利用人工智能實(shí)現(xiàn)全民學(xué)習(xí) Learning for All with Al - 100 Influential Academic Articles of Educational Robots

LearningforAllwithAI?100InfluentialAcademicArticlesofEducationalRobots

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LearningforAllwithAI?100InfluentialAcademicArticlesofEducationalRobots

?SmartLearningInstituteofBeijingNormalUniversity(SLIBNU),2023

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ThispublicationisavailableinOpenAccessundertheAttribution4.0International(CCBY4.0)license(https:///licenses/by/4.0/).

Pleasecitetheworkasfollows:

Huang,R.,Liu,D.,Chen,Y.,Adarkwah,M.A.,Zhang,X.L.,Xiao,G.D.,Li,X.,Zhang,J.J.,Da,T.(2023).

LearningforAllwithAI?100InfluentialAcademicArticlesofEducationalRobots.Beijing:SmartLearningInstituteofBeijingNormalUniversity.

LearningforAllwithAI?100InfluentialAcademicArticlesofEducationalRobots

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LearningforAllwithAI?

100InfluentialAcademicArticlesofEducationalRobots

LearningforAllwithAI?100In?uentialAcademicArticlesofEducationalRobots

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Preface

EmbracingaNewEra:FacilitatingTeachingandLearningthroughRobotics

▍ArtificialIntelligenceandRoboticsinEducation

Artificialintelligence(AI)israpidlydeveloping,whichhasalreadybroughtustowhatcanbeconsideredthe“intel-ligentera”whereAIhaspenetratedalmosteveryaspectofsociety.Thiscanbeseenbytheseriesofsophisticatedproductsandservicesthathaveemergedtoforman“AIecosystem”whichhasbroughtwithitthebenefitsofthetechnologytoindividuals,tobusinessesandtoserviceofpublicinterest.In2019,UNESCOpublishedtheBeijingConsensusonArtificialIntelligenceandEducation(UNESCO,2019),thefirsteverdocumenttoofferguidanceandrecommendationsonhowbesttoharnessAItechnologiesforachievingtheEducation2030Agenda.In2021,Unit-edNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)issued“AIandeducation:guidanceforpol-icy-makers”(Miaoetal.,2021)whichsharedthebeliefthattheuseofAI-enabledor‘smart’robotsineducationisawayinwhichAIcanbeleveragedtoenhanceeducation.In“GatheringStrength,GatheringStorms:TheOneHun-dredYearStudyonArtificialIntelligence(AI100)2021StudyPanelReport”(Michaeletal.,2021)issuedbyStanfordUniversity,roboticsisalsoregardedasoneofthemostimportantadvancesinAI,anditsdevelopmentwasdriveninpartbytheneedtosupportsocialdistancingduringtheCOVID-19pandemic.In2022,UNESCOpublished“K-12AIcurricula:Amappingofgovernment-endorsedAIcurricula”(UNESCO,2019)toguidethefutureplanningofen-ablingpolicies,thedesignofnationalcurriculaorinstitutionalstudyprograms,andimplementationstrategiesforAIcompetencydevelopment.

Figure1BeijingConsensusonArtificialIntelligenceandEducation(left)

andAIandeducation:Guidanceforpolicy-makers(right)

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▍GuidingPoliciesforPromoting

EducationalRobots

VariouscountriesallovertheworldhaveissuedstatementsregardingAIinthefieldofeducation.TheUSNationalScienceFoundationissuedthe“USInno-vationandCompetitionActof2021”(UnitedStates,2021),whichclarifiedthatAIwasidentifiedasakeyfieldandwouldbecomeafocusoftheUnitedStatesinrespondingtochallenges.TheMinistryofDefenseoftheUKreleased“TheDefenseArtificialIntelligenceStrategy”(UKMinistryofDefence,2022)whichelabo-ratedontheimportanceofAI,thestrategicvisionoftheBritishgovernmentforAI,theadvantagesofthedevelopmentofartificialintelligenceintheUK,thefourstrategicobjectivesandthemethodstoachievethesestrategicobjectives.TheGermangovernmentlikewisepublisheditsstrategyforAIin2018(Germany,2018).Thisstrategyputforwardthreecoreobjectives,twelveactionareasandrelevantpromotionmeasuresforthedevelopmentofAItechnologyinGermany,inordertoacceleratethedevelopmentandapplicationofAItechnologyandensureGermany’sfuturecom-petitiveness.

