大學(xué)英語(yǔ)自學(xué)教程

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)自學(xué)教程（上冊(cè)）WORD文本

Unit1

TextA

Newwords

successfula.成功的adultn.成年人a.成年的；成熟的

disagreevi.有分歧的；不同意statementn.聲明；陳述

guaranteen.保證；擔(dān)保；保修intelligenta.聰明的；明智的

converselyad.相反地similara.相似的；類似的

independenta.獨(dú)立的；自主的

patlernn.l.型；模式；樣式；2.花樣；圖樣

guessern.猜測(cè)者cluen.線索；提示conclusionn.結(jié)論；推論

communicatevi.通訊;交流；交際vt.傳達(dá)；傳播

communicationn.L通訊，交流；2傳達(dá)；3通訊聯(lián)系；交通工具

inexacta.不正確的，不精確的incompletea.不完整的

purposen.1目地，意圖；2用途，

regularlyad.整齊地，經(jīng)常地，定期地

purposefullyad.有目的地；蓄意地

techniquen.l技術(shù)；2技巧，手藝

outlinevt.概括；提出要點(diǎn)n.輪廓；大綱，提綱

PhrasesandExpressions

todisagreewith與…有分歧；不一致firstofall首先；第一

todependon依賴；依靠；依而定bewillingto愿意；樂(lè)意

beinterestedin對(duì)…感興趣ontheotherhand另一方面

HowtoBeaSuccessfulLanguageLearner?

''Learningalanguageiseasy.Evenachildcandoit!"

Mostadultswhoarelearningasecondlanguage

woulddisagreewiththisstatement.

Forthem,learningalanguageisverydifficulttask.

Theyneedhundredsofhoursofstudyandpractice,

andeventhiswillnotguaranteesuccess

foreveryadultlanguagelearner.

Languagelearningisdifferentfromotherkindsoflearning.

Somepeoplewhoareveryintelligent

andsuccessfulintheirfieldsfinditdifficulttosucceedinlanguagelearning

Conversely,somepeoplewhoaresuccessfullanguagelearners

finditdifficulttosucceedinotherfields.

Languageteachersoftenofferadvicetolanguagelearners:

"Readasmuchasyoucaninthenewlanguage.'1

Practicespeakingthelanguageeveryday."

“Livewithpeoplewhospeakthelanguage."

"Don'ttranslate-trytothinkinthenewlanguage.*'

"Learnasachildwouldleam;playwiththelanguage."

Butwhatdoesasuccessfullanguagelearnerdo?

Languagelearningresearch

showsthatsuccessfullanguagelearnersaresimilarinmanyways.

Firstofall,successfullanguagelearnersareindependentlearners

Theydonotdependonthebookortheteacher;

theydiscovertheirownwaytolearnthelanguage.

Insteadofwaitingfortheteachertoexplain

theytrytofindthepatternsandtherulersforthemselves.

Theyaregoodguessers

wholookforcluesandformtheirownconclusions.

Whentheyguesswrong,theyguessagain.

Theytrytolearnfromtheirmistakes.

Successfullanguagelearningisactivelearning.

Therefore,successfullearnersdonotwaitforachancetousethelanguage;

theylookforsuchachance.

Theyfindpeoplewhospeakthelanguage

andtheyaskthesepeopletocorrectthemwhentheymakeamistake.

Theywilltryanythingtocommunicate.

Theyarenotafraidtorepeatwhattheyhearortosaystrangethings;

theyarewillingtomakemistakesandtryagain.

Whencommunicationisdifficult,

theycanacceptinformationthatisinexactorincomplete.

Itismoreimportantforthem

tolearntothinkinthelanguagethantoknowthemeaningofeveryword.

Finally,successfullanguagelearnersarelearnerswithapurpose.

Theywanttolearnthelanguagebecausetheyareinterestedinthelanguage

andthepeoplewhospeakit.

Itisnecessaryforthemtolearnthelanguage

inordertocommunicatewiththesepeopleandtolearnfromthem.

Theyfinditeasytopracticeusingthelanguageregularly

becausetheywanttolearnwithit.

Whatkindoflanguagelearnerareyou?

Ifyouareasuccessfullanguagelearner,

youhaveprobablybeenlearningindependently,actively,

andpurposefully.

Ontheotherhand,ifyourlanguagelearninghasbeenlessthansuccessful

youmightdowelltotrysomeofthetechniqueoutlinedabove.

