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九從句的復(fù)習

復(fù)合句:定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句。定語從句:

1.that,which,who的使用。一個句子當中有兩個相同的名詞,將其中的一個名詞進行替換,如果是人,用who;如果是物,用which;that既可以指人又可以指物。

重磅閱讀2.謂語動詞(結(jié)構(gòu))和后面的介詞有兩種關(guān)系:關(guān)系緊密&關(guān)系疏遠;定語從句中如果謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系緊密,則介詞必須保留在謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的后面,不能做任何位置的改動;如果謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系疏遠,介詞一般提到which/who/that的前面;介詞加which正好表示時間,可以表達成whe-n;表示地點時,可以表達成where;表示原因時,變成why;

3.限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句:定語從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系非常緊密,刪掉定語從句后,整個句子意思會改變;非限定性定語從句:定語從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系不是很緊密,刪掉定語從句后,整個句子意思不會改變,定語從句只起到補充說明的意義;

(2)非限定性定語從句:

eg:Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.

②非限定性定語從句:which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句只能放在后面,as則只能放在句子前面

名詞性從句:主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句及同謂語從句;

形式:

名詞+從句;

連接詞取決于后面的從句是什么樣的形式;

如果是陳述句,直接加that引導(dǎo);

一般疑問句:先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序,然后在其前加上weather或者if;

特殊疑問句:直接保留特殊疑問詞,后面的句子變成陳述句語序;

定義:在句子中起名詞作用的句子,且在句子中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同謂語、介詞賓語等成分;

eg.Yuminhong,thepresidentofNewOrientalSchool.

狀語從句:兩個獨立的句子中間用一些含義不同的連接詞連接;狀語從句用來表達兩個句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系;分成原因狀語、條件狀語、結(jié)果狀語、時間狀語、地點狀語、讓步狀語、目的狀語、比較狀語、方式狀語等九大類型;

定語從句是名詞+關(guān)系詞+從句,關(guān)系詞的用法取決于名詞的問題;

名詞性從句:同謂語從句:名詞+關(guān)系詞+從句,關(guān)系詞跟后面的從句有關(guān)系,如果是陳述句,直接加that引導(dǎo);

一般疑問句:先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序,然后在其前加上weather或者if;

特殊疑問句:直接保留特殊疑問詞,后面的句子變成陳述句語序;

賓語從句:動詞+關(guān)系詞+從句;

表語從句:系動詞+關(guān)系詞+從句;

主語從句:關(guān)系詞+從句+謂語動詞;

名詞性從句,其關(guān)系詞的來源取決于后面的從句的性質(zhì)。

狀語從句:完整句子1+邏輯關(guān)系詞+完整句子2;

如何區(qū)分定語從句和同謂語從句:whether,what,how接在名詞后面一定是同謂語從句;關(guān)系詞是when,where,why如果前面不是時間、地點、人物,那么是同謂語從句;如果是的話,則為定語從句;如果見到which的話,which在句中翻譯成“哪一個”,就是同謂語;翻譯不成“哪一個”就是定語從句;that就是看它在句中是否充當成分,如果充當成分就是定語從句;不充當成分就是同謂語從句;

Whethertheplanisfeasible

remainstobeproved.

(主語從句)

是否這個計劃是可行的仍然值得去考證。

Iworryaboutwhetherhecanpassthroughthecrisisofhisillness.

(賓語從句)

我擔心他是否能度過疾病的危險期。

Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanistrustworthy.(同謂語從句)

Attimewhenhiringqualified

peopleisbecomingmoredifficult(定語從句),employerswhocaneliminate

invalid

biasfromtheprocesshaveadistinctadvantage.(定語從句)

在雇傭合格人才變得越來越困難的時期,那些能夠在雇傭過程中消除站不住腳的偏見的雇主具有明顯的優(yōu)勢。

Eg.While(讓步狀語從句)eventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhen(時間狀語從句)theyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.

在20世紀60年代之前,當人們伏案寫作的時候,即使那些接受教育不多的人也會追求一種高雅的風格,但是從那以后,即使是那些令人敬仰的文學作品也在追求一種口語的風格。

Eg.About45%oftheworld'spopulation

livedintheclimatezonewheremosquito

transmitdisease.全球45%的人口都生活在這樣的一個區(qū)域,這個地方的蚊子會傳播疾病。

五、定語從句:

eg:Iknowthegirl.

