語言學(xué)考試要點 考試重點

Chapter1Introductionlinguistics?Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedthescientificstudyoflanguage.Thescopeoflinguistics:(1phonetics語音學(xué)；phonology音位學(xué)morphology形態(tài)學(xué)；句學(xué)；pragmatics語用學(xué)sociolinguistics社語言學(xué)psycholinguistics心語言學(xué)；appliedlinguistics應(yīng)語言學(xué)Someimportantdistinctionlinguistics(1)Descriptivevs.prescriptive述與定Ifalinguisticsstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;Ifthelinguisticsstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor”correctand”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheynotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.(2)Synchronicvs.diachronic共性歷性①Asynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)itspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsarethiskind.②Diachroniclinguisticsisstudyofalanguagethroughcourseofitshistory.(2)Langue&語言會話①Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofa②referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.performance語言力語運①Alanguageuser'sknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguistic②Performancereferstotheactualoflanguageinsituations.(5)speechandwriting語與字Speechwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.(6)traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistic傳語與代言Definitionoflanguage:Languageisaofarbitraryvocalsymbolsforhumancommunication.Languagesystem,oflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Languagearbitraryinthesensethattherenointrinsicconnectionalinguisticssymbolandthesymbolstands.Languagevocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagessound.The”thedefinitionismeanttospecifythatlanguageishuman-specific.Designfeatureslanguage(1)Arbitrariness任性referstotheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(soundsmeanings)(2)Productivity(creativity)能性Languageproductiveinthatmakespossibletheconstructioninterpretationofnewsignalsitsusers.(3)duality雙性Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,thatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofofsecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevels

hasitsownprinciplesoforganization.(4)displacement移位性Languagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharepresent(intimespace)ofcommunication.(5)culturaltransmission文化傳承性Functionslanguage(1)referential(toconveymessageandinformation),(2)poetic(toindulgelanguageforitsownsake),(3)(toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions),(4)conative(topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests),(5)phatic(toestablishcommunionwithothers)(6)metalingual(toclearupintentionsandmeanings).①Informative(信功):togiveinformationaboutfacts.(ideational)②Interpersonal(人功):toestablishandmaintainsocialstatusinsociety.(age,sex,language,background,accent,status)③施為功):languagetodothings,tocertainactions.(name,promise,apologize,sorry,declare)④Emotive/Expressive情感功)expressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.⑤Phaticcommunion(暄交流:smallmeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipormaintainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.(health,weather)⑥Recreational娛樂:oflanguageforsheer(lyrics,poetry)⑦語言功能:totalkaboutlanguageitself.Chapter2Phonology（音學(xué)）isstudythephoniclanguage;isconcernedwiththesoundsthatoccurintheworldlanguages.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,perceived.Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds：broad（式標音andnarrow（式標音）Abroad（寬式標音）thetranscriptionletter-symbolsonly.Anarrowtranscription（式標音）isatranscriptionwithlettersymbolstogetherwithdiacritics.Phonology（音位學(xué)）thestudythesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.4.differencesbetweenphoneticsand（語的字征①areconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage----thespeechsounds.Buttheydiffertheirapproachandfocus.②ofgeneralnature;isinterestedallsoundsusedinlanguages;aimstoanswerquestionslike:howtheyareproduced,howtheydiffereachother,phoneticfeatureshave,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.③aimstodiscoversoundsinalanguageformpatternsthesesoundsareusedtomeaninginlinguisticcommunication.（音）,phoneme音）,allophone（音位體

Aphone----aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundshearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Aphoneme----isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue;anabstractnotaparticularsound,butitisrepresentedcertainphonecertainphoneticcontextPhonemiccontrast,distributionandminimal（位對立，互補分布，最小對立體）Somerulesofphonology音學(xué)則Sequentialrules序列規(guī)則Assimilationrule同規(guī)則Deletionrule省略規(guī)則Suprasegmental超段征stress重音tone音，語10.Chapter3MorphologyClassificationofwords（）invariable可詞類和不可變詞類Variablewords:Onecouldfindorderedandregularseriesofgrammaticallydifferentwordforms;ontheotherhand,partoftheremainsconstantfollow,follows,following,followed;matsInvariablewords:thosesuchaswhen,hello.donothaveinflectiveendings.（）Grammaticalvs.lexical語詞和詞匯詞類Grammaticalwords:expressgrammaticalmeanings,suchasconjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronounsLexicalwords:havelexicalmeanings,thosewhichrefersubstance,actionquality,suchnouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs.（）Closed-classwordsvs.open-class封閉詞類和開放詞類Closed-class:awhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.arenotregularlyadded.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.Open-class:wordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteunlimited.Nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsGrammatical---lexicalwordsclosed-class---open-classwords詞素：theminimalmeaningfulunitlanguage.Linguisticsthetermmorphologytoreferthepartofgrammarthatiswithwordformationandwordstructure.Freemorpheme&bound自語素和著語Awhichcanbeawordbyitselfcalledafreemorpheme;athatmustbeattachedtoanotheroneaboundmorpheme.Thevariantofamorphemecalled詞素變體

Inflectionalaffix&derivational屈詞綴和生詞Compoundthosewordsconsistmorethanfreemorphemes,waytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform.Incompounds,thelexicalmorphemescanbedifferentwordclasses.Compoundsbefurtherdividedintotwokinds:theendocentriccompound向心復(fù)合詞theexocentriccompound(離復(fù)合詞

Endocentric:elementservesasthehead,relationship“aof”;egself-control:akindcontrolarmchair:kindofchair10.Exocentric:therenohead,sonotarelationshipof“akindofsomethingegscarecrow:notkindbreakneck:notakindofneck11.Chapter4SyntaxWhatisSyntax（句法?Syntaxisstudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentences.句法就是研究語言的不同成分組成句子的規(guī)則Syntacticrelationsbeanalyzedintothreekinds:relationsofposition位置關(guān)系relationsofsubstitutability替代關(guān)系relationsofco-occurrence同現(xiàn)關(guān)系Chapter5SemanticsisSemantics?Semanticsisstudyofthemeaningofwords,phrases語義學(xué)是研究單詞、短語和句子的意義的學(xué)科Theconceptualistview①Theconceptualistviewholdsthattheredirectlinkbetweenlinguisticformandwhatitreferstolanguageandtherealworld);rather,theinterpretationmeaningtheylinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.②ThisisillustratedbyclassicsemantictriangletriangleofsignificancesuggestedbyOgdenRichard.Thought/reference/conceptSymbol/formreferencentword/phrase/sentence③Theorreferstothelinguisticelements(wordsphrases);Thereferentreferstotheobjectinofexperience;Thoughtreferencereferstoconcept.Thesymbolorawordsignifiesthingsbyvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformthewordinthemindsofthespeaker;andconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewismeaningofword.ThecontextualismMeaningshouldbestudiedofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.typescontextsrecognized:Situationalcontext:spatiotemporalsituationLinguisticcontext:probability’s-occurrencecollocation.BehaviorismBehavioristsattemptedtodefinemeaningasuttersitanditcallsinthe”.

LexicalmeaningSenseandreferencearebothconcernedwiththestudymeaning.Theyarerelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.Sense----isconcernedwiththeinherentoflin