TextB

Newwords

instancen.^fj,實(shí)例deafa.聾的；聽(tīng)力不佳的

dumba.啞的；無(wú)信的Englishmann.英國(guó)人

Italiann.意大利人；意大利語(yǔ)waitern.侍者；服務(wù)員

beern.啤酒soda-watern.蘇打水，汽水

travelern.旅客，旅游者macaronin.通心粉primitivea.原始的

exact精確的；正確的consistvi.組成simplyad.僅；只

parrotn.鸚鵡

PhrasesandExpressions

notonly...butalso不但…而且neither...nor既不…也不

toconsistof由...組成

Language

Whenwewanttotellotherpeoplewhatwethink,

wecandoitnotonlywiththehelpofwords,butalsoinmanyotherways.

Forinstance,wesometimesmoveourheadsupanddown

whenwewanttosay"yes”

andwemoveourheadsfromsidetosidewhenwewanttosay"no."

Peoplewhocanneitherhearnorspeak(thatis,deafanddumbpeople)

talktoeachotherwiththehelpoftheirfingers.

Peoplewhodonotunderstandeachother'slanguagehavetodothesame.

Thefollowingstoryshowshowtheysometimesdoit,

AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeakItalianwasoncetravelinginItaly.

Onedayheenteredarestaurantandsatdownatatable.

Whenthewaitercame,theEnglishmanopenedhismouth,puthisfingersinit,

tookthemoutagainandmovedhislips.Inthiswayhemeanttosay.

“Bringmesomethingtoeat.’Thewaitersoonbroughthimacupoftea.

TheEnglishmanshookhisheadandthewaiterunderstood

thathedidn'twanttea,Sohetookitawayandbroughthimsomecoffee.

TheEnglishman,whowasveryhungrybythistimeandnotatallthirsty,

lookedverysad.

Heshookhisheadeachtimethewaiterbroughthimsomethingtodrink.

Thewaiterbroughthimwine,thenbeer,thensoda,waler,

butthatwasn'tfood,ofcourse.

Hewasjustgoingtoleavetherestaurantwhenanothertravelercamein.

Whenthismansawthewaiter,heputhishandsonhisstomach.

Thatwasenough：inafewminutestherewasalargeplateofmacaroni

andmeatonthetablebeforehim.

Asyousee,theprimitivelanguageofsignsisnotalwaysveryclear.

Thelanguageofwordsismuchmoreexact.

Wordsconsistofsounds,

buttherearemanysoundswhichhaveameaningandyetarenotwords.

Forexample,wemaysay“Sh-sh-sh"whenwemean4tkeepsilent.”

Whenbabieslaugh,weknowtheyarehappy,

andwhentheycry,weknowtheyareillorsimplywantsomething.

Itisthesamewithanimals.

Whenadogsays"G-r—r9,oracatsays"F—f—f'weknowtheyareangry.

Butthesesoundsarenotlanguage.

Languageconsistsofwordswhichweputtogetherintosentences.

Butanimalscannotdothis：

adogcansay"G—r-r^whenhemeans'Tamangry”

buthecannotsayfirsfT'andthen"am”andthen“angry.”

Aparrotcantalklikeaman；

itcanrepeatwholesentencesandknowswhattheymean.

Wemaysaythatapairottalks,butcannotsaythatitreallyspeaks,

becauseitcannotformnewsentencesoutofthewordsitknows.

Onlymanhasthepowertodothis.

Unit2

TextA

NewWords

taxn.稅(款)vt.對(duì)…征稅generallyad.一般的，通常，大體上

federala.聯(lián)邦的typen.類型，種類，品種vt./vi.打字

salarieda.拿薪水的，領(lǐng)工資的

salaryn.工資vt.