ThegirlcomesfromBeijing.

IknowthegirlwhocomesfromBeijing.

重磅閱讀

步驟:

1.找到兩個句子中相同的名詞;

2.將兩個名詞中的一個進行替換,若是人,用who替換;若是物,用which替換;that既可以指人,又可以指物;

3.將who或which引導(dǎo)的句子放在相同名詞之后;

eg:Ilikereadingbooks.

ThebookswerewrittenbyOHenry.

IlikereadingbookswhichwerewrittenbyOHenry.

eg:Iplantedatree.

Thetreeistallerthanthehouse.

ThetreewhichIplantedistallerthanthehouse.

1.who/that/which所引導(dǎo)的句子必須放在相同名詞之后;

eg:Theteacherprizedtheboy.

Theboyismyneighbor.

Theboywhotheteacherprizedismyneighbor.

eg:Thisisthebook.

Youarelookingforthebook.

Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.

eg:Thisisthebook.

Youareinterestedinthebook.

Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin.

2.謂語動詞(結(jié)構(gòu))和后面的介詞有兩種關(guān)系:關(guān)系緊密&關(guān)系疏遠;

關(guān)系緊密:謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞合成在一起,聯(lián)系緊密,不可分割,一旦分割意思就會發(fā)生改變;

eg:lookfor,beinterestedin,lookafter,lookat

定語從句中如果謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系緊密,則介詞必須保留在謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的后面,不能做任何位置的改動;如果謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系疏遠,介詞一般提到which/who/that的前面;

eg:Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.

Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin.

Thisisthebookinwhichyouareinterested.

Thisisthebookwhichyou

askedfor.

3.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞:

eg:Beijingistheplace.

Iwasbornintheplace.

BeijingistheplacewhichIwasbornin.

BeijingistheplaceinwhichIwasborn.

定語從句中,如果介詞+which表示地點,則可以用where替換;

BeijingistheplacewhereIwasborn.

eg:

Ican'tforgettheday.

Ijointhearmyontheday.

Ican'tforgetthedaywhichIjointhearmyon.

Ican'tforgetthedayonwhichIjointhearmy.

Ican'tforgetthedaywhenIjointhearmy.

判斷:ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.

ThisisthemountainvillageinwhichIvisitedlastyear.

ThisisthemountainvillagewhichIvisitedinlastyear.

正確:Thisisthemountainvillagewhich/thatIvisitedlastyear.

4.判斷關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的方法:

(1)不管是關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞,都取決于從句中的謂語動詞;

若該謂語動詞為及物動詞,則一定使用關(guān)系代詞;若該謂語動詞為不及物動詞,且其后沒有介詞,則一定使用關(guān)系副詞;

eg:IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.

IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.

IwillneverforgetthedayswhichIspentinthecountryside.

(2)通過判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分

eg:Isthisthemuseum(that)youvisitedafewdaysago?

themuseum:充當visit的賓語

Isthisthemuseum(inwhich/where)theexhibitionwasheld?

關(guān)系代詞:前面句子里的先行詞也要在后面的句子里充當主語或者賓語的成分;

介詞+which,恰好表示時間和地點,可以替換成when,where這樣的關(guān)系副詞;

5限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句

(1)非限定性定語從句:先行詞(即名詞)后有一個逗號;

eg:Inourschool,therewere8foreignteacherswhocomefromAustralia.(限定性定語從句)

Inourschool,therewere8foreignteachers,whocomefromAustralia.(非限定性定語從句)

限定性定語從句:定語從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系非常緊密,刪掉定語從句后,整個句子意思會改變;

非限定性定語從句:定語從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系不是很緊密,刪掉定語從句后,整個句子意思不會改變,定語從句只起到補充說明的意義;

eg:Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.

(2)非限定性定語從句:

①先行詞是前面的整句話;

eg:Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.

WewillspendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,whichwasdecidedlastyear.

Thisisthehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth.

②非限定性定語從句:which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句只能放在后面,as則只能放在句子前面;

eg:Smokingisharmfultoourheath,whichweknow.

