電大網(wǎng)考英語語法復(fù)習(xí)資料

資料內(nèi)容僅供您學(xué)習(xí)參考，如有不當(dāng)或者侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系改正或者刪除。公共英語基礎(chǔ)接軌資料Ⅰ語法項(xiàng)目一、名詞概念:(n.)表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange,Beijing,Tom等。◆英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù):英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。名詞單數(shù)可用a、an來修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),在元音發(fā)音開頭的單詞前用an,而不是a,表示”一個”。1.復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成方法:(1)一般在復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加s,如:dog--dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的名詞加es,如:watch--watches。(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加es,如:country--countries。請區(qū)別:如果是元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,則只須加s。如:monkey--monkeys。(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞,只有potato(土豆),tomato(西紅柿)加es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。(5)以f、fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f、fe為v再加es,如:knife--knives。2.單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的詞:sheep--sheep,fish—fish,Chinese--Chinese,Japanese--Japanese3.特殊變化的單詞有:(1)tooth--teeth,foot--feet(2)man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen請區(qū)別:German(德國人)—Germans(3)child—children4.可用howmany,many,afew,few,alotof,lotsof,some,any等來修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。◆英語不可數(shù)名詞:5.常見的不可數(shù)名詞有:water,rice,fish,meat等。應(yīng)特別記medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.6.不可數(shù)名詞無復(fù)數(shù),作主語時常看成單數(shù)。如:Somebread____overthere.(be)7.常見howmuch,much,alittle,little,alotof,some,any等來修飾不可數(shù)名詞?！裘~所有格的構(gòu)成方法:在名詞后加”'s”。如:Tom→Tom's譯為”…的”,若遇上以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,則在s后加”'”即可。如:Teachers'Day,twoweeks'holiday,而不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格,仍按慣例加's。如:Children'sDay。二、冠詞1.冠詞指不定冠詞a,an和定冠詞the。2.不定冠詞an常見于元音發(fā)音開頭的詞前,如:anhour,anEnglishcar.請區(qū)別:ausefulmachine。3.指上文提到過的人或物,用定冠詞the4.在世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前用定冠詞the.如:thesun,themoon,theearth5.定冠詞the用于序數(shù)詞前,表示方位的名詞和形容詞最高級前。如:thefirst,thebest,inthesouth6.在復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前加the,表示××一家人,常看成復(fù)數(shù)。如:TheBrownsaregoingtoShanghaiforaholidaythissummer.7.在介詞短語中常見定冠詞the,如:inthebox,behindthechair8.特別注意不能用定冠詞the的幾個方面:(1)在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不用冠詞。如:insummer,inAugust請區(qū)別:inthespringof1945.(這里表示特指,故加the)(2)一日三餐和球類運(yùn)動名不用冠詞。如:havebreakfast,playfootballThere's_________800-metre-longroadbehind_________hospital.A.an,anB.a,aC.an,theD.a,the三、介詞1．與形容詞搭配的詞組有:beafraidof(怕),beangrywith(生某人的氣),beawayfrom(不在某地),bedifferentfrom(與…不同),begoodat(善于),begood/badfor(對…有益/有害),beinterestedin(對…感興趣),belatefor(遲到),be/getreadyfor(為作好準(zhǔn)備)besureof(對…有把握),beworriedabout(為…感到擔(dān)憂)2．介詞后常見人稱代詞賓格和動詞-ing形式1)Youmusttakegoodcareofher.2)Thankyouforteachingussowell.3．