earnvt.L掙得，賺得；2.獲得，贏得

percentagen.百分比，百分率

varyvi.變化，有不同，呈差異vt.改變，使不同

graduateda.l.(稅)累進(jìn)的；2.分等級(jí)的；3.刻度的；4.畢業(yè)的

salen.出售，賣；廉價(jià)出售

chargevt.l索價(jià)，2指控n.l費(fèi)用；2控告，指控；3負(fù)責(zé)，主管；

itemn.條；條款，項(xiàng)目

packetn.小包，小盒vt.打包，裝行李；包裝

cigaretten.香煙，紙煙

figuren.l.數(shù)字；2.人物；3.外形，輪廓vt.(out)演算出；想出；理解

additionn.l.加，力口法；2.附加物

revenuen.l.(國(guó)家的)稅收；2.收入，收益

diversea.1.不同的，相異的；2.多種多樣的

confusevt.使混亂，混淆propertyn.l財(cái)產(chǎn)，資產(chǎn)，所有物；2性質(zhì)，物性

excisen.國(guó)產(chǎn)稅；本國(guó)消費(fèi)稅

fundn.l.基金，?？?.儲(chǔ)備，貯存vt.供以款項(xiàng)，提供資金

departmentn.部，部門，系municipala.市的，市政的

complainvt./vi.抱怨(of,about)protestvt./vi.抗議，反對(duì)

uselessa.1.無(wú)用的；2.無(wú)價(jià)值的；3.無(wú)效的

impracticala.不切實(shí)際的，不能實(shí)行的

program(me)n.1.計(jì)劃，規(guī)劃；2.程序3.節(jié)目，節(jié)目單vt.為…編程序

viewn.l.看法，見(jiàn)解觀點(diǎn)2.視野，眼界；3.景色，風(fēng)景vt.看待，考慮，估量

issuen.l.問(wèn)題，爭(zhēng)論點(diǎn)；2.發(fā)行；3.(書刊的)期號(hào)vt.發(fā)行，頒布，出版

tendvi.(to)易于，往往會(huì)；傾向于vt.照管，護(hù)理

PhrasesandExpressions

besureof確信…;確定…

tohavea(the)corner(on)壟斷(某物)

similarto跟…類似的；與…同樣的

inadditionto加之；又；除之外；并且

tendto傾向；有…的趨勢(shì);趨于

Taxes,Taxes,andMoreTaxes

Americansoftensaythatthereareonlytwothings

apersoncanbesureofinlife：deathandtaxes.

Americansdonothaveacomeronthe"death^market,

butmanypeoplefeelthattheUnitedStates

leadstheworldwiththeworsttaxes.

Taxesconsistofthemoneywhichpeoplepaytosupporttheirgovernment.

TherearegenerallythreelevelsofgovernmentintheUnitedStates：

federal,state,andcity；therefore,therearethreetypesoftaxes.

Salariedpeoplewhoearnmorethanafewthousanddollars

mustpayacertainpercentageoftheirsalariestothefederalgovernment.

Thepercentagevariesfrompersontoperson.

Itdependsontheirsalaries.

Thefederalgovernmenthasagraduatedincometax,thatis,

thepercentageofthetax

(14to70percent)increasesasaperson'sincomeincreases.

Withthehighcostoftaxes,peoplearenotveryhappyonApril15,

whenthefederaltaxesaredue.

Thesecondtaxisforthestategovernment：

NewYork,CaliforniaNorthDakota,oranyoftheotherforty-sevenstates

Somestateshaveanincometaxsimilartothatofthefederalgovernment.

Ofcourse,thepercentageforthestatetaxislower-

Otherstateshaveasalestax,

whichisapercentagechargedtoanyitem

whichyoubuyinthatstate.

Forexample,

apersonmightwanttobuyapacketofcigarettesfortwenty—fivecents.

Ifthereisasalestaxofeightpercentinthatstate,

thenthecostofthecigarettesistwenty—sevencents.

Thisfigureincludesthesalestax.

Somestatesuseincometaxinadditiontosalestax

toraisetheirrevenues.

Thestatetaxlawsarediverseandconfusing.

Thethirdtaxisforthecity.

Thistaxcomesintwoforms：

propertytax(peoplewhoownahomehavetopaytaxesonit)andexcisetax,

whichischargedoncarsinacity.

Thecitiesusethesefundsforeducation,policeandfiredepartments,

publicworksandmunicipalbuildings.SinceAmericanspaysuchhightaxes,

theyoftenfeelthattheyareworkingonedayeachweekjusttopaytheirtaxes.

Peoplealwayscomplainabouttaxes.

Theyoftenprotestthatthegovernmentusestheirtaxdollars

inthewrongway.

Theysaythatitspendstoomuchonuselessandimpracticalprograms

AlthoughAmericanshavedifferentviewsonmanyissues,

theytendtoagreeononesubject;taxesaretoohigh.