Smokingisharmfultoourheath,asweknow.

Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoourheath.

eg:Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss(

)cameasasurprise.

A.It

B.that

C.as

D.which

(3)that和which的區(qū)別:①什么時候不能用that,只能用which:非限定性定語從句中,即逗號之后;

eg:Thetree,thatis400yearsold,whichisveryfamoushere.

②什么時候不能用that,只能用which:非限定性定語從句中,即逗號之后;介詞后面不能用that,只能用which;

eg:Thetree,thatis400yearsold,whichisveryfamoushere.

Wedependontheland,fromwhichwecangetourfood.

inthat:因為;

(4)什么時候不能用which,只能用that:

①前面的先行詞是不定代詞,包括all,anything,nothing,theone,much,little等;

eg:HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Leehassaid?

②如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了theonly,thevery等;

eg:Thisistheonlywaythatwecanthinkout.

③如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級;

eg:ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.

④如果先行詞中即有人,又有物;

eg:Theyaretalkingabouttheschoolandtheteachersthattheyvisitedyesterday.

例:Medicalresearchersarepainfullyawarethattherearemanyproblems

(他們至今還沒找到答案).

theyhavn'tfoundsolutions/answerstotheseproblems.

therearemanyproblemswhich

theyhavn'tfoundsolutions/answersto.

例:(與我成長的地方相比),thistownismoreprosperousandexciting.

Comparedwiththeplaceinwhich/whereIgrewup,

例:(聽到他告訴我的消息),Icouldn’thelplaughing.

Hearingthenewswhich/thathetoldme,

例:CareerexpertssaythatoneofthewaysjobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.

當先行詞中是theway的時候,后面的連接詞可以用that,可以用which和inwhich,甚至可以不填;強調(diào)句

英語中表示強調(diào)的8種方式

1.用形容詞“very”,“single”等表示強調(diào)

eg.YouaretheverypersonI'mlookingfor.

你就是我要找的那個人。

重磅閱讀

RedArmyfoughtabattleonthisveryspot.

紅軍就在此地打過一仗。

Notasinglepersonhasbeenintheofficethisafternoon.

今天下午竟然沒有一個人來過辦公室。

2.用反身代詞表示強調(diào)

e.g.Imyselfwillseeheroffatthestation.

我將親自到車站為她送行。

Youcandoitwellyourself.

你自己能做好這件事情。

3.用助詞“do/does/did+動詞原形”表示強調(diào)

e.g.Thebabyisgenerallyhealthy,buteverynowandthenshedoescatchacold.

那孩子的健康狀況尚好,但就是偶爾患感冒。

Dobequiet.ItoldyouIhadaheadache.

務(wù)必安靜,我告訴過你,我頭疼。

4.用“...a(chǎn)ndthat”,“...a(chǎn)ndthose”,等結(jié)構(gòu)表示強調(diào)

e.g.Theyfulfilledthetask,andthatinafewdays.

他們在幾天內(nèi)完成的就是那項任務(wù)。

Igavehersomepresents,andthosethedaybeforeyesterday.

前天我送給她的就是那些禮物。

5.用雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu)表示強調(diào)

e.g.Thereisnoreasonwhythisnewimmigrantshouldnothavethesamesuccess.

完全有理由相信這些新移民應(yīng)該擁有相同的成功。

Amancanneverhavetoomanyties.

一個男人有再多的領(lǐng)帶也不為過。

Ican'tthankyoutoomuch.

我無論怎樣感謝你都不過份。

Amothercanneverbepatientenoughwithherchild.

Iamnotunfaithfultoyou.我對你無比忠誠。

6.用短語“ineveryway”,“innoway”,“byallmeans”,“bynomeans”,“onlytoo”,“alltoo”,“buttoo”,“inheaven”,“intheworld”,“inhell”,“onearth”,“underthesun”等表示強調(diào)

e.g.Hisbehaviourwasineverywayperfect.

他的舉止確實無可挑剔。

Thenewswasonlytootrue.

這消息確實是事實。

Whereinheavenwereyouthen?

當時你到底在哪里?

7.用倒裝句表示強調(diào)

8.用強調(diào)句型表示強調(diào)

Itisthat或Itiswho

e.g.Itwastheheadmasterwhoopenedthedoorforme.

