常用法律詞語-附英文解釋

下面的常用法律英語詞語（按照字母順序）來自于紐約市民事法庭官網(wǎng)，對于法律英語學習者很有幫助，閱讀其原本的英文解釋可以幫助我們很好的理解其含義。Aaction:aciviljudicialproceedingwherebyonepartyprosecutesanotherforawrongdoneorforprotectionofarightorpreventionofawrong;requiresserviceofprocessonadversarypartyorpotentiallyadversarypartyadjournment:atemporarypostponementoftheproceedingsofacaseuntilaspecifiedfuturetimeadjudicate:tohearortryanddeterminejudiciallyadversary:anopponent.Thedefendantistheplaintiff'sadversaryadult:apersonover18yearsoldaffiant:onewhoswearstoanaffidavit;deponentaffidavit:aswornoraffirmedstatementmadeinwritingandsigned;ifsworn,itisnotarizedaffirmed:upheld,agreedwith(e.g.,TheAppellateCourtaffirmedthejudgmentoftheCivilCourt)allegation:theassertion,declaration,orstatementofapartytoanaction,madeinapleading,settingoutwhatthepartyexpectstoproveallege:toassertafactinapleadingallocution:aformaladdressbyatrialjudgetothepartiesontherecordtofindoutiftheyunderstandthetermsofastipulationofsettlementamend:tochangeanswer:apaperfiledincourtandsenttotheplaintiffbythedefendant,admittingordenyingthestatementsintheplaintiff'scomplaint,andbrieflystatingwhytheplaintiff'sclaimsareincorrectandwhythedefendantisnotresponsiblefortheplaintiff'sinjuryorlossappeal:inanappeal,eitherplaintiffordefendant(orsometimesboth)asksahigherreviewingcourttoconsideralowercourtjudge'sdecision.Onemayonlyappealajudge'sruling,notanarbitrator'sruling.appealasofright:theabilitytobringanappealofanorderorajudgmentwithoutseekingpermissionofthecourtappear/appearance:theparticipationintheproceedingsbyapartysummonedinanaction,eitherinpersonorthroughanattorneyappellant:thepartywhotakesanappealtoahighercourtappellee:thepartyagainstwhomanappealistakenarbitration:aprocessinwhichanimpartialattorneytrainedinarbitrationoraretiredjudgedecidesadisputeinsteadofthecourt;ifthepartiesconsenttoarbitration,thearbitrator'sdecisionisfinal;otherwise,adissatisfiedpartymayrequestatrialbeforethecourtarbitrator:adisinterestedpersontrainedinarbitrationwhohearsevidenceconcerningthedisputeandmakesanawardbasedontheevidenceargument:areasongiveninprooforrebuttalattachment:thetakingofpropertyintolegalcustodybyanenforcementofficerBbillofparticulars:factualdetailsubmittedbyaclaimantafterarequestbytheadversepartywhichdetails,clarifiesorexplainsfurtherthechargesand/orfactsallegedinapleadingbrief:awritten orprinteddocument preparedbythelawyersoneachsideofadisputeandsubmittedtothecourtinsupportoftheirarguments-abriefincludesthepointsoflawwhichthelawyerwishedtoestablish,theargumentsthelawyeruses,andthelegalauthoritiesonwhichthelawyerrestshis/herconclusionsCcalendar:ascheduleofmatterstobeheardincourtcalendarcall:thecallingofmattersrequiringparties,ortheirattorneys,toappearandbeheard.Thereisusuallyoneatthebeginningofeachcourtday.Othercalendarcallstakeplacethroughouttheday.caption:inapleading,depositionorotherpaperconnectedwithacaseincourt,itistheheadingorintroductoryclausewhichshowsthenamesoftheparties,nameofthecourt,numberofthecaseonthedocketorcalendar,etc.causeofaction:groundsonwhichalegalactionmaybebrought(e.g.,propertydamage,personalinjury,goodssoldanddelivered,worklaborandservices)certifiedcopy:adocumentwhichcontainsasealthatestablishesthedocumentasgenuine,asatruecopy,sothatitmaybeusedasevidenceatatrialorahearing.Adocumentmaybecertifiedbyanofficialrecordkeeper,aclerkofthecourt,oranyotherauthorizedperson,forexample,anattorney.certifiedstatement:astatementwhichhasbeensworntobeforeaNotaryPublicorCommissionerofDeedsasatruestatementchangeofvenue:theremovalofasuitbeguninonecountytoanothercountyfortrial,thoughthetermmayalsoapplytotheremovalofasuitfromonecourttoanothercourtofthesamecountychargetojury:anaddressdeliveredbythecourttothejuryatthecloseofthetrialinstructingthejuryastowhatprinciplesoflawtheyaretoapplyinreachingadecisionchattel:articleofpersonalpropertycivilcontempt:afailuretocomplywithacourtorder.Civilcontemptiscommittedwhenapersonviolatesanorderofthecourtwhichspecificallyrequiresthatthepersondoorrefrainfromdoinganact.Punishmentforcivilcontemptmaybeafineorimprisonment,andthegoalofthepunishmentistohavethepersoncomplywiththeoriginalorderofthecourt.Clerk’sReturnOnAppeal:formfilledoutbytheCivilCourtAppealsClerkcertifyingthattherecordonappealiscompleteandreadytobetransmittedtotheAppellateTermcomplaint:apaperfiledincourtanddeliveredtotheparty(ies)beingsued,statingtheplaintiff'sclaimsagainstthedefendantcosts:thestatutorysumawardedtothesuccessfulpartywhenajudgmentisentered(Section1901allCourtActs)counterclaim:alegalclaimbythedefendantagainsttheplaintiffcourtrecord:adocumentaryaccountofwhathappenedintheactionorproceeding,whichincludesthecourtfile,exhibitsandtranscriptscourtreporter:apersonwhotranscribesbyshorthandorstenographicallytakesdowntestimonyduringcourtproceedingsCPLR:theabbreviationfortheCivilPracticeLawandRules,whichistheNewYorkstatestatutethatsetsforththerulesofcivilproceduregoverninghowalawsuitisconductedinthecourtsofthisstatecross-appeal:anappealbyonewhohasreceivedanoticeofappealfromtheiropposingpartycrossclaim:claimlitigatedbyco-defendantsorco-plaintiffsagainsteachotherandnotagainstapartyontheoppositesideofthelitigationcross-examination:questioningbyapartyorhisattorneyofanadversepartyorawitnesscalledbyanadversepartyDdecision:thedeterminationreachedbyacourtinanyjudicialproceeding,whichisthebasisofthejudgmentdefault:a"default"occurswhenapartyfailstopleadorotherwisedefendwithinthetimeallowed,orfailstoappearatacourtappearancedefaultjudgment:ajudgmentagainstadefendantasaresultofhis/herfailuretoappearorsubmitpapersatanappointedtimeduringalegalproceedingdefendant:theonebeingsued.Thispartyiscalledthe"respondent"inasummaryproceedingdefenses,legalorequitable:astatedreasonwhytheplaintiff hasnovalidcaseagainstthedefendantdeliberation:theprocessbywhichapanelofjurorscomestoadecisiononaverdictdenovo:fromthebeginning,anewtrialdeposition:sworntestimonyofawitness.directexamination:thefirstinterrogationofawitnessbythepartyonwhosebehalfthewitnessiscalleddirectedverdict:aninstructionbythejudgetothejurytoreturnaspecificverdictdisbursements:outofpocketexpensesawardedtothewinnerinajudgmentdiscovery:theeffortsofapartytoalawsuittogetinformationabouttheotherparty'scontentionsbeforetrial.Therangeofinformationwhicheachpartymustexchangeindiscoveryisbroad,becauseallpartiesshouldgototrialwithasmuchinformationandknowledgeaboutthelawsuitaspossible.Duringdiscoveryapartymay:(1)demandthattheotherpartyproducedocumentsorotherphysicalevidence,(2)requestwritteninterrogatories,whicharequestionsandanswerswrittenunderoath,and(3)takedepositions,whichinvolveanin-personsessionatwhichonepartyhastheopportunitytoaskoralquestionsoftheotherpartyorhisorherwitnesses.dismissal:terminationofaproceedingforaprocedurallyprescribedreasondismissalwithprejudice:actiondismissedonthemeritswhichpreventsrenewalofthesameclaimorcauseofactiondismissalwithoutprejudice:actiondismissed,notonthemerits,whichmaybere-instituteddisposition:theresultofajudicialproceedingbywithdrawal,settlement,order,judgmentorsentenceEentryofjudgment:inordertostartenforcingajudgment,thejudgmentmustbe

“entered.