TextB

NewWords

advertisevt.為…做廣告；登廣告

attractvt.吸引，引起…的注意

designvt./vi.1.設(shè)計(jì)；2.預(yù)定，指定

mailn.郵件，由B遞vl.郵寄

constantlyad.經(jīng)常地；不斷地；時(shí)常地

productn.產(chǎn)品，產(chǎn)物

persuadevt.1.說(shuō)服，勸服;2.使相信

leisure1.空閑時(shí)間，空暇；2.悠閑，安逸

activity1.活動(dòng)，活躍；2.行動(dòng)

classifieda.l.分類的，被歸為一類的；2.保密的，機(jī)密的

editionn.版，版本

sectionn.l.章節(jié)，部分；2.部門，科；3.截面，剖面

announcementn.通告,布告，告示availablea.可利用的,可獲得的

amountn.數(shù)量，數(shù)額，總數(shù)vi.合計(jì)，共計(jì)(to)

displayn./vt.1.陳列，展覽；2.顯示

entertainmentn.l.(戲院，馬戲團(tuán)等的)娛樂(lè)，游藝，技藝表演；2.招待，款待

audiencen.聽(tīng)眾，觀眾,讀者limiteda.有限的

attractivea.有吸引力的，引起注意的

characteristica.特有的，典型的；為...特有的(of)n.特性，特征

slogann.標(biāo)語(yǔ)，口號(hào)identifyvt.認(rèn)出，鑒定；認(rèn)為…等同于(wilh)

commerciala.商業(yè)的，商務(wù)的；n.商業(yè)廣告

departmentn.部，部門，系

responsiblea.1.需負(fù)責(zé)的，承擔(dān)責(zé)任的(for)

companyn.1.公司；2.同伴，陪伴

particulara.1.特定的，某一的2.特殊的，特別的

estimates估計(jì)，估價(jià)；評(píng)價(jià)vt.估計(jì)，估價(jià)

managementn.1.管理，經(jīng)營(yíng)；2.管理部門；3.資方

approvevt.1.贊成，同意；2.批準(zhǔn)，核準(zhǔn)

involvevt.l.使卷入，使參與(in)；2.牽涉；3.包含，含有

PhrasesandExpressions

forthemostpart在很大程度上，多半

becharacteristicof為...所特有，是...的特征

tocatchtheeye引人注目nomorethan僅僅

toidentify...with把...和…等同起來(lái)locarryover繼續(xù)下去，遺留下來(lái)

aswellas除…之外(也)；和overandover(again反復(fù)

toputupwith忍受，容忍

beresponsiblefor對(duì)…負(fù)責(zé)任的；對(duì)...承擔(dān)責(zé)任的

todecideon決定，選定

beinvolvedin與…有關(guān)聯(lián)，參與，介入

Advertising

Advertisingisonlypartofthetotalsaleseffort,

butitisthepartthatattractsthemostattention.

Thisisnaturalenough

becauseadvertisingisdesignedforjustthatpurpose.

Innewspapers,inmagazines,inthemail,onradioandtelevision,

weconstantlyseeandhear

themessagesforhundredsofdifferentproductsandservices.

Forthemostpart,

theyarethekindsofthingsthatwecanbepersuadedtobuy-foodanddrinks

carsandtelevisionsets,furnitureandclothing,

travelandleisuretimeactivities.

Thesimplestkindofadvertisingistheclassifiedad.

Everydaythenewspaperscarryafewpagesoftheseads；

inthelargeSundayeditionstheremaybeseveralsectionsofthem.

Aclassifiedadisusuallyonlyafewlineslong.

Ilisreallyanoticeorannouncement

thatsomethingisavailable.

Newspapersalsocarryalargeamountofdisplayadvertising.

Mostofitisforstoresorforvariousformsofentertainment.

Newspapersgenerallyreachanaudienceonlyinalimitedarea.

Tobringtheirmessagetoalargeraudience,

manywhowanttoputouttheiradsusenationalmagazines.

Manyofthetechniquesofmodernadvertisingweredeveloped

inmagazineads.

Theuseofbrightcolors,attractivepictures,

andshortmessagesisallcharacteristicofmagazineads.

Themostimportantpurposeistocatchtheeye.

Themessageitselfisusuallyshort,

oftennomorethanasloganwhichthepublicidentifieswiththeproduct.

Thesametechniqueshavebeencarriedoverintotelevisionadvertising.