正是校長為我開的門。

Itwasyesterdaythatwecarriedoutthatexperiment.

就是在昨天我們做了那個實驗。插入語

插入語通常是說話者對所表達意思的一種補充、強調(diào)、解釋或者是說話人的一種態(tài)度。它的位置比較靈活,常常會用逗號或者破折號和其他部分隔開,但是在語法上不會影響其他成分。

重磅閱讀

插入語六大用法小結(jié)

例1_____themoreexpensivethecamera,thebetteritsquality.

A.Generalspeaking

B.Speakinggeneral

C.Generallyspeaking

D.Speakinggenerally

小結(jié):許多分詞短語可以用作插入語,這樣的分詞短語有:strictlyspeaking(嚴格地說),generallyconsidering(一般認為),judgingfrom……(根據(jù)……判斷)等。

例2Twomiddle-agedpassengersfellintothesea.____,neitherofthemcouldswim.

A.Infact

B.Luckily

C.Unfortunately

D.Naturally

小結(jié):常用作插入語的副詞或副詞短語有:indeed(的確),surely(無疑),however(然而),frankly(坦率地說),obviously(顯然),naturally(天然地),luckily(happily)forsb.(算某人幸運),fortunately(幸好),strangely(奇怪),briefly(簡單地說)等。

例3Yourperformanceinthedrivingtestdidn’treachtherequiredstandard,_____,you

failed.

A.intheend

B.afterallC.inotherwords

D.atthesametime

小結(jié):常用作插入語的介詞短語有:inconclusion(總之),inaword(簡而言之),inshort(簡而言之),ingeneral(一般說來),inasense(在某種意義上),inmyview(在我看來),inhisopinion(按照他的看法),infact(事實上),atfirst(首先),inaddition(此外),ofcourse(當然),tomysurprise(使我驚奇的),toherregret(使她遺憾的),forexample(例如)等。

例4Itissonicetohearfromher._____,welastmetmorethanthirtyyearsago.

A.What‘smore

B.Thatistosay

C.Inotherwords

D.Believeitornot

小結(jié):用簡短的句子結(jié)構(gòu)作插入語,它們常置于句中或句末。這類簡短的句子有:Iamsure(我可以肯定地說),Ibelieve(我相信),doyouknow(你知道嗎),yousee(你明白),I’mafraid(恐怕),itissaid(據(jù)說),Isuppose(我想),what’smore(而且),what’sworse(更糟糕的是),thatis(也就是說),whatisimportant(重要的是)等。

例5_____withyou,Ihavenomoneytospare.

A.Tobefrank

B.What’smoreC.Inaddition

D.However

小結(jié):常用作插入語的不定式短語有:tobesure(無疑地),tosumup(概括地說),totellthetruth(老實說)等。

例6_____,heshouldhavedonesuchathing.

A.Speakinggeneral

B.StrangetosayC.Luckily

D.Ofcourse

小結(jié):常用作插入語的形容詞或其短語有:true(真的),funny(真可笑),needlesstosay(不用說),mostimportantofall(最為重要),worsestill(更糟糕的),evenbetter(更好)等。

BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration).

Theproblem,mostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledge,isthattheMBAhasacquiredanaura(光環(huán))offuturerichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness.

Opinionsurveysintheworld’stwolargesteconomies—JapanandtheUnitedStates—showconsumeristdefinitionsofsuccessbecomingevermoreprevalent.

破課程講義主講:屠皓民歡迎使用新東方在線電子教材大家好,歡迎大家回到我們的新東方網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂!第一講句子的基本成分句子成分:主語、謂語、賓語/表語、定語、狀語和補語。注:“_____”的部分是主干部分。

例:Suchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidates.謂語是整個句子的最重要的部分,也是整個句子的突破口。只有謂語是沒有從句的概念的。一、謂語1、

實義動詞,即行為動詞,watch,play

及物動詞:后面直接賓語

不及物動詞:后面加介詞+賓語Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.Theexaminationendedat11:30am.Theyarelookingforthelostwallet..不及物動詞有的時候也可以做及物動詞來用,比如close,begin,study,leave,work等Thepostofficescloseat9:00o’clockPM.Closethewindow!形式變化:時態(tài)變化,語態(tài)變化,用情態(tài)動詞+實義動詞的原型,情態(tài)動詞+have+過去分詞形式2、