幾組易混淆的介詞A．”在...之后”in+一段時間(用于一般將來時)after+一段時間(用于一般過去時)after+一點(diǎn)時間(常見于一般將來時)如:Thebabystoppedcryingafterhalfanhour.Thebabywillstopcryinginhalfanhour.TheywillvisittheirteacherafterFriday.B．since+過去的一點(diǎn)時間(用于完成時態(tài)),如:IhavebeeninFoshanforsixmonthssinceJuly.這兩者均用于現(xiàn)在完成時,具體在時態(tài)部分,我會繼續(xù)向同學(xué)們講解。C．bemadeof"用……制成",bemadein”由某地制造”,bemadebysomebody”由某人制成”D．in,on,at表時間:in”在某月(季節(jié)、年)等”eg:in1996,inJanuary,insummer固定詞組:inthemorning,inaweek,inaminute,intime,intheendon"用于指具體的某一天或?qū)Ｖ改骋惶焐衔?、下午或晚上?eg:onChristmasDay,onthenightofFebruary16at”用于具體時刻前和某些固定詞組中”固定詞組:atseven,atthemoment,atnight,atlast,atfirst,atnoon,attimes,atonce,atthistimeoftheyear,atthebeginningof,attheendofthismonth,atthesametime注意:在表示時間里,下列情況下一般不用介詞。詞組里有:next,last,this,that,tomorrow,yesterday,one,every,all以及thedaybeforeyesterday和thedayaftertomorrow前不用介詞。如:不能說intomorrow,只能說tomorrow在明天E.except+賓格/doingsomething"除…之外”(不包括本身)EveryoneisatschooltodayexceptLinTao.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)=OnlyLinTaoisn'tatschooltoday.F．”用”經(jīng)過交通工具byplane用語言inEnglish,經(jīng)過媒介on/overthetelephone,on/overtheradio,onTV用工具手段withapen,withone'shandsG．between”在~和~(兩者)之間”between...and...,betweenthetwo...among在...之間(三者或三者以上)eg.Suespentovertwohours___herhomeworkyesterdayevening.A.onB.withC.atD.over四、形容詞&副詞◆形容詞的位置

1作定語時放在名詞的前面。如:ablackcat(一只黑貓)2作表語時放在連系動詞之后。如:Thepriceisveryhigh.(這個價格很高。)3修飾復(fù)合不定代詞something,somebody,anything時放在代詞之后。如:Somethingserioushashappenedtohim.(她發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的事故。)◆副詞:用來說明事情發(fā)生的時間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式等含義或說明其它形容詞或副詞程度的詞叫做副詞。4副詞的分類時間副詞頻度副詞地點(diǎn)/方位副詞程度副詞方式副詞疑問/連接副詞其它副詞today,tomorrow,once,here,there,very,too,well,how,where,also,yesterday,now,twice,everywhere,enough,hard,when,why,nor,neitherthen,early,late,always,anywhere,rather,quite,alone,whether,whatas,on,offsoon,just,usually,above,outside,so,much,just,fast,however,either,tonight,often,in,inside,out,alittle,abittogether,yes,no,not,already,yet,before,sometimes,back,up,down,nearly,only,suddenly,maybe,ago,later,sincenever,away,off,far,almost,hardly,-ly結(jié)尾的副詞certainly,firstseldom,aslongas①時間副詞:一般放在句首或句尾,如:WewillvisittheGreatWalltomorrow.(我們明天去參觀長城。)②頻度副詞:一般放在be動詞之后或者助動詞與主要動詞之間,但sometimes、often等還能夠放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、threetimes等一般放在句尾。如:Theworkersusuallyhavelunchatthefactory.(工人們一般在廠里吃午飯。)③地點(diǎn)副詞:一般放在句尾,但here、there還可放在句首。Hewalkedoutquietlyandturnedbacksoon.(她悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回。)④程度副詞:修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞時,放在動詞、形容詞或副詞之前。但注意,enough總是放在被修飾的形容詞或動詞的后面;only位置比較靈活,總是放在被修飾的詞的前面。如:ItwassostrangethatIcouldhardlybelievemyears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵。)⑤方式副詞:一般放在行為動之后,suddenly能夠放在句首、句尾或動詞之前。如:Suddenlyhesawalightinthedarkcave(突然,在黑暗的山洞里,她看見了一絲亮光。)◆大多數(shù)的形容詞、副詞都有三個等級:原級;比較級:最高級。1.