessinwhichbreederschoosethevariantstobeusedtoproducesucceedinggenerations.24精選課件ppt

Asexualreproduction

amethodofreproductioninwhichgeneticallyidenticaloffspringareproducedfromasingleparent;occursbymanymechanisms,includingfission,Budding,andfragmentation.25精選課件ppt

Assortment

awayinwhichMeiosisproducesnewcombinationsofgeneticinformation.PaternalandmaternalChromosomeslineuprandomlyduringsynapsis,soeachdaughtercellislikelytoreceiveanassortmentofmaternalandpaternalchromosomesratherthanacompletesetfromeither.26精選課件ppt

Autosomes

thechromosomesotherthanthesexchromosomes.Eachmemberofanautosomepair(inDiploidorganisms)isofsimilarlengthandintheGenesitcarries.27精選課件ppt

Autotrophs

organismsthatsynthesizetheirownnutrients;includesomebacteriathatareabletosynthesizeorganicmoleculesfromsimplerinorganiccompounds.28精選課件ppt

Auxins

agroupofHormonesinvolvedincontrollingplantgrowthandotherfunctions;oncethoughtresponsibleforphototropismbycausingthecellsontheshadedsideofaplanttoelongate,therebycausingtheplanttobendtowardthelight.29精選課件pptBacteriophages

virusesthatattackandkillbacterialcells;composedonlyofDNAandprotein.噬菌體phage＝eat

噬菌體30精選課件ppt

Bark

theouterlayerofthestemsofwoodyplants;composedofanouterlayerofdeadcells(Cork)andaninnerlayerofphloem.樹(shù)皮31精選課件ppt

Base

asubstancethatlowersthehydrogenionconcentrationinasolution.堿32精選課件ppt

Bigbangtheory

amodelfortheevolutionoftheuniversethatholdsthatallmatterandEnergyintheuniversewereconcentratedinonepoint,whichsuddenlyexploded.Subsequently,mattercondensedtoformatoms,elements,andeventuallygalaxiesandstars.大爆炸理論33精選課件ppt

Bindingsites

areasontheribosomewithinwhichtRNA-aminoacidcomplexesfitduringproteinsynthesis.結(jié)合位點(diǎn)34精選課件ppt

Binomialnomenclature

asystemoftaxonomydevelopedbyLinnaeusintheearlyeighteenthcentury.Eachspeciesofplantandanimalreceivesatwo-termname;thefirsttermisthegenus,andthesecondisthespecies.Anonymous匿名的雙命名法35精選課件ppt

Biodiversity

biologicalDiversity;canbemeasuredintermsofgenetic,species,orEcosystem

Diversity.生物多樣性36精選課件ppt

Biomass

thetotalweightoflivingtissueinaCommunity.生物量37精選課件ppt

Biosphere

allEcosystemsonearthaswellastheearth‘scrust,waters,andatmosphereonandinwhichorganismsexist;also,thesumofalllivingmatteronearth.生物圈38精選課件ppt

Birthrate

theratiobetweenbirthsandindividualsinaspecifiedpopulationataparticulartime.39精選課件ppt

Bronchi

tubesthatcarryairfromthetrachea（氣官）tothelungs(sing.bronchus).支氣管

windpipe40精選課件ppt

bronchitis

Chronicoracuteinflammationofthemucousmembraneofthebronchialtubes支氣管炎41精選課件pptCalciumcarbonate

chemicalthatalsooccursinlimestoneandmarble.碳酸鈣42精選課件ppt

Calvincycle

(alsoCalvin-bensoncycleorcarbonfixation)seriesofbiochemical,enzyme-mediatedreactionsduringwhichatmosphericcarbondioxideisreducedandincorporatedintoorganicmolecules,eventuallysomeofthisformssugars.InEukaryotes,thisoccursinthestromaofthechloroplast.43精選課件ppt

Capillary

small,thin-walledbloodvesselsthatallowoxygentodiffusefromthebloodintothecellsandcarbondioxidetodiffusefromthecellsintotheblood.Capill=hair（caterpillar毛蟲(chóng)）毛細(xì)管，毛狀的,毛細(xì)作用的44精選課件ppt

Carbohydrates

organicmoleculescomposedofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygenthatserveasenergysourcesandstructuralmaterialsforcellsofallorganisms.碳水化合物45精選課件ppt

Cardiacmuscle

thetypeofmusclethatisfoundinthewallsoftheheart.cardia=heartcardiacrhythm,cardiacdisease46精選課件ppt

Cardiovascularsystem

thehumanCirculatorysystemconsistingoftheheartandthevesselsthattransportbloodtoandfromtheheart.心血管系統(tǒng)47精選課件pptCarnivores

termappliedtoaHeterotroph,usuallyananimal,thateatsotheranimals.Carnivoresfunctionassecondary,tertiary,orConsumersinFoodchainsandFoodwebs.

