翻譯理論與實(shí)踐Translation Studies and Practice

翻譯理論與實(shí)踐

TranslationStudiesandPractice1Pleasetranslatethefollowing1.Thethickercarpetkilledthesoundofmyfootsteps.

2.走好。2

Thiscoursewillbetaught

in

bilinguallanguages

I’mpoorwithChineseintonation3

Example1

WhenIwasasyoungasyouarenow,toweringinconfidenceoftwenty-one,littledidIsuspectthatIshouldbeatforty-nine,whatInowam.a/我在你這個(gè)年紀(jì)的時(shí)候，二十出頭，充滿自信，意氣風(fēng)發(fā)，哪里會(huì)想到49歲今天的我呢？b/我在你這個(gè)年紀(jì)的時(shí)候，二十出頭，小荷尖尖，意氣風(fēng)發(fā)，哪里會(huì)想到49歲今天的我呢？4Example2二十歲的時(shí)候，有書店必逛，有書必買。三十歲之后，對(duì)書店視而不見，直接去了隔壁的美容院。a/Attheageoftwenty,IfrequentedthebookstoresandboughtwhateverIfound.Afterthirty,Iignoredthemandwentaheadintothenearbybeautyparlor.b/Attheageoftwenty,thebookstorewasamustforme,andIwasabigbookbuyer.Whileafterthirty,payingnoattentiontothebookstore,Ibreezeintothebeautyparlornextdoor.5Example3togild(orpaint)thelily1.給百合花鍍金2.給百合花上色3.花上貼金4.花上添錦5.錦上添花6.畫蛇添足7.徒勞無益8.多此一舉6Twoimportanttran.itemsSourcelanguages.l.譯出語Targetlanguaget.l.譯入語7翻譯不定性之說由于翻譯是一門博大精深的學(xué)問，雖然經(jīng)過國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的悉心研究，至今也未出現(xiàn)一套人人都能接受的翻譯原則和一種人人都能滿意的翻譯原則。正是因?yàn)榉g具備這一與眾不同的特征，它才如此有魅力，吸引著一代又一代致力于跨文化交際的人們立足于不同學(xué)科，從不同角度對(duì)它進(jìn)行研究。

8ExampleIlovemylovewithaE,becauseshe’senticing;IhateherwithanE,becauseshe’sengaged;Itookhertothesignoftheexquisite,andtreatedherwithanelopement;hername’sEmily,andshelivesintheeast.a/我愛我的愛人為了一E，因?yàn)樗荅nticing(迷人的）；我恨我的愛人為了一個(gè)E，因?yàn)樗齟ngaged(訂了婚了)；我用我愛人象征Exquisite(美妙)，我勸我的愛人從Elopement(私奔)，她的名字是Emily（愛彌麗），他的住處在East(東方)。b/我愛我的愛，因?yàn)樗L(zhǎng)得實(shí)在招人愛。我恨我的愛，因?yàn)樗换貓?bào)我的愛。我?guī)е綊熘∈幾诱信频囊患?。和她談情說愛。我請(qǐng)她看一出潛逃私奔，為的是我和她能長(zhǎng)久你親我愛。她的名字叫愛彌麗，她的家住在愛仁里。9Commentonhowdifficulttrans.isItoftentakesaslongastendaysorevenawholemonthtoestablishatermintranslationafterrepeatedconsiderationandhesitation

一名之立，旬月踟躇。嚴(yán)復(fù)

魯迅郭沫若

10Differentlanguagesystem

<theBible>’sillustration洪水消落以后，諾亞的子孫在地球上繁衍生息，分住在不同的部落。當(dāng)時(shí)天下人操同一口音，講同一種語言。他們往東遷移的時(shí)候，在示拿發(fā)現(xiàn)一篇平原，便在平原居住下來。他們商量燒制磚塊，合上灰泥，修建一座城池和一座高塔，塔頂要通天，以便揚(yáng)名天下，不致分散居住在地上。這時(shí)，耶和華臨界，看見人們正在修建通天塔。耶和華想：這些人若講同一種語言，凡是便可心想事成，無可不為了。耶和華便下界。弄亂了人們的語言，讓他們言語不同，交際受阻，同心也無法同力；于是，通天塔也就半途而廢。人們只得按耶和華的意愿，離開這座城池，分散到世界各地，講各自的語言。11AGeneralSurvey

betweenChineseandEnglish(1)TheChineselanguagehasitsorigindifferentfromthatoftheWesternlanguages.Broadlyspeaking,therearesevenlanguagefamiliesintheworld.Theyare:1)Sino-Tibetan(Chinese,Siamese,Tibetan,Burmese,etc.)2)Indo-European(chieflanguagesofEurope,Indo-Iranian,etc.)3)Ural-Altaic(Finno-Ugric,Turkish,Mongolian,etc.)4)Hemito-Semito(Arabic,Egyptian,NorthAmerican,etc.)5)African(Negro,Sudanic,bantu,etc.)6)Austronesian(Indonesian,Polynesian,Australian,etc.)7)indian(variousnativelanguagesinNorthandSouthAmericas,etc.)