系動詞(構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu))Be動詞持續(xù)的系動詞:keep,taste,…后面加形容詞Healwayskeptsilentatthemeeting.Thesearchproveddifficult.二、主語和賓語(1)認識名詞:

①名詞是用來表示人,事物,地點,以及抽象事物名稱的。比如:

人:John,sister,father

事物:water,air,sun,computer

地點:London,theater

抽象事物:love,happiness,imagination,hope

②名詞的數(shù):注意單復(fù)數(shù)

③名詞的格:

‘s以及of

邏輯語義:

Rachel:I’mCarol’sex-husband'ssister'sroommate.

Doctor:I’myourroommate'sbrother'sex-wife'sobstetrician.(產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生)

——老友記

of:理清邏輯語義

表示所有關(guān)系:

翻譯方法:

“AofB”翻譯成“B的A”Therapidityofthemotionofthewingofthehummingbirdisremarkable.Thecomingofageofpost-warbabyboombroughtremarkableinfluenceuponAmericansociety.特殊:Chinaisproudofitsfivethousandyearsofthehistoryandculture.

(2)語法功能:充當句子中主語、賓語、賓語補足語、表語、同位語等成分。

例:Thereasonsareclearnow.

Whyhemurderedhiswifeisclearnow.

Hehasmadeclearthefacts.

Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.

Itisthequestion.

Itiswhetherthebookisworthreading.

Wefoundoutthemurderer,Tom.

Wefoundoutthefactthathewaskilled.

注:代詞與名詞關(guān)系十分緊密,與名詞形成特定的指代關(guān)系。

分為以下幾類:

人稱代詞:I/you/he/she/it/me/you/him/her/it

形容詞性物主代詞:my/your/his/her/its/

名詞性物主代詞:mine/yours/his/hers/its

反身代詞:myself/yourself/herself/himself/itself

不定代詞:every/both/all/none/something/anything/everything(注意否定)

疑問代詞:that/what/which/whose/who/whom

(3)名詞性結(jié)構(gòu):動名詞與不定式

①動名詞與不定式做主語例:WatchingTVismyhobby.Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife.

Reallyusingalanguageisnotaneasytask.(2006完形)Findingwaystoassistthisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.(2009.閱讀)Knowingwhatyouaregoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.

Tomasteralanguageisnotaneasything.

Toerr(犯錯)ishuman;toforgive,divine(神圣的).Itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastoffuture.

②動名詞與不定式做賓語

例:Otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.

BadweatherpreventedhimfromstartingoutforBeijingontime.

(2003Text1)Thelatestrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.

③動名詞與不定式檢測題

(2004Text1)Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopenings(空缺)canbetime-consumingandinefficient……Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.

(2004完形)Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact.(4)主語從句、賓語從句

注:把原來是詞的位置轉(zhuǎn)換成句就成了相應(yīng)的從句。

①主語從句:that引導(dǎo)(陳述句)、whether(一般疑問句)、what等疑問詞引導(dǎo)(特殊疑問句)。

ThatEnglishisimportantisanundoubtedfact.

Whetherhewillcometomypartymakesnodifferencetome.Whatweforget——whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting——

isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.

②賓語從句:that引導(dǎo)(可省—陳述句)、whether等疑問詞引導(dǎo)(一般疑問句)。

I'veknownthatyouaremysourceofendlessinspiration.

Idon'tknowif/whetherheneedsmyhelp.Idon'tknowhowhecancomehere.Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.

(5)從句檢測題:Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocates(倡導(dǎo)者)offree-marketeconomictheories.

(1994.75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.4.定語

(1)形容詞:

Heisahandsomeboy.Heisaboywhoishandsome.Weshouldknowtheculturepastandpresent.

(2)形容詞性從句:定語從句——限定性定語從句(that可)、非限定性定語從句(that否)。

Mr.Zhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmine.

Hestudieshardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichcontributestohissuccessinlaterlife.例:(2005.47)Multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.