”

Entryoccursaftertheclerkofthecourtsignsandfilesthejudgment.evictionproceeding:anyproceedingwhichcouldresultintheevictionofarespondent,suchasaholdoverornonpaymentproceedingevidence:aformofprooforprobativematterlegallypresentedatthetrialofanissuebytheactsofthepartiesandthroughwitnesses,records,documents,concreteobjects,etc.,forthepurposeofinducingbeliefinthemindsofthecourtorthejuryexaminationbeforetrial:aformalinterrogationofpartiesandwitnessesbeforetrialexecution:(1)theperformanceofallactsnecessarytorenderawritteninstrumentcomplete,suchassigning,sealing,acknowledging,anddeliveringtheinstruments(2)supplementaryproceedingstoenforceajudgment,which,ifmonetary,involvesadirectiontothesherifftotakethenecessarystepstocollectthejudgmentexhibit:apaper,documentorotherarticleproducedandexhibitedtoacourtduringatrialorhearingand,onbeingaccepted,ismarkedforidentificationoradmittedinevidenceexparte:aproceeding,order,motion,application,request,submissionetc.,madebyorgrantedforthebenefitofonepartyonly;donefor,inbehalfof,oronapplicationofonepartyonlyFGgarnish/garnishment:toattach(seize)aportionofthewagesorotherpropertyofadebtortorepaythedebt.Thegarnishingpartynotifiesathirdparty,suchasabankoranemployer,toretainsomethingithasbelongingtothedefendant-debtor,tomakedisclosuretothecourtconcerningit,andtodisposeofitasthecourtshalldirect.guardianadlitem:apersonappointedbythecourttorepresentaminororanadult,notabletohandlehisorherownaffairs,duringalegalproceeding.Thepersonappointeddoesnotneedtobealawyer.Theguardianadlitemistheguardianjustforthepurposeoftheparticularlawsuit.Thepersonactingastheguardianadlitemhastheresponsibilitytopursuethelawsuitandtoaccountforanymoneyrecovery.HIincomeexecution:thelegalprocessofenforcingajudgment.Toenforcethejudgment,thejudgmentcreditormayseekanorderfromthecourttohavetheappropriateauthorityseizepropertyofthejudgmentdebtorinordertosatisfythejudgment.Inthecaseofanincomeexecution,ora"garnishment,"thecourtmightorderaportionofthejudgmentdebtor'swagesorotherpropertyheldinanamounttosatisfythejudgment.Thismightbedoneovertimeinincrements.indexnumber:anumberissuedbythecountyclerk,whichisusedtoidentifyacase-incivilcourtthereisachargeof$45.00infant'scompromise:acivilproceedingormotionforobtainingcourtapprovalofthesettlementofaninfant'sclaiminformationsubpoena:alegaldocumentthatrequiresaperson,acorporation,someotherbusiness,orthejudgmentdebtorhimorherselftoanswercertainquestionsaboutwherethejudgmentdebtor’sassetscanbefoundinquest:anon-jurytrialforthepurposeofdeterminingtheamountofdamagesdueonaclaim,ifapartyhasnotappearedordefendedagainsttheclaim,andafterthemeritsoftheclaimhavebeenproveninterpreter:apersonswornatajudicialproceedingtotranslateoralorwrittenlanguageinterrogatories:writtenquestionspropoundedbyonepartyandservedonanadversary,whomustprovidewrittenanswerstheretounderoathJjudgment:thefinaldecisionofthejudge.Itisadeterminationoftherightsandobligationsoftheparties.Inagivenlawsuit,ajudgmentmaydirectadismissalofthelawsuit,orderpaymentofamoneyamountoradirectoneormoreofthepartiestodoanact.judicialhearingofficer(JHO):apersonwhoformerlyservedasajudgeorjusticeofacourtofrecordoftheUnifiedCourtSystemjurisdiction:thecourt'sauthoritytohearanddecideacase.Itisbaseduponthegeographical,subjectmatterandmonetarylimitationsofacourt.Tohearanddecideacaseacourtmusthaveboth"personaljurisdiction"and"subjectmatter"jurisdiction.Personaljurisdictionreferstothecourt'spoweroverthepartiesinvolvedinthelawsuit.Subjectmatterjurisdictionreferstothecourt'spoweroverthetypeorcategoryofthelawsuit.jurydemand:arequestforatrialbyjurybyeitherparty.Therearespecificproceduresformakingajurydemand,whichincludefilingawrittendemandwiththeclerkandpayingafee.Theproceduralrulesplacetimerestrictionsonwhenajurydemandmustbemade.juryinstructions:directionsgivenbythejudgetothejuryKLlegaladvice:involvesapplying or interpreting the law to your individual problems andrecommendingthebestwayforyoutohandleyourcase.Onlyanattorney,whoisnotacourtemployee,canprovidelegaladvice.Courtstaffcan