構(gòu)成:規(guī)則情況變化:單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞:一般情況加er,est,如:clever-cleverer-cleverest;以字母e結(jié)尾加r,st,如:nice-nicer-nicest;重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個輔音字母時雙寫,加er,est,如:big-bigger-biggest;以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾變y為i加er,est,如:early-earlier-earliest;部分雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞,在詞前加more,most,如:slowly-moreslowly-mostslowly;2.不規(guī)則變化須熟記:good/well-better-best,many/much-more-most,far-farther-farthest,bad/badly/ill-worse-worst,little-less-least;3.常見的使用情況:as…as…和...一樣(中間用原級),notas(so)…as和...不一樣(中間用原級),…than…...比...(用比較級)4.有in,of,among范圍修飾的用最高級,如:(1)Winteristhecoldestseasonoftheyear.(2)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.5.比較級+and+比較級意為”越來越….eg:wetterandwettermoreandmorebeautiful6.The+比較級,the+比較級越…...就越…...,如:Themore,thebetter.越多越好◆注意點(diǎn):1.形容詞最高級前一定要用the,副詞最高級前可省略。2.可用much,alittle,even,still等修飾比較級。3.在比較級中為了避免重復(fù),在than后常見one,that,those等詞來替代前面提到過的名詞。eg:TheweatherhereiswarmerthanthatofShanghai.練習(xí):1.Thereisn't_____intoday'snewspaper.A.importantsomethingB.importantanythingC.anythingimportantD.nothingimportant2.TheChangjiangRiveristhethird__riverintheworld.A.longB.longerC.longestD.thelongest3.Anelephantis_____thanahorse.A.morestrongB.muchstrongerC.themoststrongD.muchmorestrong4.Whichdoyoulike_____,tea,orangeorwater?A.goodB.wellC.betterD.best五、代詞1.人稱代詞:人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。第一人稱單數(shù)第二人稱單數(shù)第三人稱單數(shù)第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)第二人稱復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)陽陰性中性主格I(我)you(你)he(她)she(她)it(它)we(我們)you(你們)they(她們,她們,它們)賓格me(我)you(你)him(她)her(她)it(她)us(我們)you(你們)them(她們,她們,它們)①主格用來作句子的主語、表語。如:IoftengoshoppingonSundays.(星期天我常去購物)②賓格用來作及物動詞或者介詞的賓語。如:WhoteachesyouEnglishthisyear?(今年誰教你們的英語?)/Helpme!(救救我!)2.物主代詞:說明事物所屬關(guān)系的代詞,分為形容詞性和名詞性兩種。第一人稱單數(shù)第二人稱單數(shù)第三人稱單數(shù)第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)第二人稱復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱復(fù)陽陰中性形容詞性my(我的)your(你的)his(她的)her(她的)its(它的)our(我們的)your(你們的)their(她們的,她們的,它們的)名詞性mine(我的)Yours(你的)his(她的)hers(她的)its(她的)ours(我們的)yours(你們的)theirs(她們的,她們的,它們的)①形容詞性物主代詞只能作句子中名詞的修飾語,后面要跟名詞。如:Isthatyourumbrella?(那是你的傘嗎?)/IoftengotoseemyauntonSundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨)/Theyaretheirbooks.(是她們的書)②名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語、賓語或者表語,后面千萬不能夠跟名詞。如:。Thisisyourcup,butwhereismine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒?)/Yourclassroomisverybig,butoursisrathersmall.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)練習(xí):A、根據(jù)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空,使句意通順,語法完整1．Canyoucomewith?(we)2．Theseskirtsare.Yoursareoverthere.(she)3．Pleasetakecareof,boysandgirls.(you)4．Idon'tthinkthisismybook,thoughitlookslike.(I)5．Lookatbooks.Aretheyyours?