重工業(yè)向現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)型

重工業(yè)向現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)型第1頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)CONTENTS目錄HEAVYINDUSTRIES重工業(yè)DEFINITIONS定義MINECLOSURE關(guān)閉礦井POSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用INVESTMENTPROMOTIONINMININGAREAS促進(jìn)采礦區(qū)的投資COALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURING:EUROPEANEXPERIENCE重組煤炭行業(yè)：歐洲經(jīng)驗(yàn)CASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究：西班牙阿斯圖里亞斯GUIDELINES指導(dǎo)方針CONCLUSIONS結(jié)論第2頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)HEAVYINDUSTRIES重工業(yè)HEAVYINDUSTRIES:PRIMARYSECTOR(STEELMAKING,MINING,SHIPBUILDING,…)

重工業(yè)：主要行業(yè)（煉鋼、采礦、造船……）BLAMEDFORPOLLUTION造成污染 LARGEFACILITIES,i.e.LARGEINDUSTRIALGROUNDS大型設(shè)施，例如占用大量工業(yè)用地 BIGEMPLOYERS,MANYUNSKILLEDWORKERS企業(yè)規(guī)模龐大，許多工人缺乏技術(shù) MAINECONOMICALACTIVITYINTHEAREA當(dāng)?shù)刂饕慕?jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)

Düsseldorf,1953第3頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)DEFINITIONS定義RESTRUCTURING

重組PROCESSOFFINANCIALRECOVERY,REORGANISATIONANDREORIENTATIONOFANINDUSTRIALSECTORORENTERPRISE.ITAIMSTOREDUCECOSTANDREDEPLOYCAPACITYINTHESHORTTERMTOENABLECORPORATEVIABILITYOVERTHEMEDIUMTERM.INSOMECASES,THEONLYREALISTICOUTPUTOFRESTRUCTURINGISCLOSURE工業(yè)部門(mén)或企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇、重組和重新定位的過(guò)程。其目的是短期內(nèi)降低企業(yè)成本并重新部署資源，以提高企業(yè)長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展的生命力。在某些情況下，重組唯一的現(xiàn)實(shí)出路就是停業(yè)關(guān)閉。REGENERATION重建PROCESSESINVOLVEDINTHEECONOMICRENEWALOFAREAS,PARTICULARLYTHOSEAFFECTEDBYTHELOSSOFJOBSTHROUGHTHERESTRUCTURINGORCLOSUREOFFORMEREMPLOYERS重建地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)的過(guò)程，特別是受企業(yè)重組或關(guān)閉影響而造成嚴(yán)重失業(yè)現(xiàn)象的地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)重建。RECONVERSION復(fù)原ADAPTINGANAREATOEXISTINGANDFUTUREECONOMICFORCES,SOTHATOVERTHELONGTERM,THEINHABITANTSANDCOMMUNITIESCANEXPECTLASTINGANDEQUITABLYDISTRIBUTEDJOBOPPORTUNITIES調(diào)整地區(qū)適應(yīng)現(xiàn)有或未來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)力量，使居民和社區(qū)能長(zhǎng)期地獲得持續(xù)、公平的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)第4頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)MINECLOSURE關(guān)閉礦井

MINECLOSUREISTHEPERMANENTCESSATIONOFMININGOPERATIONSANDALLSUBSEQUENTACTIVITIESRELATEDTODECOMMISSIONINGANDSITEREHABILITATIONORMONITORING關(guān)閉礦井指永久性停止采礦作業(yè)以及與停運(yùn)、場(chǎng)地復(fù)原或監(jiān)控相關(guān)的一切后續(xù)活動(dòng)。MINECLOSUREISAGROWINGPROBLEM關(guān)閉礦井是一個(gè)日益嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題MINECLOSUREDUETODEPLETIONOFMINEABLERESERVESECONOMICREASONSSAFETYREASON關(guān)閉礦井的原因可開(kāi)采的資源枯竭

經(jīng)濟(jì)因素安全因素MAINIMPACTSOFMINECLOSURE關(guān)閉礦井的主要影響TECHNICAL/ENVIRONMENTALSOCIOECONOMICAL技術(shù)影響/環(huán)境影響社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)影響Hituramine,Nivala,Finland第5頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)MINECLOSURE關(guān)閉礦井第6頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)MINECLOSURE關(guān)閉礦井From“MineClosureHandbook”,byPMHeikkinenetal.,Espoo2008第7頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)TECHNICAL/ENVIRONMENTALASPECTS