12AGeneralSurveybetweenChineseandEnglish(2)

TheCharacteristicsoftheChineselanguageTheChineselanguageconsistsofideographiccharactersinsteadoforthographicspelling.Itis,therefore,essentiallydifferentfromEnglishinword-formation,andsyntaxontheonehand;andontheotherremarkablydifferentintextstructureandrhetoric.Herewedealwithsomedifferencesinword-formation,syntaxsoastoshowitscharacteristics

13ThecharacteristicsoftheChineselanguage

DifferencesinWord-formation1)Inword-formation,Chinesecharactersmustbe,firstofall,distinguishedfromChinesewords.AlltheChinesecharactersarenotwords,thoughmostcharactersbelongto,andformthegreatpartof,thebasicstockofwordsoftheChineselanguage.Theyaremorphemes(詞素),or,insomecases,semantemes（語義單位）,ofChinesewords.OutofthewholevocabularyoftheChineselanguage,quiteanumberofwordsconsistoftwoormorecharacters.ThustheChineselanguageisinfactpolysyllabic,thoughtheChinesecharactersaremonosyllabicbythemselves

14ThecharacteristicsoftheChineselanguage

DifferencesinWord-formation2)EveninOldChineseinwhichwordofsinglecharactersprevailed,as“和”(peace),“戰(zhàn)”(war),insteadof“和平”and“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”.

inModernChinese,theywereagreatnumberofdisyllables.ModernChinesehasmoreandmoredisyllabicwordssubstitutedformonosyllabicones.AndincurrentChinesepolysyllabicwordsorwordsoftwoormorecharacterscombinedtogether,areeverincreasinginnumber,inordertoenrichtheChineselanguagetomeetthegrowingdemandofsocialandscientificdevelopment.15continued1)Disyllables政治(politics)經(jīng)濟(jì)（economy）掌握(grasp;master)權(quán)利(power)建設(shè)(construction)國(guó)家(country)2)Trisyllables現(xiàn)代化(modernization)委員會(huì)(committee)合作社(co-operation)文工團(tuán)(ensemble)片面性(one-sidedness)靈活性(flexibility)3)polysyllables社會(huì)主義(socialism)新陳代謝(metabolism)言外之意(implication)疑神疑鬼(suspicious)異乎尋常(unusual)意識(shí)形態(tài)(ideology)16continued

AmalgamationheremeansputtingtwoormorecharacterssoastoformaChineseword,tomakethewordspreciseinmeaningbymeansofreduplicationofmeaningorcombinationwithotherwordsofsimilarnature.

17continued1)Reduplicationofmeaning:巨大(denotative:ahugeanimal;connotative:greatinfluence)廣大(den.:largeorextensiveterritory;con.:largemasses)高大(den.:highbuilding;con.:ambitiousdesire)寬大(den.:spaciousrooms;con.:generouspolicy)重大(den.:heavymachinery;con.:greatimportance)宏大(den.:loud–voiced;con.:liberal-minded)強(qiáng)大(den.:strongpower;con.:powerfulcountry)偉大(den.:agreatwarrior;con.:greatachievement)遠(yuǎn)大(den.:far-sightedview;con.:promisingfuture)龐大(den.:ahugebody;con.:bulkyorganization)18continued2)Combinationwithotherwordsofthesamenature:國(guó)際風(fēng)云(internationaltension)牛馬生活(adog’slife;amiserablelife)日常工作(everydaywork;routine)三天兩頭(almosteveryday)三心二意(shilly-shally)馬馬虎虎（careless）雞犬不寧(generalturmoil)三長(zhǎng)兩短(accident;misshape)橫七豎八(indisorder)七上八下(beagitated)19Continued:SyntaxThegeneralruleforsentencebuildinginChineseisillustratedbyLiuXie:“積字成句，積句成章”（Asentenceismadebyaccumulatingthewordandapassageismadebyaccumulatingthesentences）.Forexample:20Continued:Syntax從小丘西行北二十步，隔篁竹，聞水聲，如鳴佩環(huán)，心樂之。伐竹取道，下見小潭，水尤清洌。全石以為底，近岸，卷石底以出，為砥，為嶼，為堪，為巖。青樹翠蔓，蒙絡(luò)搖綴，參差披拂。潭中魚可百許頭，皆空游無所依。日光下徹，影布石上。怡然不動(dòng)，叔而遠(yuǎn)逝，往來翕忽，似與游者相樂。柳宗元：《小石潭記》21Continued:SyntaxTherearesentenceswithoutsubjectorpredicate-verbs.e.g.接到你的來信，非常高興。山高水低。一路上桃紅柳綠。22

TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

BeforewecometoseethecharacteristicfeaturesoftheEnglishlanguage,wehavetolearnalittleofitsoriginanddevelopment.AscomparedwithChinese,itisratherayounglanguage.Thusaccordingtothedevelopmentofthelanguage,Englishmaybedividedintothreestages:1)OldEnglish,which,muchlikeModernGermaninoutwardform,endedinabout1154thedateofthedeathofStephen(kingofEngland);2)MiddleEnglish(1154-1500),whichmaybesubdividedintoEarlyEnglish(1150-1300)andMiddleEnglish(1300-1500)

23TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

3)ModemEnglish(1500-)themostrapidalterationanddevelopmentinEnglishduringitslonghistorywasprobablyinthe15thcentury,attheendofMiddleEnglishstage,thusintroducingascomparedwiththosementionedaboveastimegoeson,afewwordschangetheirmeaningordropoutofuse;manynewonescomeintobeing.ThegeneraltendencyofthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguageistowardsimplicityanddirectness,aswefindittoday.24TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

Englishwasasyntheticlanguage-thatistosay,itshowedtheconnectionofwordsinasentencebytheirinflexionalforms.TodayEnglishisratheranalytical,thatistosay,itshowstheconnectionofwordsinasentencebyparticlesorbyword-order,Forexample;Godiskingofallkings.Heretheword“of”isaparticleand“kingofkings”isthechangeofthewordorder.

25TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

Ofcourse,theEnglishoftodayisstillnotsoanalyticalasChinese,itisreadilyseenfromitsoriginandnatureofdevelopmentthatEnglishhaslittleincommonwithChinesenotinwordformationormorphology,norinsyntaxThetranslationfromEnglishintoChineseis,thereforequitedifferentfromthetranslationoftwokindredlanguages,suchasfromEnglishintoFrenchorfromChineseintoJapaneseItneedsmoreactiveandcreativepowerintheformerBecauseofitsoriginanddevelopment,EnglishisdifferentfromChineseinmanyrespects,lnordertodotranslationworkwell,wehavetoknowthecharacteristicfeaturesoftheEnglishlanguageFromtheChinesepointofview,theyare:1)Theuseofarticles;2)Theuseofexpletives;3)Thewideuseofthepassive26TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

TheUseofArticlesTheword“article”(fromtheLatin“articulus”)meansasmalljointormember.Thetermwasformerlyusedforconnectivesandparticlesgenerally.Itsuseisstillconvenientinthemorelimitedsenseinwhichithaslongbeenused.InModernEnglish,thearticleisaformwordofthenoun,andservestospecifyorgeneralizeitThereare,infact,threearticles:thedefinitearticle,theindefinitearticleandthezeroarticle.Thezeroarticleisdifferentfromtheomissionofthearticle.Theformerdenotesgeneralizationofnouns,singularorplural.Heretheinsertionofthedefiniteorindefinitearticlewouldbringaboutachangeofmeaning.Comparethefollowingexamples:27TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language1)Thislecturedealswiththeproblemoflanguage,(Here“l(fā)anguage”isusedinitsmostgeneralsense,theabstractideaoflanguageassuch,butnotoneoftheexistinglanguages.)2)Englishisamixedlanguage.(Here“amixedlanguage”isoneofthelanguages.)3)NotethecharacteristicfeaturesoftheEnglishlanguage,(Here“thelanguage”isadefinitelanguage.)ThoughthearticleinEnglishisusedinEnglish,FrenchandGerman,itisnotfoundinChinese.SoitisnewanddifficulttotheChinesestudentsNowthethreearticles,whenproperlyused,sometimesindicatedifferentmeaningsinthesentences,sodifferentthattoidentifyorconfusethemistobeguiltyofanegregiousgrammaticaloffenceintranslatingfromEnglishintoChinese,careshouldbetakeninthosecaseswherethechangeintheuseofthearticlemakesthemeaningdifferent28TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