Voicesandmusichavebeenaddedtocolorandpictures

tocatchtheearaswellastheeye.

Televisionadsareshort-usuallyonly15,30,or60seconds,

buttheyarerepeatedoverandoveragain

sothattheaudienceseesandhearsthemmanytimes.

Commercialtelevisionhasmixedentertainmentandadvertising.

Ifyouwanttheentertainment,youhavetoputupwiththeadvertising一

—andmillionsofpeoplewanttheentertainment.

Themenandwomeninthesalesdepartment

areresponsibleforthecompany'sadvertising.

Theymustdecideontheaudiencetheywanttoreach.

Theymustalsodecideonthebestwaytogettheirmessage

totheirparticularaudience.

Theyalsomakeanestimateofthecosts

beforemanagementapprovestheplan.

Inmostlargecompanies

managementisdirectlyinvolvedinplanningtheadvertising.

Unit3

TextA

Newwords

sailorn.水手,海員unwillinga.不情愿的，不愿意的

equatorn.赤道km（=kilometer）n.公里；千公尺

bulgen.不規(guī)則突起；鼓起之處

unusuala.不尋常的，與眾不同的

saltya.含鹽的，咸的

averages平均數(shù)，平均a.l.平均的；2.平常的，普通的v.平均

spoln.l.地點(diǎn)，處所；2.點(diǎn)，斑點(diǎn)vt.

rangen.山脈；幅度，范圍vi.（在某范圍內(nèi)）變動(dòng)變化

peakn.l.山峰；2.頂點(diǎn)

mid一Atlantica.大西洋中部的eastwarda.向東的ad.向東

Vesseln.l.船，艦；2.容器，器皿

crewn.全體船員，全體機(jī)務(wù)人員

becalmvl.l.（常用被動(dòng)）（指帆船）因無(wú)風(fēng)而停止前進(jìn)；2.使平靜

gulfn.海灣streamn.小河，溪流，流，涌

currentn.l.（空氣，水等的）流，潮流；2.潮流；3,當(dāng)前的，通行的

affectvt.影響，打動(dòng)climaten.氣候

flowvi.流動(dòng)n.流

furnishvt.1.供應(yīng)，提供；2.裝備，（用家具）布置

fishingn.捕魚，釣魚regionn.地區(qū)，區(qū)域highwayn.公路；（水陸）交通干線

icebergn.冰山floatvt.（使）漂浮steamshipn.汽船，輪船

airplanen.飛機(jī)

PhrasesandExpressions

toseparate...from使從…分離（分開，隔開）

on（the）average根據(jù)平均標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；平均而言

topileup累積；（指若干車輛）碰撞在一起

TheAtlanticOcean

TheAtlanticOceanisoneoftheoceans

thatseparatetheoldWorldfromtheNew.

ForcenturiesitkepttheAmericas

frombeingdiscoveredbythepeopleofEurope.

ManywrongideasabouttheAtlantic

madeearlysailorsunwillingtosailfaroutintoit.

Oneideawasthatitreachedoutto"theedgeoftheworld.”

Sailorswereafraidthattheymightsailrightofftheearth.

Anotherideawasthatattheequatortheoceanwouldbeboilinghot.

TheAtlanticOceanisonlyhalfasbigasthePacific,

butitisstillverylarge.

Itismorethan4,000miles(6,000km)widewhereColumbuscrossedit.

Evenatitsnarrowestitisabout2,000miles(3,200km)wide.

ThisnarrowestplaceisbetweenthebulgeofsouthAmericaandthebulgeofAfrica.

TwothingsmaketheAtlanticOceanratherunusual.

Forsolargeanoceanithasveryfewislands.

Also,itistheworld'ssaltiestocean.

ThereissomuchwaterintheAtlantic

thatitishardtoimaginehowmuchthereis.

Butsupposenomorerainfellintoit

andnomorewaterwasbroughttoitbyrivers.

Itwouldtaketheoceanabout4,000yearstodryup.

Ontheaveragethewaterisalittlemorethantwomiles(3.2km)deep,

butinplacesitismuch,deeper.ThedeepestspotisnearPuertoRico.

This"deep"measures30,246feet—almostsixmiles(9.6km).

Oneofthelongestmountainrangesoftheworld

risesfromtheflooroftheAtlantic.

Thismountainrangerunsnorthandsouthdownthemiddleoftheocean.

Thetopsofafewofthemountainsreachupabovetheseaandmakeislands.

TheAzoresarethetopsofpeaksinthemid—Atlanticmountainrange.

SeveralhundredmileseastwardfromFlorida

thereisapartoftheoceancalledtheSargassoSea.

Herethewaterisquiet,forthereislittlewind.

Inthedaysofsailingvessels

thecrewwereafraidtheywouldbebecalmedhere.Sometimestheywere.

Oceancurrentsaresometimescalled"riversinthesea.1'

Oneofthese“rivers''intheAtlanticiscalledtheGulfStream.

Itisacurrentofwarmwater.AnotheristheLabradorCurrent一

coldwatercomingdownfromtheArctic

Oceancurrentsaffecttheclimatesofthelandsnearwhichtheyflow.

TheAtlanticfurnishesmuchfoodforthepeopleonitsshores.

Oneofitsmostfamousfishingregions,theGrandBanks,

isnearNew-tbundland.

TodaytheAtlanticisagreathighway.

Itisnot,however,alwaysasmoothandsafeone.

Stormssweepacrossitandpileupgreatwaves.

IcebergsfloatdownfromtheFarNorthacrossthepathsofships.

Wenowhavesuchfastwaysoftraveling

thatthisbigoceanseemstohavegrownsmaller.

Columbussailedformorethantwomonthstocrossit.

Afastmodemsteamshipcanmakethetripinlessthanfourdays.

AirplanesflyfromNewYorktoLondoninonlyeighthours

andfromSouthAmericatoAfricainfour!

TextB

NewWords

remainvi.1.仍然是，依舊是；2.剩下，余留

observationn.注意，觀察；觀察物continuallyad.不停地，頻頻地

gravitationalad.吸引作用的，萬(wàn)有引力的，地心引力的

diametern.直徑discn.l.圓盤；2.唱片，磁盤

artistn.藝術(shù)家，美術(shù)家merelyad.僅僅，只不過(guò)

reflectvt.反射，反映vi.思考，考慮(on,upon)

absolutelyad.1.完全地,絕對(duì)地2.肯定地

uncomfortablyad.不舒適地，不安地

inhabitantn.居民，住戶earthlightn.地球光

moonlightn.月光lunarn.月亮的occasionallyad.偶爾地，間或

sunlightn.日光，太陽(yáng)光

PhrasesandExpressions

exceptfor除了...外；除去；撇開

tokeep...inmind記住

tolightup使明亮，發(fā)亮tospeakof談起，提到

Themoon

Wefindthatthemoonisabout239,000miles(384,551km)

awayfromtheearth,and,towithinafewthousandmiles,

itsdistancealwaysremainsthesame.

Yetaverylittleobservationshowsthatthemoonisnotstandingstill.

Itsdistancefromtheearthremainsthesame,

butitsdirectioncontinuallychanges.

Wefindthatitistravelinginacircle-orverynearlyacircle一

roundtheearth,goingcompletelyroundonceamonth,or,moreexactly,

onceevery271/3days.

Itisournearestneighbourinspace,andlikeourselves

itiskepttiedtotheearthbytheearth*sgravitationalpull.

Exceptforthesun,themoonlooksthebiggestobjectinthesky.

Actuallyitisoneofthesmallest,

andonlylooksbigbecauseitissoneartous.

Itsdiameterisonly2,160miles(3,389km),

oralittlemorethanaquarterofthediameteroftheearth.

Onceamonth,or,moreexactly,onceevery291/2days,

atthetimewecallMfullmoon,"itswholedisclooksbright.

Atothertimesonlypartofitappearsbright,

andwealwaysfindthatthisisthepartwhichfacestowardsthesun,

whilethepartfacingawayfromthesunitappearsdark.

Artistscouldmaketheirpicturesbetteriftheykeptthisinmind一

onlythosepartsofthemoonwhicharelightedupbythesunarebright.

Thisshowsthatthemoongivesnolightofitsown.

Itmerelyreflectsthelightofthesun,

likeahugemirrorhunginthesky.

Yetthedarkpartofthemoon'ssurfaceisnotabsolutelyblack；

generallyitisjustlightenoughforustobeabletoseeitsoutline,

sothatwespeakofseeing<4theoldmooninthenewmoon'sarms.”

Thelightbywhichweseetheoldmoondoesnotcomefromthesun,

butfromtheearth.