(that)B、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換6、A:Thechildrenplayedhappilyinthezooyesterday.B:Thechildreninthezooyesterday.7、A:Hedoesn'tlikemutton,andshedoesn't,either.B:heshelikesmutton.8、A:AlltheAmericanpeopledon'tlikesandwiches.B:theAmericanpeoplelikesandwiches.9、A:Theydon'toftenhearthetwinssingthesongintheschool.B:ofthetwinsoftenheardsingthesongintheschool.C、單項(xiàng)選擇10、-CanyouspeakChinese,Peter?-Yes,butonly.A.littleB.fewC.alittleD.afew11、-DoyoulikeJane'snewskirt?-Yes,verymuch.I'llaskmumtobuyforme.A.oneB.itC.theotherD.a12、Thecolorofherskirtisdifferentfromofmine.A.oneB.thatC.itD.this13、Studentsareusuallyinterestedinsports.Somelikerunning,somelikeswimming.likeballgames.A.theothersB.othersC.theotherD.other14、-I'llgivetheboystoeat.-Oh,Iknow,fishandchips.A.somethingEnglishB.EnglishsomethingC.anythingEnglishD.Englishanything15、-ShallIhelpyouwiththeheavybox?-No,thanks,Icandoit.A.meB.myC.mineD.myself16、-Whattimeshallwemeetthisafternoon,3:00or4:00?-Idon'tmind.timeisOK.A.NeitherB.EachC.AnyD.Either17、-Mybagisfull,whatabout?-isfull,too.A.you,YoursB.his,HeC.yours,MineD.hers,She18、-I'vehadenoughbread,Wouldyoulike?-No,thanks.A.afewmoreB.onemoreC.anothermoreD.somemore19、Therearemanytreesonsidesoftheriver.A.bothB.eitherC.neitherD.each20、Withoutthesun,couldgrowintheworld.A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything21、ofthemisgoingtoplaybasketballwithyouthisafternoon.A.AllB.NeitherC.SomeD.Both22、-Canyoutellmewhatapandalookslike?-Look!Thisisapictureof.A.itB.oneC.twoD.some23、Therearenotmanypearshere,butyoucantakeifyouwantto.A.fewB.afewC.alittleD.little六、動詞1.分類類別意義例句實(shí)義動詞含有實(shí)在的意義,表示動作或狀態(tài),在句子中能獨(dú)立作謂語。Shehassomebananas.她吃些香蕉。Theyeatalotofpotatoes.她們常吃土豆。I’mreadinganEnglishbooknow.我現(xiàn)在正看一本英文書。連系動詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語,必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。Hisfatherisateacher.她父親是教師。Twinsusuallylookthesame.雙胞胎一般看起來一樣。Theteacherbecameveryangry.老師變得很生氣。助動詞本身沒有詞義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞,用來表示否定、疑問、時態(tài)、語態(tài)或其它語法形式,助動詞有人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。Hedoesn’tspeakEnglish.她不說英語。Weareplayingbasketball.我們在打籃球。Doyouhaveabrother?你有兄弟嗎?情態(tài)動詞本身有一定的意義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞,表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,有些情態(tài)動詞有過去式。Youcankeepthebooksfortwoweeks.這些書你能夠借兩個星期。MayIsmokehere?我能夠在這兒抽煙嗎?Wemustgonow.我們現(xiàn)在得走了。常見的連系動詞有:be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie等。常見的助動詞有:用于進(jìn)行時和被動語態(tài)的be(am,is,are,was,were,been,being);用于完成時的have(has,had,having);用于將來時的shall(should);will(would)和用于一般時的do(does,did).常見的情態(tài)動詞有:can(could),may(might),must,shall(should),will(would),dare(dared),need等,另外,haveto、hadbetter也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動詞使用。情態(tài)動詞后面必須加動詞的原形。2.