LanguageNotethemeaningdifferenceinthefollowingpairsofsentences:a)Thiscustomisconfinedtoapartofthecountry.這種風(fēng)俗只限于國(guó)內(nèi)一小部分.A’)PartofthehouseinwhichShakespearewasbornisstillstanding.莎士比亞出生的房子還有一小部分存在.b)Readthefifthandthelastparagraphsofthetext讀課文第五段和最后一段.(共讀兩段)B’)Readthefifthandlastparagraphofthetext.讀課文第五段,即最后一段.(只讀一段).c)Therearemanyrosesinthegarden;pleasepickouttheredandthewhiteones.園中有許多玫瑰,請(qǐng)?zhí)舫黾t玫瑰和白玫瑰.C’)LookattheredandwhiterosesinthegardenHowbeautifultheyare!你看園中那些紅白相間的玫瑰,多美啊!

29TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

LanguageOntheotherhand,intranslatingcolloquialChineseintoEnglish,onehastosupplythearticlewherenecessary,andpaymoreattentiontoselecttherightarticleinthesentence,lestintolerablemistakesshouldbemade.Forinstance;a)拿茶來.Bringmeacupoftea.b)給他本書吧.Givehimabook.c)把書給他.Givehimthebook.d)他是寄宿生,住在校內(nèi).Heisaboardstudent,stayingintheschoole)他弟弟上學(xué)了,卻天天回家.Hisbrotherisalsoinschool,butreturnshomeeverydayEveninsuchsimplesentences,theuseofthearticleplaysaveryimportantpartinEnglish,markingthedifferenceinmeaning.SoanyChinesestudentshouldpayattentiontothischaracteristicfeatureoftheEnglishlanguage.30TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

InEnglishtherearetwoparticularwords,whicharewidelyusedTheyare“it”and“there”.Theyarevariouslycalledintroductorywordsorexpletives.Whenthusused,theyarepracticallymeaninglessbythemselvesTheirfunctioninthesentenceformsoneofthecharacteristicfeaturesinEnglishsyntax.

VariousUsesoftheExpletive“IT”

Theword“it”isoneofthepersonalpronouns,denotinginanimatethingsinthesingularnumber.Butitisnotsolimitedinuse,onthecontrary,tismuchusedinmanyotherways.Generallyspeaking“it”asanexpletiveshows:1)impersonalsense;2)anticipatoryidea;3)demonstrativeforce;4)idiomaticuse.31

TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

LanguageImpersonal“IT”Theimpersonal“it”isusedinsentencesdenoting:a)Naturalphenomena:ItisfinetodayHowcolditis!b)Time:Whattimeisitnow?Itistoolate.c)Distance:HowfarisitheretotheSquare?Itisaboutthreekilometers.d)Stateofthingsingeneral:Howisitwiththesickman?ItisalloverwithhimPortiafeareditwouldgohardwithAntonio32TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

LanguageAnticipatory“It”a)Aninfinitiveassubject:Itisagreatjoytoliveinthecountryside.Itisdifficulttotranslateapassageadequately.b)Agerundassubject:Itisnousegoingtheresoearly.Itisnousearguingwithhimc)Aclauseassubject:ItisatruesayingthattimeandtidewaitfornomanIttakes28hoursthatwetravelfromtheearthtothemoon.33TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

LanguageDemonstrative“it”Whodiditforyou?ItwasheItisIwhoknowhimIdiomatic“it”Itisnotinhimtobedependeduponintimeofdanger

危急時(shí)候此人靠不住.

Itisnotingoldtobeoxidized.黃金不會(huì)氧化.Itrestswithyoutodecide由你決定吧.ItisapitythatIhavetoleaveschoolthisyear可惜我今年要休學(xué)了.34TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

LanguageExpletive“there”

Theword“there”asexpletiveisdifferentfromtheadverbofplace“there”inpronunciationandinsense,thoughshownbythepossibilityofcombiningitinthesentencewiththeadverbofplace“here”,“there”,“where”Itisusedfortwopurposes:

35TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language1)Tointroducesomeindefinitepersonorthingassubject:Thereisnothingsurprisingaboutthis.Theregoesthetrain.(=Wearetoolatetocatchit.)TherelivedanoldmanatthefootofthemountainTherehappenedtobeacarontheroadsideItisimpossiblefortheretobeanymoreIdon’tliketheretobeanotherwar.Therebeingnothingtodo.Wewenthome.

36TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language2)Tomakeidiomaticexpressionsorproverbs:Therearealwaysmoreroundpegsthanroundholes僧多粥少.Therearefriendsandfriends.朋友有各種各樣的.Thereisnosmoking禁止吸煙Thereisnocomeandgowithhim他很固執(zhí),毫無變通.Thereisnodown平安無事.37TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language

TheWideUseofthePassiveInEnglishthepassiveisafavoriteformduetosomeparticularfeatureofthelanguage.AsEnglishhasnoappropriateindefinitepronounscorrespondingtotheChinese“有人”,“大家”,thePassiveiswidelyusedinstead..1)Whentheactivesubjectisknownandneednotbementioned:Visitorsarerequestedtowaitalittle來賓請(qǐng)少待.2)Whentheactivesubjectisunknownorcannotbereadilystated:Thedoctorwasimmediatelysentfor.醫(yī)生立即請(qǐng)來.

38TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

Language3)Whentheactivesubjectisselfevidentfromthecontext:Thetoastwasdulydrunk.賓主照例干杯.4)Whentheactivesubjectisnotmentionedforsomespecialreasons(tactordelicacyofsentiment):Somethingshavebeensaidheretonightthatoughtnottohavebeenspoken.今晚有人在此講了些不應(yīng)該說的話.5)Whentheactivesubjectislessimportantthanthesubjectactedupon:Achildwasrunoverbyamotorcar.一個(gè)小孩給車壓了.6)Whentheactivesubjectisavoidedforstylisticdevices:Larryactuallylovedherandwaslovedinreturn.拉萊真的愛她,而她也愛拉萊.39Continued英語主語突出，漢語主題突出；英語常用無靈性主語，漢語多用有靈主語；英語敘述多呈靜態(tài)，漢語敘述多呈動(dòng)態(tài)；英語組句多焦點(diǎn)透視，句式呈樹式結(jié)構(gòu)，漢語組句多散點(diǎn)透視，句式呈竹式結(jié)構(gòu)；英語思維重邏輯，句式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)規(guī)范，缺乏彈性，漢語思維重語感，句式長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)短短，靈活多變。40Continued：“板塊”式結(jié)構(gòu)與“多枝共干”結(jié)構(gòu)1.話說天下大勢(shì)，分久必合，合久必分。Theysaythemomentumofhistorywaseverthus:theempire,longdivided,mustunite,longunited,mustdivide.2.他們進(jìn)行挑釁活動(dòng)，制造緊張局勢(shì)，必須馬上停止。Theymuststopalltheirprovocationsatonce,whichcreatetensions.Moreexamples:1，跑得了和尚跑不了廟。2，你死了我去當(dāng)和尚。3，他不去我去。4，他不去我也去。5，他不去我才去。6，知人知面不知心。7，人窮志短。8，人窮志不短。9，人有臉，樹有皮。10，人不犯我，我不犯人。41Continued：“板塊”式結(jié)構(gòu)與“多枝共干”結(jié)構(gòu)1,Themonkmayrunaway,butthetemplewon’trunwithhim.2,Ifyoudied,Iwouldgoandbecomeamonk.3,I’dliketogoifhewouldn’t4,I’dgothereevenifhewouldn’tgowithme5,I’dgothereonlyifhewon’t,6,Aman’sfaceonecanknow,butnothisheart.7,Whenamanispoor,hisambitionisnotfar-reaching.(Povertystiflesambition)8,Thoughoneispoor,hehashighaspirations.9.Thefaceisasimportanttoamanasthebarktoatree.10.Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked42Continued：“左分支”結(jié)構(gòu)與“有分支”結(jié)構(gòu)