技術(shù)/環(huán)境影響

PHYSICAL,CHEMICALANDBIOLOGICALSTABILITYOFFORMERMINESITEANDREMAINS原采礦地點(diǎn)及殘留物的物理、化學(xué)及生物穩(wěn)定性SAFETYHAZARDSMINEOPENINGSSURFACEFACILITIES安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)礦井缺口地表設(shè)施REHABILITATIONOFMINESITEMINESITESPOILHEAPSTAILINGPONDS礦址復(fù)原采礦地點(diǎn)廢石堆尾礦池ENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSDEGRADEDENVIRONMENTACIDMINEDRAINAGESUBSIDENCESPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTION環(huán)境問(wèn)題環(huán)境惡化排泄酸性礦水地表塌陷自燃Sandaolingmine,PRC第8頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)SOCIOECONOMICALASPECTS

社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)影響

MININGCOMPANIESUSUALLYARETHEMAINEMPLOYERSINTHEAREA煤礦企業(yè)通常是當(dāng)?shù)刂饕髽I(yè)MININGGENERATESMANYINDIRECTJOBS采礦業(yè)提供很多間接的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)COMPARATIVELYHIGHSALARIESPROVIDEFORHIGHLIVINGSTANDARD提供相對(duì)較高的薪水，有利于提高生活水平LARGELANDSURFACESTHATBECOMEIDLE大面積地表土地閑置SUDDENDECREASEOFECONONICACTIVITYMEANSWORSENINGOFLIVINGCONDITIONS經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的突然減少意味著生活條件的惡化POSSIBLERUPTUREOFTHECOMMUNITYLINK企業(yè)聯(lián)系可能中斷LACKOFJOBSCOULDLEADTOEMIGRATION缺乏就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)可能導(dǎo)致移民第9頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用WHENAMINECLOSESDOWN,DIFFERENTTYPESOFREMAINSARELEFTBEHIND:煤礦關(guān)閉后，殘留物有所不同：QUARRIESANDOPENCASTMINING:EXCAVATIONSANDLANDMOVEMENTSMOUNTAINMINING:SPOILTIPS,TRANSPORTFACILITIESANDADITSUNDERGROUNDMINING:BUILDINGSANDINDUSTRIALFACILITIES 采石場(chǎng)和露天開(kāi)采：挖掘和地面活動(dòng) 山區(qū)采礦：棄渣堆積，交通設(shè)施和平硐地下采礦：建筑物和工業(yè)設(shè)施AFTERCESSATIONOFMININGACTIVITIES:LARGELANDSURFACESBECOMEAVAILABLEINDUSTRIALHERITAGEBECOMESAVAILABLE采礦活動(dòng)停止后：可利用的大面積地表土地可利用的工業(yè)設(shè)施第10頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用

SCENARIOSFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMININGLAND采礦土地開(kāi)發(fā)場(chǎng)景ORIGINALUSE原始用途MINECLOSURE礦井關(guān)閉REHABILITATION復(fù)原NEWUSE新用途MINING采礦Economical經(jīng)濟(jì)的Active主動(dòng)Passive被動(dòng)Ecological生態(tài)的TEMPORARYUSE臨時(shí)使用第11頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用MAINGOALINMININGLANDUSEAFTERMINECLOSUREMUSTBETHEDESIGNOFASTRATEGYINORDERTOREUSEMININGLANDINORDERTOCREATE:NEWECONOMICALACTIVITIES (NEWINDUSTRIES,AGRICULTURE,COMMERCE,…)ENVIRONMENTALLYRESTOREDAREASUSEOFMININGHERITAGE(MUSEUMS,THEMEPARKS,…)礦井關(guān)閉后，重新利用原采礦土地的主要目標(biāo)是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)策略使采礦土地重新創(chuàng)造：新的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)（新的工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、商業(yè)……）環(huán)境復(fù)原地區(qū)采礦遺留物的利用（博物館、主題公園……）第12頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用

MININGHERITAGE采礦業(yè)遺產(chǎn)