規(guī)則動詞變化表規(guī)則變化原形動詞結(jié)尾情況現(xiàn)在時單三人稱現(xiàn)在分詞過去式和過去分詞一般情況+s+ing+eds,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾+es+ing+ed輔音字母+y結(jié)尾y→i,+es+ingy→i,+ed重讀閉音節(jié):以一元音一輔音結(jié)尾+s雙寫輔音字母,+ing雙寫輔音字母,+ed不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾+s去掉e,+ing+die結(jié)尾+sie→y,+ing+d不規(guī)則變化have→has;be→is(無)(見不規(guī)則動詞變化表)3.不規(guī)則動詞變化表:(原形→過去式→過去分詞)be(am,is)是wasbeenlose丟失lostlostbe(are)是werebeenmake制作mademadebeat打beatbeatenmay可能mightbecome成為becamebecomemean意思是meantmeantbegin開始beganbegunmeet遇見metmetblow吹blewblownmistake搞錯mistookmistakenbreak打破brokebrokenmust必須mustbring帶來broughtbroughtpay付錢paidpaidbuild建造builtbuiltput放putputbuy買boughtboughtread閱讀readReadcan能couldride騎roderiddencatch抓住caughtcaughtring鈴響rangrungchoose選擇chosechosenrise升起roserisencome來camecomerun跑ranruncost花費(fèi)costcostsay說saidsaidcut切割cutcutsee看見sawseendig挖dugdugsell賣soldsolddo做diddonesend送sentsentdraw畫drewdrawnset設(shè)置setsetdrink喝drankdrunkshall應(yīng)該shoulddrive開車drovedrivenshine照耀shoneshoneeat吃ateeatenshow展示showedshownfall掉下fellfallenshut關(guān)shutshutfeel感覺feltfeltsing唱歌sangsungfind找到foundfoundsink下沉sank/sunksunk/sunkenfly飛翔flewflownsit坐setsetforget忘記forgotforgot/forgottensleep睡覺sleptsleptfreeze冷凍frozefrozensmell聞smeltsmeltget得到gotgotspeak說話spokespokengive給gavegivenspend花費(fèi)spentspentgo走wentgonespell拼讀speltspeltgrow成長grewgrownspoil寵壞spoiltspoilthang掛;上吊hung/hangedhung/hangedstand站stoodstoodhave(has)有hadhadsweep打掃sweptswepthear聽到heardheardswim游泳swamswumhide藏hidhiddentake拿走tooktakenhit打,撞hithitteach教taughttaughthold拿heldheldtell告訴toldtoldhurt傷害hurthurtthink想thoughtthoughtkeep保持keptkeptthrow扔threwthrownknow知道knewknownunderstand理解understoodunderstoodlay擺放laidlaidwake睡醒woke/wakedwoken/wakedlearn學(xué)習(xí)learnt/learnedlearnt/learnedwear穿worewornleave離開leftleftwill會,將要wouldlend借出lentlentwin贏wonwonlet讓letletwrite寫wrotewrittenlie躺laylain4.be(”是/存在”)動詞的各種時態(tài)變化:一般現(xiàn)在時一般將來時現(xiàn)在完成時Iam….Youare.…He/She/Itis….We/You/Theyare….(I等各人稱)willbe….Iam He/She/Itisgoingtobe…We/You/TheyareIhavebeen….Youhavebeen….She/he/Ithasbeen….We/You/Theyhavebeen….一般過去時過去將來時過去完成時Iwas….Youwere.…He/She/Itwas….We/You/Theywere….(I等各人稱)wouldbe….IwasHe/She/Itwasgoingtobe…We/You/TheywereIhadbeen….Youhadbeen….She/he/Ithadbeen….We/You/Theyhadbeen….注意:句型變化時,否定句在am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would后面加not,而且not都能夠縮寫為n’t(am后面not不能夠縮寫);疑問句將am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would提前到句首。5.其它HYPERLINK謂語動詞的時態(tài)變化一覽表:現(xiàn)在時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時一般將來時現(xiàn)在完成時謂語動詞構(gòu)成動詞用原形(單三加s/es)(問句和否定句借用助詞do/does)amis+動詞-ingarewill+動詞原形amis+goingto+動詞原形arehave+過去分詞has過去時態(tài)一般過去時過去進(jìn)行時過去將來時過去完成時謂語動詞構(gòu)成動詞用過去式(問句和否定句借用助詞did)was+動詞-ingwerewould+動詞原形was+goingto+動詞原形werehad+過去分詞6.六種時態(tài)的具體用法:一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),或說明主語的特征。①一般現(xiàn)在時句子中常有的時間狀語:often,usually,sometimes,always,every(day等),once/twice,a(week等),on(Sunday等),never,inthe(morning等)。如:TheygotothePalaceMuseumonceayear.(她們每年去一次故宮)/Theyoftendiscussbusinessintheevening.