獅子頭

開屏的孔雀中心詞中心意思附加意思修飾、限定中文思維順序從外圍到中心英文思維順序從中心到外圍村東頭的王大媽來了,受壞人欺騙的村們也來了.TherecameAuntWangwhodweltattheeasternendofthevillage,andalsocamethevillagerswhohadbeendeceivedbythescoundrel.去年他為了完成一個(gè)項(xiàng)目在實(shí)驗(yàn)室用計(jì)算機(jī)努力地干了十個(gè)月Heworkedhardwithacomputerinthelabfortenmonthsinordertocompleteaprojectlastyear.43Howtostudytranslationwell(1)Formysonsthereisofcoursetheruralbountyoffreshgrownvegetables,line-caughtfishandthesharedrichesofneighbours’orchardsandgardens.(2)Thereistheunpaidbaby-sitterforwhosechildrenmydaughter-in-lawbaby-sitsinreturnandneighbourswhobartertheirskillsandlabour.(3)Butmorethanthat,howdoyoumeasureserenity?Senseofself?(4)Idon’twanttoidealiselifeinsmallplaces.(5)Therearetimeswhentheoutsideworldintrudesbrutally,aswhenthecastofgasolinegoesupordeveloperscasttheireyesonuntouchedfarmland.(6)Therearecruelties,thereisintolerance,thereareallthemanyvicesandmeannessinsmallplacesthatexistinlargecities.(7)Furthermore,itishardertoignorethemwhentheycannotbebanishedpsychologicallytoanotherpartoftownorexcusedasthewhimsofaliengroupswhentheyhavetobeacknowledgeas“partofus.”（1）對(duì)我兒子說，自然有鄉(xiāng)下豐富的新鮮蔬菜，垂釣的魚，以及鄰居家的果園和花園中的財(cái)富。（2）還有一位免費(fèi)的保姆，她的孩子我兒媳也給看。鄰居們還交換技術(shù)和勞動(dòng)。（3）更有甚者，你怎樣在測(cè)量寧靜和自我意識(shí)？（4）我不想把小地方理想化。（5）有時(shí)外部世界會(huì)侵入這里。比如當(dāng)汽車漲價(jià)，開發(fā)商把目光投向未開墾的農(nóng)田。（6）有殘忍，有忍耐，有大城市所存在的所有罪惡和卑鄙。(7)另外，毋庸置疑的是，我們無法從心理上將其驅(qū)逐至市鎮(zhèn)之一隅，或釋為一族怪僻，承認(rèn)其為我們中的一部分。44(1)Formysonsthereisofcoursetheruralbountyoffreshgrownvegetables,line-caughtfishandthesharedrichesofneighbours’orchardsandgardens.(2)Thereistheunpaidbaby-sitterforwhosechildrenmydaughter-in-lawbaby-sitsinreturnandneighbourswhobartertheirskillsandlabour.(3)Butmorethanthat,howdoyoumeasureserenity?Senseofself?45(4)Idon’twanttoidealiselifeinsmallplaces.(5)Therearetimeswhentheoutsideworldintrudesbrutally,aswhenthecastofgasolinegoesupordeveloperscasttheireyesonuntouchedfarmland.(6)Therearecruelties,thereisintolerance,thereareallthemanyvicesandmeannessinsmallplacesthatexistinlargecities.(7)Furthermore,itishardertoignorethemwhentheycannotbebanishedpsychologicallytoanotherpartoftownorexcusedasthewhimsofaliengroupswhentheyhavetobeacknowledgedas“partofus.”46Howtostudytranslationwell分析

（1）幾乎是死譯的逐字對(duì)譯。“垂釣的魚”、“果園和花園分享的財(cái)富”令人不知所云。（2）詞義理解失誤。Theunpaidbaby-sitter并非指某一專業(yè)保姆，而是樂于助人的鄰居?！苯粨Q技術(shù)和勞動(dòng)“也屬逐字死譯。（3）“更有甚者”屬連詞使用不當(dāng)所造成的邏輯連貫失調(diào)。這段文字講的是鄉(xiāng)下的種種優(yōu)越性，“Butmorethanthat…”引出的兩個(gè)設(shè)問句，意在進(jìn)一步指出農(nóng)村生活給人們精神上帶來的益處，而漢語中的“更有甚者”只能引出貶義的東西。（5）untouched一詞的詞義理解失誤。此處的untouched應(yīng)指還未被開發(fā)商們用搞現(xiàn)代化工廠企業(yè)，仍保持著自然風(fēng)貌的那些農(nóng)田。（6）intolerance詞義理解失誤。（7）對(duì)原句結(jié)構(gòu)認(rèn)識(shí)不清。譯文讀來頗雅，似乎文筆不錯(cuò)。但實(shí)際上與原文大相徑庭。這種在譯文中炫耀文筆以掩飾理解不足的作法實(shí)在是不可取的。47Howtostudytranslationwell（1）對(duì)我兒子說，自然有鄉(xiāng)下豐富的新鮮蔬菜，垂釣的魚，以及鄰居家的果園和花園中的財(cái)富。（2）還有一位免費(fèi)的保姆，她的孩子我兒媳也給看。鄰居們還交換技術(shù)和勞動(dòng)。（3）更有甚者，你怎樣在測(cè)量寧靜和自我意識(shí)？（4）我不想把小地方理想化。（5）有時(shí)外部世界會(huì)侵入這里。比如當(dāng)汽車漲價(jià)，開發(fā)商把目光投向開墾的農(nóng)田。（6）有殘忍，有忍耐，有大城市所存在的所有罪惡和卑鄙。(7)另外，毋庸置疑的是，我們無法從心理上將其驅(qū)逐至市鎮(zhèn)之一隅，或釋為一族怪僻，承認(rèn)其為我們中的一部分。（1）對(duì)我的幾個(gè)孩子來說，鄉(xiāng)下有新鮮的蔬菜吃，有魚釣，還可以分享鄰居家花園和果園的樂趣。（2）遇到有事的時(shí)候，總有人來為你照看孩子，而我的兒媳有時(shí)也會(huì)去為別人臨時(shí)看看小孩。人們還常?；ハ鄮兔Γ尚┳约荷瞄L(zhǎng)的活計(jì)。（3）除此之外，那分安寧，那種對(duì)自我的感受，又豈是可以簡(jiǎn)單度量的嗎？（4）我并不想把小地方的生活理想化。（5）有時(shí)，外面的世界的東西也會(huì)粗暴地闖進(jìn)來。比如，汽油漲價(jià)，開發(fā)商把目光投向未被染指的農(nóng)田。（6）這里有殘暴的行徑，也有褊狹固執(zhí)，大城市的罪惡和卑劣的東西只是在小鎮(zhèn)的另一個(gè)地區(qū)才存在，或者只是一批外鄉(xiāng)人的怪誕想法，我們不得不承認(rèn)這些就是我們之中的一部分。這時(shí)，我們就更無法對(duì)這些丑行視而不見了。48HowtostudytranslationwellAvoidmisunderstandingthemeaningofeachwordHaveathoroughknowledgeoforiginalstructure.Decreaseshortageofbackground.Avoidword-for-wordtranslation