Weknowwellhowthesurfaceoftheseaorofsnow,orevenofawetroad,

mayreflectuncomfortablymuchofthesun'slightontoourfaces.

Inthesamewaythesurfaceofthewholeearth

reflectsenoughofthesun'slightontothefaceofthemoon

forustobeabletoseethepartsofitwhichwouldotherwisebedark.

Iftherewereanyinhabitantsofthemoon,

theywouldseeourearthreflectingthelightofthesun,

againlikeahugemirrorhunginthesky.

Theywouldspeakofearthlightjustaswespeakofmoonlight.

“Theoldmooninthenewmoon'sarms”

isnothingbutthatpartofthemoon'ssurfaceonwhichitisnight,

lightedupbyearthlight.

Inthesameway,thelunarinhabitants

wouldoccasionallyseepartofourearthinfullsunlight,

andtherestlightedonlybymoonlight：

theymightcallthis^theoldearthinthenewearth*sarms/*

Unit4

TextA

NewWords

psychologicala.心理（學(xué)）的

focusvt./vi.（on）（使）聚焦（使）集中n.焦點(diǎn)，（注意，興趣等的）中心

basica.基本的，基礎(chǔ)的

principlen.l.原理，原則；2.主義，信念

meaningfulnessn.富有意義

organizationn.l.組織；2.團(tuán)體，機(jī)構(gòu)

associationn.1.聯(lián)合，結(jié)合，交往2.協(xié)會(huì)，社團(tuán)；

visualizationn.想像，設(shè)想

meaningfula.富有意義的，意味深長(zhǎng)的

rhymen.韻,押韻abilityn.能力,能耐

randoma./ad.胡亂的，任意的，隨便的n.無(wú)目的或目標(biāo)

organizevt.組織jumblevt./vi.混雜

chunkn.一大塊，一厚塊vt.分塊，組塊

easilyad.容易地categorizen.分類followingn.接著的，下列的

categoryn.l.門類，種類；2.范疇；3.（整個(gè)系統(tǒng)或組合中的）部門

needlessa.不需要的，不必要的

refervi.(to)l.提到，涉及2.參考，查閱vt.(...to)l.把…歸到…上2.把…歸類于

relatevi.(to)有關(guān)聯(lián)vt.l.敘述，講述；2.使互相關(guān)聯(lián)(…to)

accuratelyad.準(zhǔn)確地，精確地memorizevt.熟記，記住

associatevt.把…聯(lián)系在一起，使結(jié)合在一起；交往n.同事，合伙人

improvementn.改進(jìn)，增進(jìn)visualizevt.想像，設(shè)想

imageryn.寫作中直喻或比喻的使用；像或肖像的總稱；意象

repetitionn.l.重復(fù)，反復(fù);2,背誦

integratedn.成整體的，完全的完整的

imagen.像，形象，映象，圖像

mentala.1.智力的，腦力的2.精神的，思想上的

preservevl.1.保護(hù)，維持；2.保存，保藏

PhrasesandExpressions

tofocuson集中tomakesense有意義tomakeadifference有影響，起(重要)作用

needlesstosay不用說(shuō)toreferto提到，涉及；參考,

torelate...to與…有關(guān)系

toassociate...with把…聯(lián)系在一起；與…常在一起，與…為友

ImprovingYourMemory

Psychologicalresearchhas

focusedonanumberofbasicprinciplesthathelpmemory：meaning!ulness,

organization,association,andvisualization.

Itisusefultoknowhowtheseprincipleswork.

Meaningfulnessaffectsmemoryatalllevels.

Informationthatdoesnotmakeanysensetoyou

isdifficulttoremember.

Thereareseveralwaysinwhichwecanmakematerialmoremeaningful.

Manypeople,forinstance,learnarhymetohelpthemremember.

Doyouknowtherhyme'ThirtydayshasSeptember,April,June,andNovember...

Ithelpsmanypeoplerememberwhichmonthsoftheyearhave30days.

Organizationalsomakesadifferenceinourabilitytoremember.

Howusefulwouldalibrarybeifthebookswerekeptinrandomorder?

Materialthatisorganizedisbetterrememberedthanjumbledinformation.

Oneexampleoforganizationischunking.

Chunkingconsistsofgroupingseparatebitsofinformation.

Forexample,thenumber4671363

ismoreeasilyrememberedifitischunkedas467,13,63.

Categorizingisanothermeansoforganization.

