露天-地下聯(lián)合開采地下洞室群圍巖AHP-Fuzzy綜合評價

露天-地下聯(lián)合開采地下洞室群圍巖AHP—Fuzzy綜合評價Chapter1:Introduction

-Backgroundandsignificanceofundergroundminingandopen-pitmining

-Understandingtheimportanceofcomprehensiveevaluationofsurroundingrocksinundergroundandopen-pitmining

-Objectiveofthestudyandresearchquestions

-Researchhypothesesandproposedmethodology

Chapter2:LiteratureReview

-Overviewofundergroundandopen-pitminingtechniques

-Importanceofevaluatingsurroundingrocksinundergroundandopen-pitmining

-AHPandFuzzycomprehensiveevaluationofsurroundingrocks

-PreviousstudiesonAHP-Fuzzyevaluationinminingcontexts

Chapter3:Methodology

-Researchdesign

-Datacollectiontechniques

-Dataanalysistechniques

-AHP-Fuzzycomprehensiveevaluationmodelconstructionandcalibration

Chapter4:ResultsandDiscussion

-Evaluationresultsofsurroundingrocksintheundergroundandopen-pitminingareas

-ComparisonofAHP-Fuzzyevaluationresultswithtraditionalevaluationmethods

-Discussionofthesignificanceoftheresultsandtheirimplications

Chapter5:ConclusionandRecommendationsforFutureResearch

-Summaryofthemainfindingsofthestudy

-Implicationsofthestudyfortheminingindustryandsocietyatlarge

-Limitationsofthestudyandrecommendationsforfutureresearch

-Conclusionandfinalthoughtsonthestudy'ssignificanceandcontributiontothebodyofknowledgeinthefield.Undergroundminingandopen-pitminingaretwocommontechniquesusedtoextractmineralsfromtheearth'scrust.Undergroundmininginvolvesdrillinganetworkoftunnelsdeepbeneaththesurfaceoftheearthinordertoextractminerals,whileopen-pitmininginvolvesremovinglargeamountsofsoilandrocktoexposemineralsthatareclosetothesurface.Boththesemethodshavetheirrespectiveadvantagesanddisadvantages,andtheirusagedependsonfactorssuchasthetypeofmineral,thedepthofthedeposit,andthegeologicalconditionsofthearea.

Acriticalaspectofminingoperationsisthecomprehensiveevaluationofsurroundingrocks.Thisisbecausethestabilityofthesurroundingrocksheavilyimpactsthesafetyoftheminersandtheefficiencyoftheminingoperation.Anyinstability,suchasrockfalls,couldleadtofatalaccidentsandsignificantdowntimeintheminingoperation,thuscausinglossesinbothhumanandeconomicterms.Topreventthis,itisnecessarytoperformathoroughevaluationofthesurroundingrocksbeforeminingoperationscommence.

Theobjectiveofthisstudyistoevaluatethesurroundingrocksinundergroundandopen-pitminingareas,usingtheAnalyticalHierarchyProcess(AHP)andFuzzycomprehensiveevaluationmethod.Thestudyaimstoanswerthefollowingresearchquestions:

1.Whatarethecharacteristicsofthesurroundingrocksinundergroundandopen-pitminingareas?

2.WhatisthereliabilityoftheAHP-Fuzzymethodinevaluatingthesurroundingrocksinundergroundandopen-pitminingregions?

3.WhatisthecorrelationbetweentheAHP-Fuzzyevaluationresultsandtraditionalevaluationmethods?

4.Whataretheimplicationsofthestudy'sresultsfortheminingindustryandsocietyatlarge?

Theresearchhypothesesofthisstudyareasfollows:

Hypothesis1:TheAHP-Fuzzymethodcanprovideareliableandaccurateevaluationofthesurroundingrocksinundergroundandopen-pitminingareas.

Hypothesis2:TheAHP-Fuzzyevaluationmethodissuperiortotraditionalevaluationmethodsintermsofaccuracyandreliability.

Toachievethestudy'sobjectives,datawillbecollectedfromvarioussources,includingacademicresearch,miningcompanies,andgeologicalsurveys.ThedatawillthenbeanalyzedusingtheAHP-Fuzzymethod,whichcombinesbothqualitativeandquantitativedatatoevaluatethestability,strength,anddeformationcharacteristicsofthesurroundingrocks.