(hypotacticandparatactic).Uselogicalandsmoothconnection.Notoverusethebeautifulwords.Iwaslateforclassyesterday.Ihadtoopenthedoorandgoinbeforeeverybody.譯文一：我只好在大家望著我的情況下推門進(jìn)去。

譯文二：我只得在眾目睽睽下推門進(jìn)去。

譯文三：沒辦法，我只好硬著頭皮推門進(jìn)去。49HowtostudytranslationwellAvoidmisunderstandingthemeaningofeachwordHaveathoroughknowledgeoforiginalstructure.Decreaseshortageofbackground.Avoidword-for-wordtranslation(hypotacticandparatactic).Uselogicalandsmoothconnection.Notoverusethebeautifulwords.Johnstoodfromthechair.A:約翰從椅子上站起來。B:約翰站了起來。Earlierscientiststhoughtthatduringaman’slifetimethepowerofhisbraindecreasedA:早些時(shí)候的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，在人的一生中，腦子的機(jī)能會(huì)逐漸減弱。B:從前科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，人越老，腦子的機(jī)能越衰退。50Keepimprovingyourabilityoforiginal.RaiseyourChineseDomorepractice了解原文的第三道關(guān)，就是字典不能幫忙的那些東西：上自天文，下至地理，人情風(fēng)俗，俚語方言，歷史上的事件，小說里的人物，五花八門，無以名之，名之曰“雜學(xué)”二加二只能等于四，不能等于五。語言不是這樣的。之說TheflowerGirl:Willye-oopymef’them?TheDaughter:Donothingofthesort,mother.Theidea!3-50000-wordtranslationpracticeduringtheEnglishlearningtime7,800wordsperweekHowtostudytranslationwell51HowtostudytranslationwellKnowsometranslationskillsInthreeweeksEnglishwillbehungthenecklikechickens.Somechicken,someneck…A，一些小雞，一些脖子。B，難對(duì)付的小雞、難對(duì)付的脖子啊。Widenyourknowledge

WhiteHouseFoggyBottom<WaterlooBridge>52Howtostudytranslationwell

Decreaseshortageofbackground.History:AlliedNations協(xié)約國(guó)-同盟國(guó)，同盟國(guó)-軸心國(guó)CuriouslycarefullyI’maDutchman,if…E.g.,Ifthatpictureisgenuine,ReligionGod/老天爺BlackFriday/13Speakofangels,andyouwillheartheirwings;talkofthedevil,andhe’ssuretoappear.GeographyLovelyweather,isn’titWestwind/EastwindCarrycoalstoNewcastle.BigAppleCustomsThankyouGreen-eyedYoulookdarkeraftertheholidays.Allthechildrenhavegotmarried.Areyouthrough?yes…(British)53Howtostudytranslationwell