Againstabackgroundoffiercecompetition,theStateCouncilofChinapublished“DevelopmentPlanningforaNewGenerationofArtificialIntelligence”(StateCouncilofChina,2017)in2017,puttingforwardtheguidingideology,strategicobjectives,keytasksandguaranteemeasuresforthedevelopmentofChina’snewgenerationofAI.TheMinistryofEducationofChi-nahasadditionallyissuedthe“EducationalInforma-tization2.0ActionPlan”(MinistryofEducationofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,2018)in2018and“GuidingOpinionsonPromotingtheConstructionofNewEd-ucationalInfrastructureandBuildingaHigh-QualityEducationSupportSystem”(MinistryofEducationandothersixdepartmentsofChina,2021)in2021.Allthesestatementssetthestrategyofeducationaltransformationandmodernization,bystrengthening

theresearchandapplicationofkeytechnologiessuchasintelligentteachingassistants,educationalrobots,intelligentcompanionsandthoserelatedtolanguageandtextinformatization.

▍LearningwithEducationalRobots

Educationalrobotsformanimportantpartofthesmartlearningenvironment.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenariseinthepopularityoftheapplicationofrobotsineducationtoofferteachersandstudentsinteractiveandengagingwaystoenhancethelearn-ingprocess.Aroundtheworld,governmentsarelaunchinginitiativesaimedattheoptimaluseofro-botsthatincorporatesAItoadvanceeducationinthisintelligentera.InChina,15departmentsincludingtheMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyhaveissued“The14thFive-YearPlan”forrobotindustryde-velopmentin2021.Inthereport,itisproposedthatservicerobotsandspecialrobotsshouldbeappliedinthefieldsofwarehousingandlogistics,educationandentertainment,cleaningservices,securityinspection,medicalrehabilitation,etc.

Scientificbreakthroughsandpracticalexplorationshavebeenmadeoverthepastdecadesineachoftheabove-statedfields,andthistrendisforecastedtocontinuethroughoutthenearfuture.Numerouspub-lishedstudiesemphasizetheimprovementoflearn-ingperformanceandaccomplishmentofteachinggoalsthroughrobotics.Incorporatingroboticsinedu-cationisessentialforeducationalenvironmentsseek-ingtoprovidenovelandinnovativelearningmethodsneededtoequipstudentswithtwenty-first-centuryskillssuchasfosteringandenhancingthinkingskills(Evripidouetal.,2020),problem-solvingskills(At-matzidouetal.,2017),creativity(Nemiroetal.,2017),motivation(Masteretal.,2017;Daniela&Strods,2018),andcomputationalthinking(Chenetal.,2017).Theapplicationofrobotsinstudentswithspecialneedsisalsoacquiringagreatimportance(DiLieto

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etal.,2020).Therefore,withsuchawiderangeof

uses,roboticproductsandplatformshavecon-

tinuedtoemergeinordertomeetdifferented-

ucationalscenariorequirements.Inhomes,edu-

cationalrobotscanbeusedasintelligenttoysfor

children’sentertainmentrobotscanplaygames

withpreschoolchildren,monitortheirsafetyand

healthcondition,languagelearningpartners(par-

ticularlyforages3-5atthecriticalperiodforlan-

guageacquisition),andlearningcompanionsfor

individualdevelopment.Inclassroom,robotscanhelpstudentstodotheirassignments,beutilizedasteachingaidsforScience,Technology,Engineer-