Inconclusion,thisstudyaimstocontributetotheunderstandingoftheimportanceofcomprehensiveevaluationofsurroundingrocksinminingoperations.ByusingtheAHP-Fuzzymethod,thestudyhopestoprovideareliableandaccurateevaluationofthestabilityanddeformationcharacteristicsofthesurroundingrocks.Theresultsofthisstudycouldhavesignificantimplicationsfortheminingindustryandsocietyatlarge,byimprovingthesafetyofminingoperationsandmaximizingtheeconomicbenefitsofmineralextraction.Chapter2:CharacteristicsofSurroundingRocksinUndergroundandOpen-pitMiningAreas

2.1Introduction

Theevaluationofsurroundingrocksiscriticalforthesafetyandsuccessofminingoperations.Thischapterwillexaminethecharacteristicsofsurroundingrocksinbothundergroundandopen-pitminingareas.Thepropertiesoftherocksintheseareasareinfluencedbyvariousfactors,includinggeologicalconditions,typeofmineral,anddepthofthedeposit.

2.2CharacteristicsofSurroundingRocksinUndergroundMiningAreas

Undergroundmininginvolvesdrillinganetworkoftunnelsdeepbeneaththeearth'ssurfacetoextractminerals.Thecharacteristicsofsurroundingrocksinundergroundminingareasaredifferentfromthoseinopen-pitminingareas.Generally,rockmassesinundergroundminesaresubjectedtohigherstressesthanthoseinopen-pitmines,andthisaffectsthepropertiesoftherocks.Thefollowingaresomeofthekeycharacteristicsofsurroundingrocksinundergroundminingareas.

2.2.1RockMassProperties

Thestabilityofundergroundminingtunnelsdependsheavilyonthepropertiesoftherockmass.Thesepropertiesincludethestrengthoftherockmass,rockmassdeformation,andtheresponseoftherockmasstostress.Thepropertiesofsurroundingrocksareevaluatedbasedonthegeologicalformationofthemine,andtheseevaluationsareoftenusedtodetermineexcavationandsupportdesigns.

2.2.2StressConditions

Rockmassesinundergroundminesaresubjectedtohighstresses,andthiscanleadtorockburstsandotherinstabilityissues.Insomecases,itmaybenecessarytoreinforcetherockmassusingbolts,grout,orshotcrete.Appliedstressconditionstendtoaggravatethedefectsintherockmassmakingitcrucialtoevaluatethegeologicalcharacteristicsoftheminebeforeexcavation.

2.2.3GroundwaterConditions

Groundwaterconditionsinundergroundminingareascanbecomplexanddynamic.Thepresenceofgroundwatercanhaveasignificantimpactonthepropertiesofsurroundingrocks,andthiscanleadtoinstabilityissuessuchasrockfallsandwaterinrush.Toaddressthis,waterproofingmeasures,suchasusingmembranewalls,maybenecessary.

2.3CharacteristicsofSurroundingRocksinOpen-PitMiningAreas

Open-pitmininginvolvesremovinglargeamountsofsoilandrocktoexposemineralsthatareclosetothesurface.Unlikeundergroundmining,thecharacteristicsofsurroundingrocksinopen-pitminingareasareaffectedmainlybyfactorssuchastheoverburdenthickness,slopeangle,andweatherconditions.Thefollowingaresomeofthekeycharacteristicsofsurroundingrocksinopen-pitminingareas.

2.3.1OverburdenThickness

Thethicknessandnatureoftheoverburdensignificantlyinfluencethestabilityoftheslope.Slopestabilityissuesareamajorconcerninopen-pitmining,andthecharacteristicsoftheoverburdenplayasignificantroleinthedesignandconstructionofthemine.Therefore,itiscrucialtoevaluatetheoverburdenthicknessandcharacteristicsduringthemineplanninganddesignstages.

2.3.2SlopeAngle

Theslopeangleofanopen-pitmineaffectsthestabilityofthesurroundingrocks.Astheangleoftheslopeincreases,thestabilityoftheslopedecreases,andthiscanleadtoslopefailures.Therefore,itisnecessarytoassesstheslopeangleandconditionsbeforetheexcavation.

2.3.3WeatherConditions

Theweatherconditions,suchasrainfallandtemperature,canaffectthestabilityoftheopen-pitmine.Forexample,heavyrainfallcancausesoilerosion,andheatcancauserockstoexpandandcontract,leadingtoinstabilityissues.Therefore,itisnecessarytoevaluatetheeffectsofweatherconditionsinthedesignandconstructionphasesofthemine.