(她們經(jīng)常在晚上商談生意)②表示客觀真理、事實(shí)、人的技能或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時句子里一般不用時間狀語。如:Theearthturnsroundthesun.(地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn))/Lighttravelsfasterthansound.(光傳播比聲音快)③表示十分確定會發(fā)生(如安排好的事情)或按照時間表進(jìn)行的事情,用一般現(xiàn)在能夠表示將來,句子中能夠有將來時間。如:ThetrainforHaikouleavesat8:00inthemorning.(開往漢口的列車上午8點(diǎn)開車)④在時間狀語從句中(以when,after,before,while,until,assoonas等引導(dǎo))和條件狀語從句中(以if,unless引導(dǎo)),用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時,句子能夠有將來時間。如:PleaseringmeupassoonasyouarriveinGermany.(你一到德國就給我打電話)/Ifitrainstomorrow,wewillhavetostayathome.(如果明天下雨我們就只好呆在家)⑤一般現(xiàn)在時常見于體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。Nowthemidfieldplayercatchestheballandhekeepsit.⑥人的心理活動和感官動作一般用一般現(xiàn)在時而不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示,常見動詞有:like,love,hate,dislike,want,wish,hope,think(認(rèn)為),understand,remember,forget,mean,need,hear,feel,see.如:Ithinkitisgoingtosnow.(我想天要下雪了)/Ireallyhopeyoucanenjoyyourstayhere.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在這兒)一般過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),這種動作或狀態(tài)可能是一次性,也可能經(jīng)常發(fā)生。①表示過去具體時刻發(fā)生的一次性動作時,時間狀語有:at(eight)(yesterdaymorning),(tenminutes)ago,when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。如:Igotupat6:00thismorning.(我是早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床的)/LittleTombrokethewindowathalfpastninethismorning.(小湯姆今天早上九點(diǎn)半把窗子打破了)/Whenhewentintotheroom,hesawastrangertalkingwithhisfather.(她走進(jìn)房間時發(fā)現(xiàn)一個陌生人正和她父親談話)②表示過去一段時間內(nèi)不知何時發(fā)生的一次性動作時,時間狀語有:yesterday,last(year等),in(1998等)。如:Hecametoourcityintheyear.(她來到我們市)③表示過去一個階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情時,時間狀語有:last…,in…,from…to…,for(10years),often,usually,sometimes,always,never等。如:Mr.Jacksonusuallywenttoeveningschoolswhenhewasyoung./Everydayhewenttotherichmanandborrowedbooksfromhim.講故事、對過去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等一般用過去時,而且經(jīng)常省略時間狀語。如:IhappenedtomeetRoseinthestreet.(我正好在街上遇到露西。)一般將來時表示將來某一時刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。①一般將來時的時間狀語有:tomorrow,this(afternoon),next(year),oneday,now,soon,someday,sometime,inthefuture,when引導(dǎo)的從句等。②用will構(gòu)成的將來時,表示動作與人的主觀愿望無關(guān)?！眘hall”用于第一人稱,”will”用于所有人稱。如:Iwillgraduatefromthisschoolsoon.(我很快就要從這所中學(xué)畢業(yè)了)/YouwillstayaloneafterIleave.(我走了之后你就要一個人過了)③”am/is/aregoingto+動詞原形”表示打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發(fā)生的事情,而”am/is/areto+動詞原形”表示安排或計(jì)劃中的動作。如:Amantoldthemthatthewomanwastogivebirthtothespecialbaby.(有一個人告訴她們那個婦女就會生下那個特別的男孩)/It’sgoingtorainsoon.(天快要下雨了)④表示一個人臨時決定要做某事,能夠用will表示。如:Iwillgotothelabtogetsomechemicals(化學(xué)藥劑).SopleasewaituntilIreturn.(我要到化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室去取些藥品,請等我回頭)⑤shall和will在口語的一些疑問句中相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動詞。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如:ShallwegotothezoonextSaturday?(我們下周六去動物園好嗎?)