carn-[flesh]；-vorus：表示“食…的”，食肉動(dòng)物48精選課件ppt

Carotenoids

majorgroupofaccessorypigmentsinplants;includesbetacarotene.carotene胡蘿卜素

carrot胡蘿卜49精選課件ppt

Cellcycle

thesequenceofeventsfromonedivisionofacelltothenext;consistsofMitosis(ordivision)andInterphase.細(xì)胞周期50精選課件ppt

Cellplate

inplants,amembrane-boundspaceproducedduringCytokinesisbythevesiclesoftheGolgiapparatus.Thecellplatefuseswiththeplasmamembrane,dividingthecellintotwocompartments.51精選課件ppt

Cellularrespiration

thetransferofEnergyfromvariousmoleculestoproduceATP;occursintheMitochondriaofEukaryotes,theCytoplasmofprokaryotes.Intheprocess,oxygenisconsumedandcarbondioxideisgenerated.spire＝breathe52精選課件ppt

Cellulose

apolysaccharidethatiscomposedofunbranchedchainsofGlucose;themajorstructuralcarbohydrateofplants,insolubleinwater,andindigestibleinthehumanintestine.-ose,表示糖

chitin幾丁質(zhì)53精選課件ppt

Cellwall

structureproducedbysomecellsoutsidetheircellmembrane;variouslycomposedofChitin,peptidoglycan肽聚糖,orCellulose.細(xì)胞壁54精選課件ppt

Cerebellum

thatpartoftheBrainconcernedwithfinemotorcoordinationandbodymovement,posture,andbalance;ispartofthehindbrainandisattachedtotherearportionoftheBrainstem.小腦Cerebr＝brain55精選課件ppt

Cerebrum

thepartoftheForebrainthatincludestheCerebralcortex;thelargestpartofthehumanBrain.大腦56精選課件ppt

Chemiosmosis

theprocessbywhichATPisproducedintheinnermembraneofamitochondrion.TheElectrontransportsystemtransfersprotonsfromtheinnercompartmenttotheouter;astheprotonsflowbacktotheinnercompartment,theenergyoftheirmovementisusedtoaddphosphatetoADP,formingATP.化學(xué)滲透作用57精選課件ppt

Chlorophyl(l)

thepigmentingreenplantsthatabsorbssolarenergy.Chloro=yellow,green

-phyll,-phyilous

(G.)leaf58精選課件ppt

Chlorophylla

thegreenphotosyntheticpigmentcommontoallphotosyntheticorganisms.59精選課件ppt

Chlorophyllb

anaccessorychlorophyllfoundinGreenalgaeandplants.60精選課件ppt

Chloroplasts

disk-likeOrganelleswithadoublemembranefoundineukaryoticplantcells;containthylakoidsandarethesiteofphotosynthesis.ATPisgeneratedduringphotosynthesisbyChemiosmosis.61精選課件ppt

Chromatid

generallyreferstoastrandofareplicatedchromosome;consistsofDNAandprotein.Chroma=color

62精選課件pptChromatin

acomplexofDNAandproteinineukaryoticcellsthatisdispersedthroughouttheNucleusduringInterphaseandcondensedintoChromosomesduringMeiosisandMitosis.63精選課件ppt

Chromosomes

structuresintheNucleusofaeukaryoticcellthatconsistofDNAmoleculesthatcontaintheGenes.64精選課件ppt

Cilia

hair-likeorganellesextendingfromthemembraneofmanyeukaryoticcells;oftenfunctioninlocomotion(sing.:cilium).纖毛65精選課件ppt

Circadianrhythms

biorhythmsthatoccuronadailycycle.生理節(jié)奏

66精選課件pptCirculatorysystem,

asystemthatusesacontinuousseriesofvesselsofdifferentsizestodeliverbloodtobodycellsandreturnittotheheart.67精選課件pptClasses

taxonomicsubcategoriesofphylum（門(mén)）綱

kingdom

order

family

genus

species68精選課件ppt

Codon

asequenceofthreeNucleotidesinMessengerRNAthatcodesforasingleaminoacid.遺傳密碼，密碼子69精選課件ppt

Coenzymes

chemicalsrequiredbyanumberofEnzymesforproperfunctioning;alsoknownasenzymecofactors.70精選課件ppt

Community

allspeciesorpopulationslivinginthesamearea.群落

ecosystem

population

species71精選課件ppt

Competition

oneofthebiologicalinteractionsthatcanlimitpopulationgrowth;occurswhentwospeciesviewitheachotherforthesameresource.72精選課件ppt

Complementarynucleotides

thebondingpreferencesofnucleotides,Adeninewiththymine,andCytosinewithGuanine.Alsoreferredtoascomplementarybasepairing.互補(bǔ)核苷酸73精選課件ppt

Completedominance

thetypeofinheritanceinwhichbothheterozygote