Figure2ArticleNo.inWebofScienceCore(SSCI+SCIIndex)

ing,Mathematics(STEM)courses,andplaytheroleofateachingassistanttoprovidethreekindsofservicestotheteachersincludingpre-classpreparation,in-classassistanceandafter-classassistance.Intrainingcenters,robotscanassistspecialeducation,likeprovidingsocialassistancetreatmentforkidswithautism.Inschools,robotsalsocanplaytheroleofasmartclassroommanagertoprovidecontext-awarecontrolofhardwareandsoftwarefacil-ities.Invocationaltraining,robotscanalsohelpindustrialmanufacturingtraining,surgicalmedicaltraining,andrehabilitation.Robotscanalsoprovidecompanionshipandcognitivetrainingfortheseniorpeople.Inall,educa-tionalrobotsserveawiderangeofeducationalneeds.Theycannotonlyinnovateexistingteachingandlearningactivities,butalsocreateneweducationalservices.Asthescopeofeducationalservicescoversawiderangeofusergroupsandavarietyofeducationalsettings,thereisawidemarketforeducationalrobotscoveringdifferentagegroupsandapplicationscenarios.

Figure3“TheNextBigThings:GlobalDevelopmentStatusandTrendsinEducationalRobots”(left)and

“EducationalRobotsWhitePaper2019:TheGlobalDevelopment”(right)

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▍PurposeofThisHandbook

SmartLearningInstitute(SLI)ofBeijingNormalUniversityisacomprehensiveresearchstationdedicatetoscientificresearch,technologydevelopmentandsocialexperiments,andiscommittedtoenablingglobalengagementanddevelopmentofsmarteducationstrategies.In2016,SLIpublished“TheNextBigThings:GlobalDevelopmentSta-tusandTrendsinEducationalRobots”,thefirstpublicationwiththethemeofeducationalrobotsinChina.Ithaseffectivelypromotedtheresearchanddevelopmentofeducationalrobots,andthereforeaccelerateeducationalinformatization.In2019,SLIissued“EducationalRobotsWhitePaper2019:TheGlobalDevelopment”,whichisanattempttoanalyzecurrentstatusanddevelopmenttrendsofglobaleducationalrobots.

Theprincipalobjectiveofthishandbookistopresentstate-of-the-artofeducationalroboticsandhowtheycanbeharnessedtofacilitatelearning.Todothis,asystematicapproachhasbeenutilizedtopresentfindingsanddiscus-sionsofhundredinfluentialjournalarticlesinthefieldofeducationalroboticsinthepastsixyears(2018-2023).Thepotentialeducationalopportunitiesandchallengesasaresultoftheincorporationofroboticsineducationarepresentedforeducatorsandresearcherstoexplorebestpracticesinusingroboticsforlearningandcreateeffec-

tivesolutionstotackleemergingproblems.Byanalyzingeducationalrobotics,thehand-bookattemptstoplaceemphasisonhowroboticscanbeleveragedtoprovidesoundpedagogicalprinciplesessentialforthede-velopmentoftransferableskillsneededinourcontemporarysociety.

Thehandbookprovidesthereaderwiththekeyresearchorganizationsandjournalsthathaveextensivelycontributedtothefieldofeducationalroboticsinthepastsixyears.Additionally,thepopularandrele-vanttermsandtheoriesineducationalro-

Figure4Wordcloudgeneratedfromresearcharticles

boticsareprovidedtohelpthereadergainbackgroundknowledgeofthesubjectmatter.Thehundredinfluentialacademicarticlesobtainedfromthesystematicsearchofliteraturearefurthercategorizedintoseventhematicareasineducationalroboticstohighlightthekeyareasresearchersarefocusingon.Thehandbookaimstoguideareaderincomprehendinghowdifferenttypesofrobotsareutilizedtopromotelearningamongdifferenttypesofstudentsindifferentcontextsandindifferentdisciplinesofstudy.