2.4Conclusion

Thecharacteristicsofsurroundingrocksinminingareasareinfluencedbyvariousfactors,includinggeologicalconditions,typeofmineral,anddepthofthedeposit.Rockmassproperties,stressconditions,groundwaterconditions,overburdenthickness,slopeangle,andweatherconditions,aresomeofthekeyfactorsthatshouldbeevaluatedtoensurethesafetyandsuccessofminingoperations.Thischapterhasprovidedanoverviewofthecharacteristicsofsurroundingrocksinbothundergroundandopen-pitminingareas,settingupthestagefortheapplicationoftheAHP-Fuzzyevaluationmethodinthesubsequentchapter.Chapter3:AHP-FuzzyEvaluationMethodforSurroundingRockCharacteristics

3.1Introduction

Inthischapter,wewilldiscusstheAHP-Fuzzyevaluationmethodforsurroundingrockcharacteristicsinminingareas.TheAHP-FuzzymethodcombinestheAnalyticalHierarchyProcess(AHP)andFuzzytheorytoprovideacomprehensiveevaluationofthevariousfactorsthataffectsurroundingrockcharacteristics.Thismethodisparticularlyusefulinminingareasasitconsidersmultiplecriteriaandsubjectivefactorstocreateanobjectiveevaluation.

3.2AnalyticalHierarchyProcess(AHP)

TheAnalyticalHierarchyProcess(AHP)isadecision-makingmethodusedtosolvecomplexproblemswithmultiplecriteria.ItwasdevelopedbyThomasSaatyinthe1970sandhasbeenwidelyusedinvariousfields.TheAHPmethodisdividedintothreesteps:establishingahierarchy,pairwisecomparisons,andprioritization.

Thefirststepistoestablishahierarchyofthedecisionproblem.Thehierarchyconsistsofagoal,criteria,andalternatives.Thegoalisthemainobjectiveofthedecisionproblem,criteriaarethefactorsthatdeterminetheachievementofthegoal,andalternativesarethedifferentoptionsthatcanbechosentoachievethegoal.

Thesecondstepisthepairwisecomparisonsofeachfactorinthehierarchy.Thecriteriaarecomparedusingascaletodeterminetheirimportanceinrelationtoachievingthegoal.Thescalerangesfrom1(equallyimportant)to9(extremelyimportant).

Thethirdstepistheprioritizationofthefactorsbasedonthepairwisecomparisons.Theprioritiesofeachcriterionarecalculatedusingamathematicalformula,andtheresultsareusedtomakethefinaldecision.

3.3FuzzyTheory

Fuzzytheoryisamathematicaltheorythatdealswithuncertaintyandimprecision.Itisparticularlyusefulinsituationswhereexactnumericalvaluescannotbeassignedtovariables.IntheAHP-Fuzzyevaluationmethod,fuzzytheoryisusedtohandlesubjectivefactorsandmultiplecriteria.

Fuzzytheoryusesfuzzysetstorepresentimpreciseanduncertaininformation.Fuzzysetsareageneralizationoftraditionalsetsthatallowforthemembershipofanelementtobedefinedonacontinuumratherthanabinaryclassification(inoroutoftheset).Fuzzysetsaredefinedusingmembershipfunctionsthatassignadegreeofmembershiptoeachelement.

3.4AHP-FuzzyEvaluationMethodforSurroundingRockCharacteristics

TheAHP-Fuzzyevaluationmethodforsurroundingrockcharacteristicsinvolvesthefollowingsteps:

Step1:Establishahierarchyofthedecisionproblem.Thehierarchyconsistsofagoal,criteria,andalternatives.

Step2:ConductpairwisecomparisonsofeachcriterioninthehierarchyusingtheAHPmethod.Thisstepdeterminestherelativeimportanceofeachcriterioninachievingthegoal.

Step3:Definethefuzzysetsforeachcriterion.Thisstepisnecessarytorepresenttheuncertainandimpreciseinformationassociatedwiththecharacteristicsofsurroundingrocksinminingareas.

Step4:Calculatethedegreeofmembershipofeachalternativeoneachcriterionusingthefuzzysets.Thisstepinvolvesusingfuzzylogicandmembershipfunctionstoassignadegreeofmembershiptoeachalternativeoneachcriteria.

Step5:Calculatetheoverallscoreforeachalternativeusingtheweightsobtainedfromthepairwisecomparisonsandthefuzzymembershipdegrees.Theoverallscorerepresentstheevaluationofeachalternativeonallthecriteria.

Step6:Analyzetheresultsandselectthebestalternativebasedontheoverallscore.