Supposeyouareaskedtorememberthefollowinglistofwords：

man,bench,dog,desk,woman,horse,child,cat,chair.

Manypeoplewillgroupthewordsintosimilarcategories

andrememberthemasfollows：man,woman,child;cat,dog,horse

bench,chair,desk.Needlesstosay,

thesecondlistcanberememberedmoreeasilythanthefirstone.

Associationreferstotakingthematerialwewanttoremember

andrelatingittosomethingwerememberaccurately.

Inmemorizinganumber,

youmighttrytoassociateitwithfamiliarnumbersorevents.

Forexample,theheightofMountFujiinJ叩an12,389feet—

mightberememberedusingthefollowingassociations：

12isthenumberofmonthsintheyear.

and389isthenumberofdaysinayear

（365）addedtothenumberofmonthstwice（24）.

Thelastprincipleisvisualization.

Researchhasshownstrikingimprovements

inmanytypesofmemorytasks

whenpeopleareaskedtovisualizetheitemstoberemembered.

Inonestudy,

subjectsinonegroupwereaskedtolearnsomewordsusingimagery,

whilethesecondgroupusedrepetitiontolearnthewords.

Thoseusingimageryremembered80to90percentofthewords

comparedwith30to40percentofthewords

forthosewhomemorizedbyrepetition.

Thusforminganintegratedimage

withalltheinformationplacedinasinglementalpicture

canhelpustopreserveamemory.

TextB

NewWords

short-terma.短期的long-terma.長(zhǎng)期的

recallvt.1.回憶，回想；2.召回；3,撤消，收回

contrastn.對(duì)比，對(duì)照vi.（with）形成對(duì)比vt.把…與…對(duì)比（with

dialvi.撥（電話號(hào)碼），打電話（給）

interruptvt.打斷，打擾；終止阻礙謝.打斷，打擾

unablea.（后接動(dòng)詞不定式）不能的，不會(huì)的

psychologism.心理學(xué)家humana.人的，人類的

apparatusn.器械，器具，設(shè)備ratn.鼠

releasevi./vt.1.釋放，解放；2.發(fā)布，發(fā)行；3.放開，松開

rewardvi./vt.1.酬勞，獎(jiǎng)賞；2.報(bào)答

intervaln.間隔，間距；幕間（或工問(wèn)）休息

representvt.l.作為…代表（或代理）；2.表示，象征3.描繪,表現(xiàn)

intermediatea.中間的；中級(jí)的advanceda.先進(jìn)的，高級(jí)的

native-speakinga.說(shuō)本族語(yǔ)的，講本國(guó)話的

recordingn.錄制（尤指廣播，電視等）節(jié)目

speakern.l.說(shuō)話者，演講者講某種語(yǔ)言的人；2.揚(yáng)聲器

paragraphn.（文章的）段落，節(jié)aliken.同樣的，相像的

withervt./vi.（使）枯萎，凋謝

methodn.方法，辦法systemn.l.系統(tǒng)，體系；2.制度，體制

unrelateda.無(wú)關(guān)的,不相關(guān)的proficiencyn.

PhrasesandExpressions

incontrast成對(duì)比tolookup在字典、參考書中查找

beunableto不能做某事

toturnon開，接通（水源，電源煤氣等）

toturnoff關(guān)，關(guān)斷（水源，電源煤氣等）

tobegin首先,開始

Short-termMemory

Therearetwokindsofmemory;short—termandlong—term

Informationinlong—termmemory

canberecalledatalatertimewhenitisneeded.

Theinformationmaybekeptfordaysorweeks.

Sometimesinformationinthelong-termmemoryishardtoremembero

Studentstakingexamsoftenhavethisexperience.

Incontrast,informationinshort-termmemoryiskeptforonlyafewseconds,

usuallybyrepeatingtheinformationoverandover.

Forexample,youlookupanumberinthetelephonebook,andbeforeyoudial,

yourepeatthenumberoverandover.

Ifsomeoneinterruptsyou,youwillprobablyforgetthenumber.

Inlaboratorystudies,

subjectsareunabletorememberthreelettersaftereighteenseconds

iftheyarenotallowedtorepeattheletterstothemselves.

Psychologistsstudymemoryandlearningwithbothanimalandhumansubjects.

Thetwoexperimentshereshowhowshort-termmemoryhasbeenstudied.

Dr.Hunterstudied