MININGISONEOFTHEOLDESTACTIVITIESINTHEHISTORYOFMANKIND采礦是人類(lèi)歷史上最古老的活動(dòng)之一ALMOSTEVERYSTEPOFTECHNOLOGICALEVOLUTIONHASHADANEFFECTONMINING幾乎每一次技術(shù)發(fā)展都對(duì)采礦業(yè)有所影響MININGCOVERSAWIDEGROUPOFTECHNICALSUBJECTS,BEINGATTHESAMETIMEATTRACTIVETOTHELAYMAN采礦業(yè)涉及大量技術(shù)，吸引外來(lái)者SEVERALAREASINTHEWORLDSHOWAHIGHCONCENTRATIONOFMININGHERITAGEELEMENTSTHEMIDLANDS,WALESANDCORNWALL,GREATBRITAINRUHRVALLEY,SOUTHBAVARIAANDLAUSATIA,GERMANYNORD-PASDECALAIS,ALSACEANDLORRAINE,FRANCEASTURIAS,SPAINSILESIA,POLANDTHEAPPALACHIANS,USAZACATECAS,MEXICO世界許多地區(qū)都存在大量的礦業(yè)遺留物英國(guó)的中部地區(qū)、威爾士和康沃爾德國(guó)魯爾山谷、巴伐利亞南部和LAUSATIA西班牙阿斯圖里亞斯波蘭西里西亞美國(guó)阿巴拉契亞山脈墨西哥薩卡特卡斯MININGMUSEUMSANDGUIDEROUTESTHROUGHMININGHERITAGEHAVEBECOMEANEWINCOMESOURCEFORFORMERMININGAREAS建立采礦博物館、開(kāi)辟穿越采礦遺留物的旅游路線已經(jīng)成為原采礦地區(qū)新的收入來(lái)源第13頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用

MININGHERITAGE采礦業(yè)遺產(chǎn)NationalCoalMiningMuseumforEngland65MININGMUSEUMSINGREATBRITAIN英國(guó)有65家采礦博物館第14頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用MININGHERITAGE采礦業(yè)遺產(chǎn)120MININGMUSEUMSINGERMANY德國(guó)有120家采礦博物館DeutschesBergbaumuseumBochum第15頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用MININGHERITAGE采礦業(yè)遺產(chǎn)20MININGMUSEUMSINFRANCE法國(guó)有20家采礦博物館CentreHistoriqueMinierLewarde第16頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用MININGHERITAGE采礦業(yè)遺產(chǎn)15MININGMUSEUMSINSPAIN西班牙有15家采礦博物館MuseodelaMineríaydelaIndustria,Asturias第17頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用

REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)

QUARRIESANDOPENCASTMINESMUSTBERESTOREDANDINTEGRATEDINTOTHEIRSURROUNDINGS,MINIMIZINGENVIRONMENTALIMPACT采石場(chǎng)和露天礦必須重建，使其融入周邊環(huán)境，盡量減少對(duì)環(huán)境的影響SPOILHEAPSCANALSOBEPROCESSEDAND/ORRESTORED廢石堆也可以得到處理和/或重建THEFINALRESTORATIONPROJECTMUSTTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHEINTENDEDLANDUSE最終的修復(fù)計(jì)劃必須考慮到土地的使用意圖MAINUSESFORRESTOREDAREAS:FORESTWETLANDSCROPLAND/FARMINGRECREATION復(fù)原地區(qū)的主要用途：森林濕地農(nóng)田耕地/畜牧地休閑娛樂(lè)FINALGOAL:REUSETHELAND最終目標(biāo)：土地的重新利用Formerligniteopencastmines,Lausatia,Germany第18頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用

REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)AESTHETICANDENVIRONMENTALLYSAFERESTORATIONOFSPOILHEAPSOFHAZARDOUSWASTE從審美和保護(hù)環(huán)境雙重角度，安全處理含有危險(xiǎn)廢物的廢石堆ALMADENMERCURYMINE,SPAIN西班牙阿拉馬登銾礦第19頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的使用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)REPROCESSINGOFCOALSPOILHEAPINCOMESOURCEBYSELLINGTHECOALCONTAINEDINITAVAILABILITYOFREUSABLEGROUNDDISPARITIONOFENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS煤礦廢渣回收利用銷(xiāo)售礦渣中的煤以獲得收入獲得可重復(fù)使用的土地消除對(duì)環(huán)境的負(fù)面作用Reicastrocoalspoilheap,Asturias,Spain第20頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用

REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)USEOFRESTOREDMINESITESINAGRICULTURE重建采礦土地，用于發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)第21頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的使用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)GENERATIONOFINDUSTRIALGROUNDFROMRESTOREDMININGLAND復(fù)原采礦土地，變成工業(yè)用地Rioglassfactory,Sovilla,Asturias,Spain第22頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)GENERATIONOFINDUSTRIALGROUNDFROMRESTOREDMININGLAND復(fù)原采礦土地，變成工業(yè)用地MariaLuisacolliery,Asturias,Spain第23頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)RECREATIONALUSE用于休閑娛樂(lè)OPENAIRANIMALPARKINAFORMEROPENCASTMINE在原露天煤礦內(nèi)建立露天動(dòng)物公園CABARCENO,SPAIN西班牙桑坦德第24頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)ENVIRONMENTALRESTORATIONFORRECREATIONALUSE重建環(huán)境，用于休閑娛樂(lè)SANDANDGRAVELOPERATION,VIRGINIA,USA美國(guó)弗吉尼亞州，治理沙礫第25頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)P(yáng)OSTMININGLANDUSE原采礦土地的利用REHABILITATEDAREAS復(fù)原地區(qū)NEWLYPLANTEDTREESASAPARTOFAREFORESTATIONPLANINANOPENCASTMINE種植樹(shù)木是對(duì)該露天采礦場(chǎng)進(jìn)行復(fù)原的一部分第26頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)INVESTMENTPROMOTION促進(jìn)投資

GENERALCONSIDERATIONS總則

INVESTMENTPROMOTION:ALLTHETASKSPERFORMEDINORDERTOATTRACTNEWINVESTMENTSTOACERTAINGEOGRAPHICALAREAINORDERTOGENERATENEWJOBSANDRICHNESSANDTOFOSTERECONOMICACTIVITY促進(jìn)投資：在一定地理區(qū)域內(nèi)，所有為吸引投資采取的舉措都是為了創(chuàng)造新的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和財(cái)富以及促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。INTODAY’SGLOBALIZEDWORLD,ALMOSTEVERYREGIONHASSETUPANINVESTMENTPROMOTIONBUREAU在當(dāng)前全球化的趨勢(shì)下，幾乎所有地區(qū)都成立了招商引資局。GOVERNMENTINTERVENTION(NORMALLYATREGIONAL/LOCALLEVEL)ISREQUIRED需要政府干預(yù)（通常是地區(qū)/當(dāng)?shù)卣母深A(yù)）EXCESSOFFERSLEADSTOFIERCECOMPETITION,THUSMAKINGITNECESSARYTODEVELOPIMAGINATIVEANDATTRACTIVEADVANTAGEPACKAGES供過(guò)于求導(dǎo)致了激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，因此有必要開(kāi)發(fā)有創(chuàng)造性和吸引力的產(chǎn)品組合。ASUCCESSFULINDUSTRIALPROMOTIONPOLICYGUARANTEESTHEFUTUREOFACOMMUNITY成功的招商引資政策可以保證社區(qū)未來(lái)的發(fā)展INVESTMENTPROMOTIONISTHEKEYTOFUTUREPROSPERITY促進(jìn)投資是未來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的關(guān)鍵

第27頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)INVESTMENTPROMOTION促進(jìn)投資MAINADVANTAGESOFMININGAREASAFTERMINECLOSUREINDUSTRIALGROUNDAVAILABLERICHINDUSTRIALHERITAGENEEDFORNEWEMPLOYERSAVAILABILITYOFWORKERSINDUSTRIALCULTUREANDTRADITION礦井關(guān)閉后，原采礦區(qū)的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)獲得工業(yè)用地豐富的行業(yè)遺產(chǎn)對(duì)新企業(yè)的需求獲得勞動(dòng)力工業(yè)文化和傳統(tǒng)Hambachopencastmine,Germany第28頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)INVESTMENTPROMOTION促進(jìn)投資