/Willyoupleaseopenthedoorforme?(替我把門打開好嗎?)(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動作或是現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動作。①現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時由”助動詞be(amisare)+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。②現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的時間狀語有:now,this…,these…等,但經(jīng)常不用。如:Whatareyoudoingupinthetree?(你在樹上干什么?)/Iamwritingalongnovelthesedays.(我最近在寫一本長篇小說)③表示即將發(fā)生的動作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動詞有:come,go,stay,leave,spend,do等。如:I’mcomingnow.(我就來)/Whatareyoudoingtomorrow?(你明天干什么?)/Heisleavingsoon.(她就要走了)④表示頻繁發(fā)生或重復(fù)進(jìn)行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如:Heisalwaysborrowingmoneyfrommeandforgettingallaboutitsometimelater.(她老是向我借錢,過一些時候就忘得一干二凈)(5)過去進(jìn)行時過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某一時刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動作。①過去進(jìn)行時由”was(第一、三人稱單數(shù))或were(第二人稱單數(shù)和各人稱的復(fù)數(shù))+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。②過去進(jìn)行時的時間狀語有:then,atthattime,thistimeyesterday,at(eight)yesterday(morning),(ayear)ago,以及由when引出的時間狀語從句。如:Hewascookingsupperthistimeyesterday.(昨天這個時候她正在做晚飯)/ThelittlegirlwasplayingwithhertoywhenIsawher.(我看到小女孩的時候她正在玩玩具)③用于賓語從句或時間狀語從句中,表示與主句動作同時進(jìn)行而且是延續(xù)時間較長。句子中一般不用時間狀語。如:Shewasithappenwhenshewaswalkingpast.(她路過時看到事情的發(fā)生)/Theysangalotofsongswhiletheywerewalkinginthedarkforest.(她們在黑暗的森林里走時唱了很多歌)④也能夠表示過去一個階段頻繁發(fā)生或重復(fù)進(jìn)行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如:Hewasalwaysborrowingmoneyfrommewhenhelivedhere.(她住在這里時老向我借錢)(6)現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時表示一個發(fā)生在過去的、對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動作,或表示開始在過去,而且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去的動作。①在完成時由”助動詞have(has)+動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。②表示發(fā)生在過去的對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動作時,時間狀語有:already,yet,just,once,twice,ever,never,threetimes,before等。如:Ihaveneverseensuchfinepicturesbefore.(我以前從來沒有看過這么好的畫)/HehasjustgonetoEngland.(她剛?cè)ビ?③表示在過去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能延續(xù)下去)的動作或狀態(tài)時,時間狀語有:for(twoyears),since1990,since(twoweeksago)和since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。如:Ihavebeenawayfrommyhometownforthirtyyears.(我離開家鄉(xiāng)有30年了)/UncleWanghasworkedinthefactorysinceitopened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作)④口語中havegot往往表示have(有)的意思。如:Theyhavegotthousandsofbooksintheirlibrary.(她們圖書館有上萬本書)⑤havebeento與havegoneto的區(qū)別:havegoneto(”已經(jīng)去了”)表示人不在這里,havebeento(”去過”)表示人在這里。如:--WhereisMr.Li?–HehasgonetotheUK.(李先生在哪里?她去了英國。)/--DoyouknowsomethingaboutBeijing?–Yes,IhavebeentoBeijingthreetimes.(你知道北京的情況嗎?是的,我去過那里三次。)