offerlegaladvice’toanyone.Thecourt'sroleistobeneutral, without favortoanyparty.Courtemployeesmayonlyprovidelegalandproceduralinformation.Legalandproceduralinformationinvolvesprovidinggeneralinformationanddoesnotincludetellingyouhowtobestdealwithyourlegalissues.lessee:apersonwhohassignedaleasetorentrealpropertylevy:aseizure;theobtainingofmoneybylegalprocessthroughseizureandsaleofpropertyliability:anobligationtodo,toeventuallydo,ortorefrainfromdoingsomething;moneyowed;oraccordingtolawone'sresponsibilityforhis/herconduct;orone'sresponsibilityforcausinganinjurylien:aclaimonspecificpropertyforpaymentofadebtlitigant:partytoalegalactionMmarshal:anofficeroftheUnitedStates,whosedutyitistoexecutetheprocessofthecourtsoftheUnitedStates.Hisdutiesareverysimilartothoseofasheriff.marshal’snotice:anoticefromaMarshalinformingtherecipientthattheywillbeevictedafteracertaintimeperiodmediation:afree,voluntaryandconfidentialservicethathelpspeoplewhohaveadisputetoreachtheirownsettlement.Insteadofaskingajudgetomakeadecisionincourt,thepeoplemeetwithatrainedmediatorwhohelpsthemmaketheirowndecisiononhowtosettlethedispute.Ifasettlementisreached,itisthenputinwritingandsigned.Thiswrittensettlementthenbecomesalegalcontract.Ifthepeopleinthedisputearenotabletoreachanagreementthatisacceptabletoeveryoneinvolved,theyarethenfreetoaskajudgetoheartherecaseandmakeadecisionincourt.minor:achildunder18yearsoldminutes:notesofwhathappenedinthecourtroommistrial:atrialwhichhasbeenterminatedanddeclaredvoidpriortothereachingofverdictduetoextraordinarycircumstance,seriousprejudicialmisconductorhungjury-itdoesnotresultinajudgmentforanypartybutmerelyindicatesafailureoftrialmitigation:tomakelessseveremotion:arequesttothecourt,usuallyinwriting,forreliefbeforethetrialontheparties'claims,orfordifferentoradditionalreliefafterthetrialdecisionmotiontoreargueorrenew:anapplicationwhichseekstopersuadeajudgethatthedecision/orderrenderedisincorrect,becausethejudgehasmisapprehendedthefactsortheapplicablelaw,orbecausenewevidencehasbecomeavailablewhichwouldchangethepriordecisionandthereisagoodreasonwhytheevidencewasnotpresentedearliermovingparty:thepartywhoismakinganapplicationtothecourtforreliefNnonpaymentproceeding:acourtcasestartedbythelandlordtocollectunpaidrentandtoevictthetenantifthetenantcannotpaytherentthatisowednotarize:tohaveanotarypublicattesttotheauthenticityofasignatureonadocumentbysigningthedocumentandaffixinghis/herownstampnotarypublic:apersonauthorizedbytheStateofNewYorktoadministeroaths,certifydocumentsandattesttotheauthenticityofsignaturesnoticeofappeal:anoticetotheopposingpartythatanappealofthecourtproceedingswillbetaken.Thenoticemustbeservedandfiledwithin30daysofserviceoftheorderorjudgmentappealedfromwithwrittennoticeofentry.noticeofclaim:apaperrequiredtobesenttothecityorapublicauthoritywhenapersonclaimsacityagency,official,oremployeeofapublicauthoritycausedthepersondamage.Thenoticeofclaiminformsthecityorpublicauthorityofthenatureoftheclaimwithinashorttimeafteritoccurs.Anoticeofclaimmustbetimely senttothecityorpublicauthority priortofilingalawsuit.noticeofentry:anoticewithanaffidavitofservicestatingthattheattachedcopyofanenteredorderorjudgmenthasbeenservedbyapartyonanotherpartynoticeofmotion:anoticeinformingthecourtandyouroppositionwhenandwhereyourmotionwillbeheard,whichliststhereliefrequested,thegroundsforthatrelief,andprovidesalistofthesupportingpapersuponwhichthemotionisbasednoticeofpetition:apetitioner'swrittennoticedeliveredtotherespondentsofwhenthecourtwillheartheattachedpetitionnuncprotunc:(nowforthen)presentlyconsideredasifoccurringatanearlierdate;effectiveretroactivelyOobjection:aformalprotestmadebyapartyovertestimonyorevidencethattheothersidetriestointroduceorder:anoralorwrittencommandoradirectionfromajudgeordertoshowcause:awrittendirectionbythecourt,usuallypreparedandpresentedtothecourtbyaparty,thatthecourtisshorteningtherequiredadvancenoticeofamotiontotheotherparties.Sometimestheordertoshowcausecontainsadirectiontothepartiesthattheystopsomespecificactivityuntilthecourthearsthemotion.Pparty:personhavingadirectinterestinalegalmatter,transactionorproceedingperemptorychallenge:thechallengewhichmaybeusedtorejectacertainnumberofprospectivejurorswithoutassigninganyreasonperfectappeal:totakealllegalstepsnecessarytocompletetheprocessofappealinganorderorjudgment.Thesestepsmayincludeorderingandsecuringatranscript,drawinguparecord,writing,serving,andfilingabrief,gettingthecaseontotheappellatecourt’calendarsforargument,andfinally,arguingandsubmittingthecase.PersonalAppearancePart:aPartintheCivilCourtwherecasesareheardifoneorbothsidesareself-representedlitigants.TheJudgespresidinginthisPartoverseeallconferences,discoveryandinsomeboroughsallmotionpracticeandeventhetrial.petition:inspecialorsummaryproceedings,apaperlikeacomplaintfiledincourtanddeliveredtotherespondents,statingwhatthepetitionerrequestsfromthecourtandtherespondentspetitioner:inaspecialorsummaryproceeding,onewhocommencesaformalwrittenapplication,requestingsomeactionorrelief,addressedtoacourtfordetermination.Alsoknownasaplaintiffinacivilaction.plaintiff:theonesuing.Thispartyiscalledthe"petitioner"inasummaryproceedingpleadings:complaintorpetition,answer,andreplypoorperson'srelief:whenapartytoalawsuitcannotaffordthecostsofalawsuit,theCourtmaypermitthatpartytoproceedwithoutbeingrequiredtopayforcourtcostspossession:therighttooccupyapremisesproceeding:atypeoflawsuit.InHousingCourtanonpaymentproceedingseekspast-duerent;se:apartywhodoesnotretainalawyerandappearsforhim/herselfincourtproofofservice:anaffidavitfilledoutbythepersonwhoservedlegalpapersonbehalfofaparty,orbyapartyifsopermittedbytheCourtQRrecord:apermanentwrittenaccountofsomeact,courtproceedingortransactionthatisdrawnupbyaproperofficeranddesignatedtoremainaspermanentevidenceofwhathasbeendoneinalawsuitreferee:apersontowhomthecourtrefersapendingcasetotaketestimony,heartheparties,andreportbacktothecourt.Arefereeisanofficerwithjudicialpowerswhoservesasanarmofthecourt.relevant:logicallyconnectedandtendingtoproveordisproveamatteratissuereplevin:anactionbroughtfortheownerofitemstorecoverpossessionofthoseitemswhenthoseitemswerewrongfullytakenorarebeingwrongfullykeptreply:aplaintiff'sresponsetoadefendant'sanswerwhentheanswercontainsacounterclaimrequisition:arequesttoobtainsomething,suchascourtrecords,subpoenaeddocumentsorcopiesoftrialtapesrespondent:onewhoformallyanswerstheallegationsstatedinapetitionwhichhasbeenfiledwiththecourt.Alsoknownasadefendantinacivilaction.restore/reinstatetocalendar:toreinstatetheactiontoactiveinventorySseizure:theprocessbywhichapersonauthorizedunderthelawtodosotakesintocustodytheproperty,realpropertyorpersonalproperty,ofapersonagainstwhomajudgmenthasbeenissuedormightbeissued.Theseizedpropertymaybeheldtoguaranteeajudgmentorbesoldtosatisfyajudgment.self-representedlitigant:apartywhodoesnotretainalawyerandappearsforhim/herselfincourt.AlsoknownasaProSelitigant.serviceofprocess:thedeliveryofcopiesoflegaldocumentstothedefendantorotherpersontowhomthedocumentsaredirected.Legaldocumentswhichmustbeservedincludeasummons,complaint,petition,ordertoshowcause,subpoena,noticetoquitthepremisesandcertainotherdocuments.Theprocedureforserviceofprocessisspecificallysetoutinstatutes.settletheminutes:theprocessbywhichthetranscriptoftheproceedingisfinalizedsheriff:theexecutiveofficeroflocalcourtinsomeareas.Inotherjurisdictionsthesheriffisthechieflawenforcementofficerofacounty.standing:therighttomakealegalclaim,ortoseekjudicialenforcementofadutyorarightstatementinlieuofrecordonappeal:astatementpreparedbypartiestoanappealindicatingthequestionforappellatereview,andprovidingalimitedrecordnecessaryonlytodecidethequestionstay:thepostponementorhaltingofaproceeding,action,ortheenforcementofanorderorjudgmentstipulationofsettlement:aformalagreementbetweenlitigantsand/ortheirattorneysresolvingtheirdisputesubpoena:acourtdocumentusedtocompelawitnesstotestifyatth