INSTRUMENTS:MUSTBECARRIEDOUTBYASPECIFICORGANISMCREATEDTOFULFILTHISTASKINMOSTCASESITISAVENTURECAPITALSOCIETY文書(shū)：必須成立一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)的組織來(lái)完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。大多數(shù)情況，這是一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資團(tuán)體。GEOGRAPHICALSCOPE:NOTTOOBIG,NOTTOOSMALL,ATLEASTSUPRACOMUNAL地理范圍：不能太大，不能太小，至少是一個(gè)大社區(qū)WHOMUSTBEREPRESENTEDINTHISBODY?EVERYCASEISSPECIAL,BUTATLEASTSOMEOFTHEFOLLOWINGSOCIALAGENTS: REGIONALGOVERNMENT LOCALGOVERNMENTS UNIONS BUSINESSMEN’SASSOCIATIONS FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS MININGCOMPANIES這個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)必須包括哪些主體？每個(gè)案例都不完全相同，但至少應(yīng)具備下列社會(huì)因素：地區(qū)政府當(dāng)?shù)卣?huì)商人協(xié)會(huì)金融機(jī)構(gòu)采礦公司W(wǎng)HOSHOULDPROVIDETHEFUNDS? NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCALGOVERNMENTS MININGCOMPANIES PRIVATEINVESTORS由誰(shuí)提供基金？國(guó)家/地區(qū)/當(dāng)?shù)卣傻V公司個(gè)體投資者第29頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)COALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURING煤炭業(yè)重組

EUROPEANEXPERIENCES歐洲經(jīng)驗(yàn)

COALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURINGHASBEENANONGOINGPROCESSFORTHELAST50YEARSINDIFFERENTEUROPEANCOUNTRIES過(guò)去的50年中，歐洲的很多國(guó)家都在對(duì)煤炭業(yè)進(jìn)行重組EACHCOUNTRYHASHADADIFFERENTAPPROACHTOTHISPROBLEM每個(gè)國(guó)家采取的方式有所不同第30頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)COALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURING

煤炭行業(yè)重組

EUROPEANEXPERIENCES歐洲的經(jīng)驗(yàn)BELGIUM比利時(shí)INTEGRATEDMANAGEMENTPLANTHATINCORPORATEDBOTHMINECLOSURESANDTHECREATIONOFALTERNATIVEEMPLOYMENT將關(guān)閉礦井和創(chuàng)造新的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)相結(jié)合，納入綜合管理計(jì)劃之中TRAININGPROGRAMSTAILOREDTOINDIVIDUALNEEDS根據(jù)個(gè)體需要調(diào)整培訓(xùn)方案PARTICULAREMPHASISONINMIGRANTCOMMUNITIESINTHECOALMININGAREAS特別需要注意采礦地區(qū)的移民區(qū)FRANCE法國(guó)

STRONGLYSTRUCTUREDAPPROACH強(qiáng)有力的管理方式THESTATEOWNEDCOALPRODUCINGCOMPANYHADARESPONSIBILITYTOFINDALTERNATIVEJOBSFORITSEMPLOYEES國(guó)有煤炭生產(chǎn)企業(yè)有責(zé)任為其員工找到新的工作第31頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)COALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURING煤炭業(yè)重組

EUROPEANEXPERIENCES歐洲經(jīng)驗(yàn)GERMANY德國(guó)DIFFERENTSITUATIONSINEASTANDWESTGERMANY東德和西德情況不同EASTGERMANY:RAPIDCONTRACTIONOFEMPLOYMENTINLIGNITEMINES東德：褐煤業(yè)的就業(yè)率急速萎縮WESTGERMANY:LONGTERMPLANNEDDECLINEINHARDCOALMININGEMPLOYMENT西德：無(wú)煙煤開(kāi)采業(yè)的就業(yè)長(zhǎng)期按計(jì)劃減少“SOCIALLYACCEPTABLE”APPROACHTOMINECLOSURESANDTHEIMPACTONMININGCOMMUNITIES以“社會(huì)上可接受的”方式關(guān)閉煤礦并減小對(duì)采礦區(qū)的影響THENETHERLANDS荷蘭TOTALCOALMININGCLOSUREINTHEEARLY1970s早在20世紀(jì)70年代就關(guān)閉了所有的煤礦ITISPOSSIBLETOSTUDYTHELONGTERMSOCIALANDECONOMICEFFECTSOFCOALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURING無(wú)法研究煤炭業(yè)重組對(duì)社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的長(zhǎng)期影響第32頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)COALINDUSTRYRESTRUCTURING煤炭業(yè)重組

