考研英語閱讀理解必備資料

第考研英語閱讀理解必備資料

考研英語閱讀模擬試題

Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcenturycapitalandlaborwereenlarging

andperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwas

replacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.

Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalarge

professionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonly

spoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationafter

theenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,

towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailway

companies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitof

shareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreat

municipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservices

tothetaxpayers.

Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshad

importantconsequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitaland

industrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasa

class,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetached

fromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfrom

theresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,

America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedby

Britishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworlds

movementtowardsindustrialization.TownslikeBournemouthandEastBourne

spranguptohouselargecomfortableclasseswhohadretiredontheirincomes,

andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawing

dividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholdersmeetingtodictatetheir

orderstothemanagement.OntheotherhandShareholdingmeantleisureand

freedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurpose

ofagreatcivilization.

Theshareholdersassuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneeds

oftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhis

influenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanager

actingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheir

demands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmen

whichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheold

familybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthe

numbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.

Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerandorganisationofthetradeunions,

atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthe

managersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrike

andlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachothersstrengthand

understandthevalueoffairnegotiation.

1.Itstrueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat________.

(A)theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerations

(B)theyfailedforlackofindividualinitiative

(C)theylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderncompanies

(D)theycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayers

2.Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin________.

(A)theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement

(B)theownershipofcapitalbymanagers

(C)theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses

(D)theparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusiness

3.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexceptthat

________.

(A)theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers

(B)theoldfirmownershadabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers

(C)thelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly

(D)thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole

4.Theauthorismostcriticalof________.

(A)familyfirmowners(B)landowners

(C)managers(D)shareholders

考研英語閱讀模擬題

At18，AshanthiDeSilvaofsuburbanClevelandisalivingsymbolofoneof

thegreatintellectualachievementsofthe20thcentury.Bornwithanextremely

rareandusuallyfataldisorderthatleftherwithoutafunctioningimmune

system(the“bubble-boydisease，”namedafteranearliervictimwhowaskept

aliveforyearsinasterileplastictent)，shewastreatedbeginningin1990

witharevolutionarynewtherapythatsoughttocorrectthedefectatitsvery

source，inthegenesofherwhitebloodcells.Itworked.Althoughherlast

gene-therapytreatmentwasin1992，sheiscompletelyhealthywithnormalimmune

function，accordingtooneofthedoctorswhotreatedher，W.FrenchAndersonof

theUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.Researchershavelongdreamedoftreating

diseasesfromhemophiliatocancerbyreplacingmutantgeneswithnormalones.

Andthedreamingmaycontinuefordecadesmore.“Therewillbeagene-based

treatmentforessentiallyeverydisease，”Andersonsays，“within50years.”

Itsnotentirelyclearwhymedicinehasbeensoslowtobuildon

Andersonsearlysuccess.TheNationalInstitutesofHealthbudgetoffice

estimatesitwillspend$432millionongene-therapyresearchin2023，andthere

isnoshortageofpromisingleads.Thetherapeuticgenesareusuallydelivered

throughvirusesthatdontcausehumandisease.“Thevirusissortoflikea

Trojanhorse，”saysRonaldCrystalofNewYorkPresbyterian/WeillCornell

MedicalCollege.“Thecargoisthegene.”

AttheUniversityofPennsylvaniasAbramsonCancerCenter，immunologist

CarlJunerecentlytreatedHIVpatientswithageneintendedtohelptheircells

resisttheinfection.AtCornellUniversity，researchersarepursuinggene-based

therapiesforParkinsonsdiseaseandararehereditarydisorderthatdestroys

childrensbraincells.AtStanfordUniversityandtheChildrensHospitalof

Philadelphia，researchersaretryingtofigureouthowtohelppatientswith

hemophiliawhotodaymustinjectthemselveswithexpensiveclottingdrugsfor

life.Animalexperimentshaveshowngreatpromise.

Butsomehow，thingsgetlostinthetranslationfromlaboratorytopatient.