①關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:that引導(dǎo)(做連詞可省)、which引導(dǎo)、who引導(dǎo)、whom引導(dǎo)、whose引導(dǎo)。

例:Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(模式)intowhichtheyplug(嵌入,套入)eachday’sevents.

Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed.

The“housingslave”isanewexpressioninChina,referringtopeoplewhousemostoftheirsalarytorepaybankloansduetosoaringhousingprices.注:先行詞被any,only,all,every,no,some,much,few,little序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級,theonly.theone,thevery,theright和thelast等成分修飾時,用that.ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveread.

that不用在非限定性定語從句在中that不用在介詞后面

②關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:when引導(dǎo)、where引導(dǎo)、why引導(dǎo)、whereby引導(dǎo)。

Thedaywhenwestoplearningisthedaywhenwedie.Literatureistheplacewherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethefuture.

③as引導(dǎo)的定語從句:

a.引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句such…as…,thesame…as(that)…,as…as…;

例:(2001Text4)Themostimportantforcesbehindthemassive(巨大的)M&A(并購)wavearethesamethatunderlie(引起)theglobalizationprocess.TheSungivesusasmuchenergyeveryminuteasmankindusesinayear.

b.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句:

作文常用句型:Asisshowninthepictures,Asisseenfromthechart,Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoonabove…

(1994完形54)Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension.A.whoB.asC.whichD.what(3)分詞:現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞——時態(tài)與主被動

①語法功能:定語、表語、賓語/主語補足語、狀語。

定語:a.Weareoftenattractedbyenchantingmusic.

Theyarerepairingthebrokenwindow.b.TheAmericanPresidentvisitingChinanowwillreturnonSaturday.

IlikereadingbookswrittenbyMarkTwain.

c.分詞作定語檢測題:

(1996年語法)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecently4whathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.

A.givingB.gaveC.togiveD.gives(2003年63題)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttoanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.5.

狀語

(1)副詞

注:狀語修飾動詞、形容詞和整句。例:Shecarefullypickedupallthebitsofbrokenglass.Ourcountryisbecomingincreasinglystrong.

Heisoldenoughtogetmarried.

Hepassedthefirst-roundoftheexamination.However,hewasnotadmittedbyRenmin(2)介詞充當狀語

①介詞的定義:中介作用(介詞與名詞的搭配,介詞與形容詞的搭配,介詞與動詞的搭配)

②常見介詞基本意義總結(jié):

空間關(guān)系:in,on,at

時間關(guān)系:in,on,at

論及、牽涉關(guān)系:about,on,over

介詞

原因關(guān)系:becauseof,for

方法手段:by,with,in

組成構(gòu)成:of,from,with

讓步關(guān)系:despite,inspiteof

排除關(guān)系:except,but其他常見介詞:besides;among;towards;between

③介詞或短語介詞的語法功能在句中的體現(xiàn):

注:無論是介詞還是短語介詞后面所接的詞都是名詞性的。

Apartfromwomen'sownhappiness,theneedsofthecommunitymustbeconsidered.

Advertisementsmaybeclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothekindofappealstheyuse.(3)副詞性從句:狀語從句……時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、條件狀語從句、原因狀語從句、

結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、方式狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、比較狀語從句。①時間狀語從句:正點……as,till,(not)until,assoonas…,every(each)time,theinstant,theminute,themoment,thesecond,nosooner...than,hardly...when;之前……before;之后……after,since,once;例:Thebabystart’scryingtheminuteheseeshisfather.Nosoonerhadhedrunkthecoffeethanhebegantofeeldrowsy(困倦的).

***“not...until"的四種不同句式:

a.正常句式Wedidn’tgohomeuntilwefinishedourhomework.

b.Until在句首_________________________________________________________

c.倒裝句式Notuntilwefinishedourworkdidwegohome.

d.強調(diào)句式Itwasnotuntil……thatwewenthome.

注:分享同一翻譯:直到……才。

(1994Text2)Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.

時間狀語從句檢測題:

(1991年語法)_____tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.

A.Hardlyhadhebegan

B.Nosoonerhadhebegan

C.Notuntilhebegan

D.Scarcelydidhebegan

(1998年Text2)Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue——itcomestoclassroomtests.