EUROPEANEXPERIENCES歐洲經(jīng)驗(yàn)SPAIN西班牙CONSIDERATIONOFSOCIALCONSEQUENCESONGEOGRAPHICALLYISOLATEDCOMMUNITIES考慮地理上隔離的社區(qū)的社會(huì)影響HIGHCOSTSUPPORTMEASURES高成本的支持措施NORADICALRESTRUCTURINGOFHARDCOALMININGINDUSTRYHASTAKENPLACE沒(méi)有發(fā)生對(duì)無(wú)煙煤開(kāi)采業(yè)的激進(jìn)重組UNITEDKINGDOM英國(guó)MASSIVESHORT-TERMRESTRUCTURING大量的短期重組SIGNIFICANTSOCIALANDECONOMICPROBLEMSINMININGCOMMUNITIESWITHINWHICHALTERNATIVEEMPLOYMENTWASLIMITED采礦區(qū)內(nèi)其他工作機(jī)會(huì)有限，因此出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題第33頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)CASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究：西班牙阿斯圖里亞斯AUTONOMOUSCOMMUNITYOFTHEPRINCIPALITYOFASTURIAS阿斯圖里亞斯公國(guó)的自治社區(qū)LOCATEDINNORTHERNSPAIN位于西班牙北部SURFACE:10.604SQUAREKILOMETRES面積：10.604平方公里POPULATION:1.040.000INHABITANTS人口：1.040.000居民TRADITIONALMAINACTIVITIES:COALMININGANDSTEELMAKING(PUBLICCOMPANIES)傳統(tǒng)的主要經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)：開(kāi)采煤礦和煉鋼（上市公司）第34頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)CASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究：西班牙阿斯圖里亞斯COALMININGAREA(CENTRALASTURIANMININGBASIN)煤礦開(kāi)采區(qū)域（阿斯圖里亞斯中部煤礦區(qū)）VALLEYSOFTHERIVERSNALONANDCAUDALNALON和CAUDAL河的山谷11MUNICIPALITIES11個(gè)自治市25%OFASTURIASPOPULATION占阿斯圖里亞斯人口的25%MAINECONOMICACTIVITY:COALMINING主要經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)：煤礦開(kāi)采COMPANY:HUNOSA(STATEOWNED)公司：HUNOSA（國(guó)有）SieroLangreoSMRALavianaMieresAllerMorcinRiosa第35頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)CASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究：西班牙阿斯圖里亞斯NUMBEROFWORKERSPEAK(1969):26.590TODAY(2008):3.500NUMBEROFCOLLIERIES1967:292008:8工人數(shù)量頂峰時(shí)期（1969年）：26，590目前（2008）：3，500煤礦數(shù)量1967:292008:8第36頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)CASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究：西班牙阿斯圖里亞斯TOCREATEANINDUSTRIALNETWORKALTERNATIVETOMININGTOGENERATEJOBSANDRICHNESSINTHECOALMININGBASINTOREINFORCETHEECONOMICSTRUCTUREINTHECOALMININGBASINTOCOMPENSATEFORTHELOSSOFMININGEMPLOYMENTTOREUSEHUNOSA’SIDLEGROUNDGOALSOFTHEASTURIANREGENERATIONPROCESS第37頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)CASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究：西班牙阿斯圖里亞斯EDUCATIONANDTRAININGINVESTMENTPROMOTIONINFRASTRUCTURESMAINFIELDSOFACTIVITYPLANFORCOALMININGANDTHEALTERNATIVEDEVELOPMENTOFCOALMININGAREAS第38頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)CASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAIN案例研究：西班牙阿斯圖里亞斯SOCIEDADREGIONALDEPROMOCION100%REGIONALGOVERNMENTSOCIEDADPARAELDESARROLLODELASCOMARCASMINERAS50%REGIONALGOVERNMENT50%HUNOSASADIMINVERSIONES100%HUNOSAVENTURECAPITALSOCIETIES第39頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)CASESTUDY:ASTURIAS,SPAINTOTALINVESTMENTSUBSIDIESJOBSCREATEDTOTALINVESTMENTSUBSIDIESJOBSCREATEDTOTALINFRASTRUCTURE1160,69287,321448,01INVESTMENTPROMOTION1179,09214,22497340,729,341191219,81EDUCATION&TRAINING115,7539144,75TOTAL2455,53214,224973367,049,34119RESULTSACHIEVED1998-20052006-2012Datainmillion€第40頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)GUIDELINES指導(dǎo)方針