▍Acknowledgment

Firstandforemost,wewishtoconveyourutmostappreciationtotheauthorsoftheselected100articles,includ-ingbutnotlimitedtoTonyBelpaemeofGhentUniversity,RianneVanDenBergheofUtrechtUniversity,MarinaUmaschiBersofTuftsUniversity,HuiliChenofMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,OlimpiaPinoofUniversityofParma,José-ManuelSáez-LópezofSpanishNationalUniversityofDistanceEducation,MojtabaShahabofSharifUniversityofTechnology,whoseeffortshavesignificantlyenrichedthefieldofeducationalroboticsresearch.Ow-

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ingtoconstraintsofspace,thishandbookhasonlyincluded40articlesforexcerpt.However,weemphasizethatallarticleshavehighacademicvalue.

Wewouldliketoacknowledgethecontributionofseveralexpertsfortheirhelpfulcommentsandadvicestoen-hancethequalityofthishandbook,especiallyProf.LeiFanofCapitalNormalUniversity,Prof.XiangenHuofUni-versityofMemphis,Prof.ZoranMiljkovicofUniversityofBelgrad,Prof.DanimirMandicofUniversityofBelgrade,Prof.MarioDumancicofUniversityofZagreb,andYanyanLiofBeijingNormalUniversity.Wewouldliketothankalltheexpertswhoparticipatedinourinterviewtoprovideasolidbasefortheformationofthishandbook,namelyProf.LinmiTaoofTsinghuaUniversity,Prof.HaiguangFangofCapitalNormalUniversity,Prof.ChungmingOwnofTianjinUniversity,Prof.JianxinPangofUBTECHRoboticsCorpLtd,Mr.KanqingWangofLEGOEducationandMr.NingCuiofUBTECHRoboticsCorpLtd.WewouldalsoliketothankDr.TingwenChangandMrs.JunxiuWangofBeijingNormalUniversity,whohasbeenactivelyinvolvedinthediscussionandplanningofthishandbookproject.

Manypeoplehavehelpedusinfinalizingthishandbook.Wewouldliketoacknowledgethediligenteffortsofthoseresearcherswhocoordinatedthepreparationandproductionofthishandbook,namelyYuheWang,ZhaoyuLin,ZhichaoYangandStephanieHollings.

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ReadingGuidelinesofThisHandbook

▍DefiningEducationalRobots

Thishandbookcoverstwotypesofeducationalrobots:educationalroboticsandeducationalservicerobots.

Educationalroboticsisaseriesofactivities,curriculums,physicalplatforms,educationalresources,oreducation-alphilosophyaimtoassistteachingandlearningactivities.Throughdesign,assembling,programmingandopera-tion,educationalroboticsarousestheinterestandcuriosityofthestudentsandnurtureslearners’competencies.Modularrobotsandrobotkitsarecommonaccessoriesineducationalrobotics,suchasLegoMindstorms,mBotarecommonlyusededucationalroboticsforroboticteachingthroughhands-onactivities.

Educationalservicerobotsareservicerobotswithintelligencecapableofteachingandlearning.Theyarecom-monlyusedinauxiliaryandmanagementteachinginsuchdomainsasSTEMeducation,languagelearning,andspecialneedslearningprograms.Differentfromtheproductscommonlyusedineducationalrobotics,educationalservicerobotshaveafixedstructure.Inaddition,usersdonotdisassembletheserobotsbythemselves.Education-alServiceRobotscanbeintheformofhumans,animals,orvehiclesindifferentshapesandsizes.