Inhumantrialsofthehemophiliatreatment，patientsshowaresponseatfirst，

butitfadesovertime.Andthefieldhasstillnotrecoveredfromthesetback

itsufferedin1999，whenJesseGelsinger，an18-year-oldwithararemetabolic

disorder，diedafterreceivinganexperimentalgenetherapyattheUniversityof

Pennsylvania.Someexpertsworrythatthefieldwillbetarnishedfurtherifthe

nextpeopletobenefitarenotpatientsbutathletesseekinganedge.This

summer，researchersattheSalkInstituteinSanDiegosaidtheyhadcreateda

“marathonmouse”byimplantingagenethatenhancesrunningability;already，

officialsattheWorldAnti-DopingAgencyarepreparingtotestathletesfor

signsof“genedoping.”Buttheprincipleisthesame，whetheryouretryingto

helpahealthyrunnerrunfasterorallowamuscular-dystrophypatienttowalk.

“Everybodyrecognizesthatgenetherapyisaverygoodidea，”saysCrystal.“And

eventuallyitsgoingtowork.”

1.ThecaseofAshanthiDesilvaismentionedinthetextto

____________.

[A]showthepromiseofgene-therapy

[B]giveanexampleofmoderntreatmentforfataldiseases

[C]introducetheachievementofAndersonandhisteam

[D]explainhowgene-basedtreatmentworks

2.Anderson‘searlysuccesshas________________.

[A]greatlyspeededthedevelopmentofmedicine

[B]broughtnoimmediateprogressintheresearchofgene-therapy

[C]promisedacuretoeverydisease

[D]madehimanationalhero

3.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext

[A]Ashanthineedstoreceivegene-therapytreatmentconstantly.

[B]Despitethehugefunding，generesearcheshaveshownfewpromises.

[C]Therapeuticgenesarecarriedbyharmlessviruses.

[D]Gene-dopingisencouragedbyworldagenciestohelpathletesgetbetter

scores.

4.Theword“tarnish”(line5，paragraph4)mostprobablymeans

____________.

[A]affect

[B]warn

[C]trouble

[D]stain

5.Fromthetextwecanseethattheauthorseems___________.

[A]optimistic

[B]pessimistic

[C]troubled

[D]uncertain

答案：ABCDA

考研英語閱讀理解精讀

SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkeysapplicationtojointheEuropean

Union，tobevotedonbytheEUsCouncilofMinistersonDecember17th，are

economic-inparticular，thecountrysrelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadisless

thanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2023membersoftheEU.Butitisnot

faroffthatofoneofthetennewmemberswhichjoinedonMay1st2023

(Latvia)，anditismuchthesameasthoseoftwocountries，Bulgariaand

Romania，whichthisweekconcludedaccessiontalkswiththeEUthatcouldmake

themfullmembersonJanuary1st2023.

Furthermore，thecountrysrecenteconomicprogresshasbeen，accordingto

DonaldJohnston，thesecretary-generaloftheOECD，“stunning”。GDPinthe

secondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearlier，arateof

growththatnoEUcountrycomesclosetomatching.Turkeysinflationratehas

justfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972，andthisweekthe

countryreachedagreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year，$10billioneconomic

programmethatwill，accordingtotheIMFsmanagingdirector，RodrigoRato，

“helpTurkey……reduceinflationtowardEuropeanlevels，andenhancetheeconomys

resilience”。

Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountryseconomicstrongpoint.

Asrecentlyas2023，GDPfellbyover7%.Itfellbymorethan5%in1994，and

byjustunder5%in1999.Indeed，throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikean

electrocardiogramrecordingaviolentheartattack.Thisirregularityhasbeen

oneofthemainreasons(alongwithredtapeandcorruption)whythecountryhas

faileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockof

suchinvestment(asapercentageofGDP)islowernowthanitwasinthe1980s，

andannualinflowshavescarcelyeverreached$1billion(whereasIreland

attractedover$25billionin2023，asdidBrazilineveryyearfrom1998to

2023)。

OnedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisduetodisappearonJanuary1st2023.

Onthatday，Turkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofits

citizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixnoughtswillberemovedfromthe

facevalueofthelira;oneunitofthelocalcurrencywillhenceforthbeworth

what1marenow-ie，about€0.53($0.70)。Goodswillhavetobepricedinboth

thenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear，butforeignbankersand

investorscanbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolonger

havetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros.

1.WhatisTurkeyseconomicsituationnow

[A]ItsGDPperheadisfarlaggingbehindthatoftheEUmembers.

[B]Itsinflationrateisstillrising.

[C]ItseconomygrowsfasterthananyEUmember.

[D]Itseconomicresilie