Decreaseshortageofbackground.Socialandpoliticalbackground:WorkingclassPropaganda(It’smerepropaganda.It‘snottrue))Exploit(開發(fā)利用、獲取利潤(rùn)Artandliterature:MagpieanddragonLoveme,lovemydogAwhiteChristmas(銀裝素裹，大雪紛飛)Commentthefollowingversions:Aninterpreter(translator)hastoknoweverythingofsomethingandsomethingofeverything.譯文一：一個(gè)口譯或筆譯人員對(duì)一些事情要什么都懂，對(duì)所有事情都要懂一些。譯文二：翻譯人員對(duì)有些事情要無所不曉，對(duì)所有事情又要略知一二。譯文三：翻譯人員搞學(xué)問，既要精深，又要淵博。54TranslationHistoryinChineseEarliesttimeEastHanDynasty2000yearsagoFirstperiod:?EastHanDynastyTangDynasty

?Buddhism

?鳩摩羅什（印度人）、真諦（印度人）、玄奘?Secondperiod:?MingandQingDynasty?嚴(yán)復(fù)《天演論》?Thirdperiod:?AfterMay4thMovement（Goldentime?陳望道、李達(dá)、魯訊、瞿秋白、矛盾、林語堂、?50’and60’s:?Goldentime傅雷、揚(yáng)憲益?Today’stranslation

5556論翻譯的角色

畫家，鋼琴演奏家、雕塑家和演員。中介人、介紹人、媒婆、代言人、隱形人、叛逆者、雜家、原作忠實(shí)的奴仆或一仆二主的仆人、帶鐐銬跳舞的人……三教九流、應(yīng)聲蟲、原作者肚子里的蛔蟲、學(xué)舌鸚鵡57第一單元模擬試題一、翻譯下列詞組A．英譯漢1．expressway2．TheGreatHallofthePeople3．Immunity4．openingtotheoutsideworld5．biologicalengineeringB．漢譯英1．人民代表大會(huì)2．希望工程3．國(guó)際文化交流4．國(guó)際金融5．客座教授58第一單元模擬試題二、改譯下列翻譯不正確的句子1．Thesethreestepsconstitutedonepochaladvance．這三個(gè)步驟構(gòu)成了一個(gè)劃時(shí)代的進(jìn)展。2．Thisfilmisadramatictreatmentofathreatenedstoppageinafactory．影片是對(duì)一家工廠的一場(chǎng)受到威脅的罷工的戲劇的處理。3．Nowonderthesightofitshouldsendthememoriesofquiteanumberoftheoldgenerationsback36yearsago．難怪這情景會(huì)使老輩的許多人回想起36年前的往事。4．Witholdplaster-casting,thebonetakeslongertoknitandcripplingeffectsfrommuscleinactivityresult.因?yàn)槭嗄Ｗ优f了，得很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間骨頭才能愈合，由于肌肉不活動(dòng)的結(jié)果，影響成了殘廢。5．Theimportanceoflasercannotbeoverestimatedinthatitcanprovideextremelyhighcapacityforcommunication．在提供極高的通信容量方面，對(duì)激光器的重要性不能估計(jì)過高。6．有了辯證唯物論的思想，就省了許多事，也少犯許多錯(cuò)誤。Ifdialecticalmaterialismisgrasped，alotoftroubleissavedandmanymistakescanbeavoided．7．在經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的實(shí)踐中，已經(jīng)涌現(xiàn)了大批的優(yōu)秀人才。Largenumbersoftalentedpersonshavecometotheforeineconomicconstructionpractice．8．必須進(jìn)行認(rèn)真教育，以期一步一步解決這個(gè)問題。Educationmustbeassiduouslycarriedoutandthisproblemcanbesolvedstepbystep．9．我身邊的桌子上點(diǎn)著一盞燈，燈旁放著一只小盒子。Onthetablebesidemealampwaslit,nearwhichitlayalittlebox．10．地下埋藏著大量的黃金。Hidingundergroundisawealthofgold．59第一單元模擬試題三、在下面四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最好的譯文1．Seeinghisuneasiness，Mrs．Morrissmiled．A．看到他很不安，莫里斯夫人笑了。B．他不安的樣子把莫里斯夫人弄笑了。C．莫里斯夫人很高興看到他尷尬的樣子。D．看見他那副尷尬的樣子，莫里斯夫人笑了。2．Usedeconomically,onetinwilllastforatleasttwomonths．A．經(jīng)濟(jì)的用法，一聽(罐)至少可以用兩個(gè)月。B．只要省著用，一聽(罐)至少可以用兩個(gè)月。C．只要省著用，一聽(罐)至少可以堅(jiān)持兩個(gè)月。D．如果省著用，一聽(罐)至少會(huì)堅(jiān)持兩個(gè)月。3．車拋錨時(shí)他很生氣，因?yàn)樗能囎右恍瞧谇皠傂捱^。A．Hewasveryangrywhenhiscarbrokedown，havinghad