Figure5Educationalroboticsandeducationalservicerobots

▍TheSelectionofPapersandUserGuidance

The100influentialacademicarticlesselectedinthishandbookhadtobehighlycited,withacutting-edgeproposal,representativeoftheirfieldsandmosttrendy.Inordertofindthesearticles,thefollowingprocesswasfollowed:

HighlycitedarticlesfromWebofScienceCoreCollection

First,weretrieveddatafromtheWebofScienceCoreCollection,whichcontainsextensiveresourcesontheonline

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Representativepapersoftopresearchersandor-ganizations

Weconductedastatisticalanalysisofthetotalcitationcountsforeachauthoroftheselectedliteratureandthensortedtheauthorsindescendingorderbasedontheircitationcounts.Weselectedthetop20authorswiththehighestcitationcounts,aswellasthethreepapersthattheseauthorswerecitedmostfrequentlyintheliteratureunderanalysis.

Wealsoconductedastatisticalanalysisofthetotalcitationcountsforeachresearchinstitutionoftheselectedliteratureandthensortedtheinstitutionsindescendingorderbasedontheircitationcounts.Weselectedthetop20institutionswiththehighestcita-tioncounts,aswellasthethreepapersthatthesein-stitutionswerecitedmostfrequentlyintheliteratureunderanalysis.

Snowballingliteraturefromreference

Tosolicitliteratureontwokeytopicswhicharecog-nitivetrainingforseniorpeopleandChatGPT,weuti-lizedthesnowballingmethod.

Finally,wemanuallydeletedarticlesthatwereirrele-vanttothefieldofeducationandgotthefinallistofarticlestobereviewedandsummarizedinthishand-book.

platform.Itisawell-knowntrustedcitationindexfor

academicresearch,includingnolessthan21,000

peer-reviewed,high-qualityacademicjournalsac-

cessibleacrosstheworld.Theincludedpublications

covermorethan250disciplinesinnaturalsciences,

socialsciencesandhumanities,aswellasconference

proceedingsandbooksinvariouskindsofdisciplines.

Duetothelargenumberofdataincludedinit,wese-

lectedtheWebofScienceCoreCollectionasthemain

sourceofdatausedinthisreport.

Weprocessedthedatacollectedfrompublisheddoc-

uments,whichwereselectedbasedonthecriteria:

(1)thepublicationshadtoberigorouslydesigned;(2)

thepublicationshadtohavearrivedatconclusions

throughreliableandvalidempiricalresearch;(3)the

publicationshadtobepublishedafterarigorous

peer-reviewedprocess;(4)thepublicationshadtobe

relatedtotheuseofrobotsintheeducationalfield.

Thedatawereobtainedviapublicationsintheonline

databaseWebofScienceCoreCollection(including

databasesofSCIE,SSCI,A&HCIandCPCI-S)usingthe

terms(education*ANDrobot*)OR(teacher*AND

robot*)OR(child*ANDrobot*)OR(student*AND

robot*)OR(classroom*ANDrobot*)intitlesfrom

thetimeframeof2018to2022.Overall,weidentified

484peer-reviewedarticles.Then,thesearticleswere

sortedbycitationscoreandthetop100articleswith

highcitationswereselectedtorepresenthighlycited

articles.

Figure6Searchandselectionprocess

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▍HowtoUseThisHandbook

Youcanreadfromanypageofthishandbook;however,thearticlesareintegratedintoseventopicsforsystematiccomprehension.Pleasenoticetheindexineachpaper,anddofindtherelevantinformation(organization,publi-cation,robotandterminology)inthechapter“BackgroundMaterialNecessaryfortheEffectiveUseofThisHand-book”.

Figure7Graphicalguideforreading

ThematicTopicsofEducationalRobot

The100Influentialacademicarticlesrevealmainthematicareaswhereeducationalroboticshavebeenappliedtoenhancethelearningoutcomesofstudents.

Anewthemethathasemergedistopicone,“Personalizedtutoringthroughconversationalagents”,whichfocusedonanewadvancedformofartificiallyintelligentchatbots,ChatGPT,whichhasbecomeahotdiscussiontopicatthepresentandwillpossiblycontinuetobeoneinthefuture.Potentialissuestobediscussedintheuseoftheconversationalagent(ChatGPT)aretechnicalconcepts,inclusionandethicalissues,usabilityanduserexperience,academicintegrityandmachine-humancollaboration.