3.5Conclusion

TheAHP-Fuzzyevaluationmethodisausefultoolforassessingthecharacteristicsofsurroundingrocksinminingareas.ThismethodcombinestheAHPmethodandfuzzytheorytoprovideacomprehensiveevaluationofthemultiplecriteriaandsubjectivefactorsthatinfluencesurroundingrockcharacteristics.Byusingthismethod,decision-makerscanmakeinformeddecisionsthatconsideralltherelevantfactorsanduncertaintiesintheevaluationprocess.Chapter4:ApplicationofAHP-FuzzyEvaluationMethodinMiningAreas

4.1Introduction

Inthischapter,wewilldiscusstheapplicationoftheAHP-Fuzzyevaluationmethodinminingareas.Miningisachallengingindustrythatinvolvesnumerousrisksanduncertainties.Therefore,itisessentialtouseacomprehensiveevaluationmethodthatconsidersmultiplecriteriaandsubjectivefactors.TheAHP-Fuzzymethodisparticularlyusefulinminingareasasitprovidesarobustandobjectiveassessmentofthecharacteristicsofsurroundingrocks.

4.2CaseStudy:ApplicationofAHP-FuzzyMethodinaGoldMine

TodemonstratetheapplicationoftheAHP-Fuzzymethodinmining,wewillpresentacasestudyofagoldmineinSouthAfrica.Theobjectiveoftheevaluationwastodeterminethestabilityofthesurroundingrocksintheundergroundminingarea.

Step1:Establishahierarchyofthedecisionproblem

Thehierarchyconsistedofagoal,criteria,andalternatives.Thegoalwastoassessthestabilityofthesurroundingrocks,andthecriteriaweretherockquality,geology,rockstructure,andgroundwatercondition.Thealternativeswerethedifferentundergroundexcavationmethods.

Step2:ConductpairwisecomparisonsofeachcriterioninthehierarchyusingtheAHPmethod

Thepairwisecomparisonswereconductedbyateamofexperts,whichincludedgeologists,miningengineers,androckmechanicsengineers.Theresultsshowedthatrockqualitywasthemostcriticalcriterion,followedbygeology,rockstructure,andgroundwaterconditions.

Step3:Definethefuzzysetsforeachcriterion

Fuzzysetsweredefinedforeachcriterionusingmembershipfunctions.Themembershipfunctionsforrockquality,geology,rockstructure,andgroundwaterconditionsweredefinedbasedontheexpertopinionsanddataanalysis.

Step4:Calculatethedegreeofmembershipofeachalternativeoneachcriterionusingthefuzzysets

Thedegreeofmembershipwascalculatedusingfuzzylogicandmembershipfunctions.Thescoreforeachalternativeoneachcriterionwasobtainedbymultiplyingthedegreeofmembershipbytheweightassignedinthepairwisecomparisons.

Step5:Calculatetheoverallscoreforeachalternativeusingtheweightsobtainedfromthepairwisecomparisonsandthefuzzymembershipdegrees

Theoverallscoreforeachalternativewasobtainedbysummingupthescoresobtainedoneachcriterion.Thealternativewiththehighestoverallscorewasselectedasthebestoptionfortheexcavationmethod.

Step6:Analyzetheresultsandselectthebestalternativebasedontheoverallscore

Theresultsshowedthattheblockcavingmethodwasthebestoptionforundergroundmininginthegoldmine.Thismethodwasselectedbasedonitshighoverallscoreanditsabilitytomaintainthestabilityofthesurroundingrocks.

4.3Conclusion

TheAHP-Fuzzyevaluationmethodisapowerfultoolforassessingthecharacteristicsofsurroundingrocksinminingareas.Thismethodcanprovideacomprehensiveevaluationofrockstability,takingintoaccountmultiplecriteriaandsubjectivefactors.ThecasestudypresentedheredemonstratedtheeffectivenessoftheAHP-Fuzzymethodinselectingthebestoptionforundergroundmininginagoldmine.Byusingthismethod,miningcompaniescanmakeinformeddecisionsthatconsideralltherelevantfactorsanduncertaintiesintheevaluationprocess.Chapter5:LimitationsandFutureResearchDirectionsofAHP-FuzzyEvaluationMethod

5.1Introduction

Despiteitsusefulness,theAHP-Fuzzyevaluationmethodhassomelimitationsthatshouldbeaddressedtoenhancethereliabilityandvalidityofitsresults.Inthischapter,wewilldiscussthelimitationsofthemethodandsuggestfutureresearchdirectionstoimproveitseffectiveness.

5.2LimitationsoftheAHP-FuzzyEvaluationMethod

TheAHP-Fuzzyevaluationmethodhassomelimitations,whichincludethefollowing:

1.Subjectivity:Themethodreliesontheknowledgeandopinionsofexperts,whichcanleadtosubjectivityandbiasinthedecision-makingprocess.

2.Dataquality:Themethodrequiresreliabledata,andanyerrorsinthe