跨文化交際男性氣概vs女性氣質(zhì)

MasculinityandFemininityMainPoints1.ToughSocieties2.TenderSocieties3.Impactupontoughsociety4.ImpactupontendersocietiesDefinition

Masculinityandfemininity

refertothedistributionofrolesbetweenthegenders,afundamentalissueforanysocietytowhicharangeofsolutionsarefound.Masculinityfocusesonthedegreethesocietyreinforces(增援,增援)ordoesnotreinforce,thetraditionalmasculineworkrolemodelofmaleachievement,control,andpower.

Ahighmasculinityrankingindicatesthecountryexperiencesahighdegreeofgenderdifferentiation(區(qū)別,分化).

Inthesecultures,malesdominateasignificantportionofthesocietyandpowerstructure,withfemalesbeingcontrolledbymaledomination.

ALowMasculinityrankingindicatesthecountryhasalowlevelofdifferentiationanddiscriminationbetweengenders.Inthesecultures,femalesaretreatedequallytomalesinallaspectsofthesociety.Men’svaluesfromonecountrytoanothercontainadimensionfromveryassertive(過分自信旳,武斷旳)andcompetitiveandmaximallydifferentfromwomen'svaluesontheoneside,tomodestandcaringandsimilartowomen'svaluesontheother.Theassertive(過分自信)polehasbeencalled“masculine”(陽剛旳)andthemodest,caringpole“feminine”(陰柔旳).1.ToughsocietiesInhighmasculinitysocieties,peopletendtobelievethatmattersofmaterialcomfort,socialprivilege(特權(quán)),accesstopowerandinfluence,statusandprestige(聲望),andabilitytoconsumearerelatedtoabilityandthatwithenoughopportunityanyindividualwhowantsthesebenefitsofsocietycanhavethem.Thecorollary(必然旳成果)isthatthosewhodonothavetheability,orthecharacter,cannotworkandsuccess.Highmasculinitysocietiestendtorewardfinancialandmaterialachievementswithpreferentialsocialprestigeandstatus,andtoattributestrongcharacterandspiritualvaluestosuchhighachievers.CharacteristicsoftoughsocietyHighoccupationalsegregationbygender;Genderinequality

Careersformalesaremandatory.Fewwomeninpowerfuljobs;Accomplishmentshighlyvalued;Highlevelofjob-relatedstress;Highlycompetitive;Taskoriented;Valuestheartofcombat;Biggerisbetter;Separatesfamilyandworklife;Livetowork.

2.TendersocietiesInsomelowmasculinitysocieties,livingwellinmaterialcomfortandhavingotherhighstandardoflivingfactorsarebelievedtobemattersofbirth,luck,ordestiny.

Insomeotherlowmasculinitysocieties,materialcomfortandlifestyleareconsideredlessanindicationofaperson’scharacterandvaluethantheirreligiousdevotion,theirsocialconscience,theirintellectualorartisticabilities,theirstatureasawiseelder,theirrightsasafellowmemberofacaringsociety.littleoccupationalsegregationbygender;relativegenderequality;careersformalesareoptional;morewomeninpowerfuljobs;nurturinghighlyvalued;lowlevelofjob-relatedstress;highlycooperative;relationshiporiented;valuestheartofcompromise(妥協(xié));smallerisbeautiful;concernforfamilyissuesinworkplace;worktolive.CharacteristicsoftendersocietyTomasculinity,powermeanspowertomakeothersdowhatyouwantthemto.Masculinitypeopleliketoshowoffbybeingthebiggest,best,andfastestthereis.

3.ImpactupontoughsocietyTheyareexpectedtoflirt(搖晃地移動)andliketobenoticedwhentheycomeintotheroom.

Theyliketodominatediscussionsandtocompete,especiallywhenthereisachanceofwinning.Themalesinparticularlikesports,oftenroughhouse(室內(nèi)打鬧玩笑旳)withothermales,andlovetousesportsmetaphors.Masculinitypeopletendtoargueandcriticizeothers,evenwhentheydonotintendtobeantagonistic(對抗旳).Theylookuptoheroesandlookdownonlosers.

Thereisagreatdealofgender-rolesegregation,forwomendocertainjobsandmendoothersFewerwomenwillbeinhighgovernmentpositions.AdultwomenincertainAfricanandMiddleEasterncountriescannotreceiveadriver‘slicense,bankaccount,passport,orcontraceptivewithouttheexplicit(明確旳permissionofeithertheirfathersortheirhusbands.People(particularlymen)tendtobedefinedintermsofwhattheydoforaliving;thatis,one'soccupationdefinestheindividual.Consequently,whenpeopleretire,theyhavegreatproblemsofadjustmentbecause"whotheyare"hasbeentakenfromthem.Competitionisconsideredagoodthing,eventhoughsometimesthecompetitioncanbesofiercethatitbecomesaggressiveandunethical.Peopletakerelativelyfewvacationsorallowthemselvesmuchleisuretimewithfriendsandfamily.Vacationsareusuallydisturbedbyphonecallaboutwork.Teachersrewardandpraisetheirbeststudentsbecauseacademicachievementishighlyvalued.Malestudentsinparticulararehighlycompetitive,assertive,andtaskoriented.Theprioritiesoffamilyandworklifearekeptasseparateaspossible.Corporationsgenerallydisregardthewell-beingofemployees'familiesintheirstrategicplanning.People(particularlymen)displayhighlevelsofstressandfrequentincidenceofhighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Peopleplaceahighvalueongrowthforitsownsake.Increasesinmarketsharetakeprecedence(優(yōu)先,居先)overqualityoflife,socialprograms,orenvironmentalprotection.Astrongemphasisisplacedonachievement,withthegreatestrespectgiventothosewhoarethehighachievers.4.ImpactupontendersocietiesFemininecultureexpectsbothmalesandfemalestobecooperativeandnurturingintheirrelationships.Theyaresupposedtobesensitivetotheneedsofthedisadvantagedandarequicktoofferhelptothosewhoneedit.Modest,theydownplay(不注重)theiraccomplishmentsorpowerinsocietyanddependonsoftnegotiationandcompromiseratherthanforcingaconclusionbyconfrontationSmalltalkisafavoritepastime.Femininevaluethefeelingsofothersasimportanttoarelationship.Employerswilllikelyprovideparental-leaveprogramsforbothmothersandfathers.Surveydatahaveshownthatpeopleprefershorterworkinghourstohighersalaries.MenandwomenaremorelikelytostudythesamesubjectsincollegethanaremenandwomenintoughsocietiesStudentsarenotpraisedfortheiraccomplishmentsbecausecooperationwithothersisconsideredthemostimportantgoal.Malestudentsstrivetobeaccommodating(樂于助人旳)andworktodevelopasenseofcommunityandsolidarity(團結(jié))withtheirclassmates.Friendships,obligations,andloyaltyareallmorehighlyvaluedthanacademicbrillianceoraccomplishments.

Coursesareselectedbecauseoftheirinherentinterestratherthanbecausetheymightleadtoabetterjob.SurveydatashowapreferenceforsmallercompaniesoverincreasinglylargercompaniesPeopleingeneralandmanagersinparticularacknowledgepersonalsuccessandaccomplishmentsmuchlessfrequentlythanintoughersocieties.Itisgenerallythoughtthatnoteworthyachievementsinanorganizationareseldomduetotheeffortsofasingleperson.Peopletendt