Topictwo,“RoboticsinSTEMEducation”,dealtwithroboticsfortheimplementationofSTEMeducationwhichisaninterdisciplinaryapproachtolearningwhereacademicconceptsarecoupledwithreal-worldlessons.RoboticswasseentoproviderichandattractivelearningexperiencesinSTEMeducationandfacilitatedstudentengagementin

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thelearningprocess.

Intopicthree,“Robotics-OrientedProgramming”,educationalroboticsapplicationinthefieldofcomputerscience,inparticularprogramming,waspresented.Hereroboticswasfoundtostimulatethecreativityandproblem-solv-ingabilitiesoflearnersbuttherearekeychallengesconfrontingcurrentrobot-basedprogrammingsuchastheimpossibilityofpromotingthepopularityofengineeringcollegesinrobot-basedprogrammingbecauseofthelackofnecessaryequipmenttopromotetheconceptinengineeringcollege,theshortageofqualifiedteachersandtheissueofhowteachingmaterialscanbeusedtomeetthedemandfordifferentgradesstudents.

AnewformofAI,socialrobots,wasthemainfocusoftopicfour,“LanguageLearningwithSocialRobots”.Thus,studiesonhowsocialrobotscanbeusedtopromotelanguagelearningwerediscussed.

Themaindiscussionpointfortopicfive,“Teachingwithroboticsinclassrooms”,washowroboticscanaugmenttraditionalpedagogicalpractices.Thearticlespresentedmadeacaseforhoweducationalroboticscanbeavalu-abletooltohelpinthevisualizationofabstractknowledge.

Howrobotscanhelpstudentswithneurologicaldisabilities,specifically,autismwasthemainthemefortopicsix,“Robot-assistedspecialeducation”.Thesestudiesfoundthatchildrenwithautismperceiverobotsaslessintimidat- ingandmoreinteresting,hence,theserobotsenablethemtoeasilyinteractandengageinactivities.

Finally,thelasttopic,“Robot-BasedCognitiveTrainingfortheSeniorPeoplewithSpecialNeeds”,expoundedonthepotentialofeducationalrobotsinpromotingcognitivetrainingfortheseniorpeople.Roboticswasrevealedasanacceleratoroflifelonglearningandgoodqualityoflifefortheseniorpeople.

Topic1.PersonalizedTutoringthroughConversationalAgents

Thefourthindustrialrevolutionkeepspushingtheadvancementoftechnologyintheformofartificialintelligence(AI),roboticsandnaturallanguageprocessing(NLP)whichincreasinglymakestheuseofconversationalagents(such

aschatbots)ineducationapossibility.AdvancedconversationalagentsarepoweredbyAIandexploitNLPtohavetext-baseddialogueswithusers.Acon-versationalagentcanalsomakeuseofspeechrecognitiontechnologytohaveaspokenconversationwithauser.Devel-opersofconversationalagentsdesignthemtomimichuman-likeconversationsinawaythatisindistinguishablefromhavingactualinteractionwithahuman.Asaresult,someconversationalagents

Figure8AneraofChatGPT

areimbuedwithhumanqualitieslikepersonality,emotionandhumor.AI-poweredconversationalagentsareabletoofferlearningsupportandenablealearnertoengageinself-assessmentwhichcanbedifficulttoprovidein

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traditionallearningenvironments.Inadditiontoprovidingpersonalizedlearningtousers,conversationalagentsadopthumanpedagogicalrolessuchaslearningcompanions,coachesortutorsineducationalsettings.Pedagogicconversationalagentsalsopromotecollaborativelearningintechnology-enhancedlearningenvironmentssuchasE-learning,onlinelearning,massiveopenonlinecourses(MOOC)andinothervirtualworlds.Theuseofconver-sationalagentsaspedagogicalagentsisunderscoredashavingthepotentialtoenhancelearningoutcomesandmemoryandincreasethemotivationoflearnerstoengageinthelearningprocess.Atthesametime,itbringsupdiscussionsonacademicintegritywhileapplyingsuchtechnology.