OVERALLRESTRUCTURINGSTRATEGY整體重組戰(zhàn)略

LONG-TERMPLANNINGOFRESTRUCTURINGALLOWSFOREARLYACTIONMEASURES重組的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃要考慮到早期行動(dòng)舉措NEEDFORAHIGHLEVELOFCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENALLPARTIESINVOLVED需要涉及方的高度溝通和交流ESTABLISHMENTOFAGUIDINGMANAGEMENTSTRUCTURE建立一個(gè)指導(dǎo)性的管理機(jī)構(gòu)REGENERATIONSTRATEGIESMUSTADDRESSTHENEEDSOFDIRECTLYAFFECTEDWORKFORCEANDOFTHECOMINGGENERATION重建戰(zhàn)略必須解決受到直接影響的勞動(dòng)力以及未來(lái)勞動(dòng)力的需求EARLYRETIREMENTSCHEMESHAVEBEENWIDELYUSEDMAINPROBLEMS: LONG-TERMLIABILITYTOSUPPORTRETIREDPEOPLE LOSSOFSKILLS提前退休計(jì)劃已得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用主要問(wèn)題：為保障退休人員的生活，企業(yè)長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債缺乏技術(shù)熟練工人EDUCATIONANDTRAININGAREVITALCOMPONENTSOFTHEREGENERATIONPROCESS教育和培訓(xùn)是重建進(jìn)程中必不可少的重要組成部分SMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESOFFERGREATEREMPLOYMENTPOTENTIAL中小型企業(yè)具有提供更多工作機(jī)會(huì)的潛力NEEDFOR“MENTALADJUSTMENT”需要“心理順應(yīng)”第41頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)GUIDELINES指導(dǎo)方針

AFFECTEDCOMMUNITIES受到影響的社區(qū)

NEEDTOPUBLICLYDEMONSTRATEACOMMITMENTTOMAINTAININGECONOMICACTIVITYINTHEAFFECTEDCOMMUNITIES需要公開(kāi)承諾維護(hù)受影響社區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)RECOGNISETHESENSEOFLOSSWHENAHEAVYINDUSTRYCLOSESDOWN一項(xiàng)重工業(yè)關(guān)閉時(shí)，承認(rèn)其損失MAINTAININGTHEIDENTITYSIGNSLINKEDTOFORMERECONOMICACTIVITIES保持與先前經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)相關(guān)的標(biāo)志MAINTAINCONTINUITYOFCOMMUNITYSERVICES保持社區(qū)服務(wù)的連續(xù)性CAREFORTHEHOUSINGREQUIREMENTS(IFHOUSINGWASLINKEDTOJOBS)關(guān)注住房需求（如果住房與原工作掛鉤）COLLABORATIONFORTHEESTABLISHMENTOF“SELF-HELP”O(jiān)RGANISATIONS合作成立“自助”組織EVALUATERESETTLEMENTWHENTHEREARENOFUTUREPROSPECTS如果沒(méi)有未來(lái)發(fā)展前景，評(píng)估重新安置第42頁(yè)/共46頁(yè)GUIDELINES指導(dǎo)方針

AFFECTEDINDIVIDUAL受到影響的個(gè)人

NEEDFORINDIVIDUALSUPPORTFROMORGANISATIONSTHEYCANTRUST需要由個(gè)體信任的組織向個(gè)體提供支持RETRAININGAPPROPRIATETOTHENEEDSOFPOTENTIALFUTUREEMPLOYERS根據(jù)未來(lái)潛在工作機(jī)會(huì)的需要進(jìn)行再培訓(xùn)ADVICEONJOBSEARCHINGANDTRAININGMUSTBEPROVIDEDONAN