A.before

B.as

C.since

D.when

(2002.22)Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot—the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphlet(小冊子)andthe

bookandinthecompanyoftheperiodical(期刊).

A.after

B.by

C.during

D.until

②地點狀語從句:everywhere/anywhere/wherever;

例:(1998Text2)EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.

③條件狀語從句:suppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing,as(so)longas;ifonly:只要;onlyif:只有

(1996年語法)Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme3Shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.

A.eversince

B.muchas

C.eventhough

D.ifonly

(2004年完形42)

Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily__heproducesasurplus.

A.onlyif

B.muchas

C.longbefore

D.eversincesuppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing

注:相當于if例:Suppose/Supposingthatitrains,canweplayfootballindoors?

Farmerswillhaveagoodharvest,assumingtheweatherisfavorable.Provided/Providingwegetgoodweatheritwillbeasuccessfulholiday.

(1993語法)YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeeting

youdon'tmindtakingthenighttrain.

A.provided

B.unless

C.though

D.untilaslongas...

(2002Text4)Aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohasten(加速)death.

④原因狀語從句:

as,since,inthat;considering;nowthat,as(so)longas;onthegroundsthat;

例(2003.37)__theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedtheconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentareadmiredbyothers.A.If

B.Although

C.whereas

D.Because

(1995語法)Hydrogen(氫元素)isthefundamentalelementoftheuniverse__itprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.

A.sothat-

B.butthat

C.inthat

D.providedthat

(1996.46)Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon(碳元素),hydrogen,oxygen(氧元素),andsometimesnitrogen(氮元素).

Theyaredifferent__theirelementsarearrangeddifferently.A.inthat

B.sothat

C.suchthat

D.exceptthat

(2004.22)Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeeds(違法行為)orthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteraction(一起活動)withothers.A.before

B.unless

C.until

D.because

⑤目的狀語從句:lest,incase,forfearthat

例:

(2000Text5)Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,as

easilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing(愛出風頭的),acquisitive(貪婪的)andvulgar(庸俗的)

(2003.35)Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.AVarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoOntosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.

.A.ifonly

B.nowthat

C.sothat

D.evenif

⑥方式狀語從句:as;asif/though;inthesameway/manner;

例:(2000Text)Forawhileitlooksasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericanhadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty(犧牲品)。

⑦讓步狀語從句:

易懂類:although,though,despite,inspiteof,eventhough

例:(1996.50)Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionaluseforexcessVitamins.Manypeople,50,believeinbeingOilthe"safeside"andthustakeextravitamins.A.nevertheless

B.therefore

C.moreover

D.meanwhile

(1997.44)44

itseconomyconditionstorecover,theusisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.A.Eventhough

B.Nowthat

C.Ifonly

D.Providedthat

(2000Text2)

ButhoweveramazedourdecedentsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.

(2004.40)A11theseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,40adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.

A.provided

B.since

C.although

D.supposing

難點類:while,as,though(2000Text4)Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanical(機械的)learningovercreativityandself-expression.

例:Youngasheis,Jimisknowledgeable.Childasheis,Jimisknowledgeable.

(1992語法)___hedoesgetannoyedwithhersometimes.

A.Althoughmuchhelikesher

B.MuchalthoughhelikesherC.Ashelikeshermuch

D.Muchashelikesher

(1998.75)Oddthoughifsounds,cosmicinflation(宇宙膨脹論)isascientificallyplausible(可行的)

consequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics.

⑧比較狀語從句:

as...as,more...than,nomorethanlessthan,notlessthan.

基本類:

例:

(2005.46)NeverbeforehastelevisionservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.(2006Text1)Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics"havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoUS-bornwhitesandblacks."(2007text7)Fewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.

(2000Text4)Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterparts(同輩)inthe10othercountriessurveyed.

倍數(shù)類:

例:(2000Text1)AftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUShadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleled(無與倫比的)economiesofscale.

(2003Text3)Railroadstypicallychargetheshippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.

(1998Text4)Asaresult,California'sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent—littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960sgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.

倍數(shù)類檢測題:

(1999語法)Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkills__peopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.

A.sevenmoretimes

B.seventimesmore

C.overseventimes

D

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