OneofthekeyrecentdevelopmentsofconversationalagentsisChatGenerativePre-trained(ChatGPT)Transform-er,anewAImodelwhichleveragesNLPtoperformawidearrayoftasks.ChatGPTisalargelanguagemodelthatusesdeeplearningalgorithmstrainedonvastamountsofdatabyOpenAI,togeneratehuman-likeresponsestouserprompts.BytheendofNovember2022,ChatGPTwasofficiallyreleasedtothepublicandimmediatelybroughttheChatGPTphenomenontoalmosteverywhere-medical,economic,finance,journalism,etc.Withinoneweek,ChatGPTgarneredmorethanonemillionsubscribers,andthenumberhascontinuedtoraisetoahundredmillioninlessthantwomonths,whichbroketherecordfortakingtheshortesttimetoreach100millionmonthlyusers.OnMarch15th2023,OpenAIreleasedGPT-4asthelatestmilestone.GPT-4isalargemultimodalmodelthatisabletoacceptapromptoftextandimages,andunderstandandexpresslogicalideasbehindtheimages.Itcanalsoteacharangeofsubjectpersonalizedbylearner’sskilllevel.

Figure9EvolutionofGPTmodel

Inthecontextofeducation,educatorsandstudentsalreadyunlockedseveralapplicationscenarios.Educatorscanuseittocreatecontentlikecourseoutlines,presentations,coding,quizzes,grading,scientificpapers,etc.Studentscanuseitforhelpingsolvequestions,writingessaysandgettingformativefeedbackontheirwork.Severalaca-demicstudieshavealreadybeenmadeonexploringpossiblescenariosintegratingChatGPTinscienceeducation,engineeringeducation,mathematicaleducation,medicaleducation,mediaeducationandspecialeducation.

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Table1PossiblescenariosandexamplesofChatGPTapplicationindifferentfields

DespitethepopularityChatGPTenjoys,peoplesharemixedfeelingsregardingthewayforward.ChatGPTmayhaveprofoundimplicationsforeducationsuchastransforminglearninggoals,learningmethods,learningoutcomesandlearningassessment.However,ChatGPTcouldchallengeeducatorstorethinktheirroles,methodsandexpec-tations.JustlikeothergenerativeAI,ChatGPThascertainlybroughtopportunitiesandbenefitstoeducationbutalsoimpliesthreatsandpitfalls.

Figure10FrameworkofChatGPT

ThebenefitsandopportunitiesofusingChatGPTineducationinclude:

●ChatGPTmaybeusedasavirtualintelligenttutorforpersonalizedtutoringofferingpersonalizedrecommen-dations,interactivelearning,creativeproblem-solvingandcollaborativelearningexperience.

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●ChatGPTmayalsohelptocreateanadaptivelearningenvironmenttostimulatemasterylearning,whereastudentcanprogressattheirownpaceandlearnmoreefficientlyandeffectivelyprovidingpersonalizedlearningexperiencesthataretailoredtotheirneedsandabilities.

●ChatGPTcanalsobeusedasinspiration-onecanadapt,mixorreinterpretAI-generatedideastotheirownwork.

●ChatGPTachievesstate-of-the-artresultsonseveraltranslationbenchmarks,whichisabletomakelearningcontentmoreaccessible.

●ChatGPTcanleverageautomationoftheworkingprocessestospareteachersfromgrading,assessmentandothertime-consumingwork,andhenceallowthemmoretimetofocusonteaching.

Meanwhile,threatsandpitfallsinclude:

●CheatingandplagiarismduetotheuseofChatGPT,asChatGPTcangenerateuniversity-lev