練習(xí)題:1.MaryandJoegototheShoppingCenter___.A.onceaweekB.inaweekC.nextweekD.foraweek2.Bequiet!Thebaby________(sleep)inthenextroom.3.Dickwillpassthemessageontoyoursisterassoonashe______(meet)herinherofficetomorrow.4.Thebellfortheclassrangwhilethey___________(play)ontheplayground.5.Lucysaidit___________(rain)lateron.6.Theyweresopleasedtoseeeachotherthattheyalmost____(forget)everythingelsearound.7.Thegirlputonherdressandthen_______(go)tothemirrortolookatherself.思考題:1.TheChinesepeople____(work)hardtomaketheircountrystrongerandmorebeautiful.2.He'llwritetoyouassoonashe_____(arrive)inHainan.3.ThestudentsofClassOne___(have)ameetingfromthreetofiveyesterdayafternoon.4.Theskyisblack.It____(rain),I'mafraid.5.Ifit___(notsnow)tomorrow,we'llgoskating6.Mr.andMrs.Green____(travel)tothesouthofChinanextweek,aren'tthey?7.I___(notsee)thefilmwithyoubecauseI'veseenitalready.8.Hetoldusthathe_____(stay)heretillthenextweek.9.I_____(lose)mypenthismorning.Ihaven'tfoundityet.10.I____(leave)myrulerathome.CanIuseyours?11.Who'sJackLondon?I___never____(hear)ofthatmanbefore.12.I'mafraidI___(keep)youwaitingforsuchalongtime.13.--Where___you___(be)?--I'mlookingforyouallthetime.14.____they____(know)eachotherwhentheywereyoung?15.Thebabywillcryifshe___(notsee)hermother七、被動語態(tài)(1)被動語態(tài)的用法:如果主語是動作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被動語態(tài)。英語中被動語態(tài)由”助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。①不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者(即不知道誰做)時用被動語態(tài),省略by短語。如:Amanwaskilledintheaccident.(一個人死于事故)/Thiswindowwasbrokenyesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天被打破的)②不說或者眾所周知是誰做時,用被動語態(tài),省略by短語。如:Riceisalsogrowninthisplace.(這個地方也種水稻)/Arailroadwillbebuilthereinthreeyears.(三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路)③強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者,句尾加by短語。如:ItwaswrittenbyLuXun.(它(書)是魯迅寫的)/Apetdogisneverkilledbyitsowner.(寵物狗是不會被主人宰殺的)(2)主動語態(tài)如何改寫為被動語態(tài):主動句:主語(人/物)+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語(人/物)+其它+狀語(動作的執(zhí)行者)(各種時態(tài)形式)(動作的承受者)被動句:主語(人/物)+謂語(及物動詞)+by+人/物+其它+狀語(動作的承受者)(be+過去分詞)(動作的執(zhí)行者)(3)注意點(diǎn):①”動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”改為被動時,能夠用間接賓語做被動句的主語。如:Histeachergavehimadictionary.→Hewasgivenadictionarybyhisteacher.(老師給她一本字典→她得到老師一本字典)也能夠用直接賓語做被動句的主語,可是需用to或者for引出原句的間接賓語。如:Histeachergavehimadictionary.→Adictionarywasgiventohimbyhisteacher.(老師給她一本字典→一本字典由老師送給了她)/Hisfathermadehimakite.→Akitewasmadeforhimbyhisfather.(她的父親給她做了一個風(fēng)箏→一個風(fēng)箏由她的父親做給了她)②”動詞+賓語+動詞原形”改為被動時,動詞原形前要加to.如:Thebossmadethepoormanwork12hoursaday.→Thepoormanwasmadetowork12hoursaday.(老板讓這個可憐的人一天工作12小時→這個可憐人被迫一天工作12小時)③”動詞+…+介詞”改為被動時,介詞一般在原位不動。如:Thegirltakesgoodcareofherlittlebrother.→Thegirl’slittlebrotheristakengoodcareofbyher.(女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顧著)練習(xí)題:把下列句子變?yōu)楸粍泳?1.Theyaskedmetocomealittlelater.→I________tocomealittlelater.2.Womenoftentalkaboutfoodandclothes.→Foodandclothes____often_____aboutbywomen.3.DotheymakethiskindoftruckinNanjing?→___thiskindoftruck_____inNanjing?4.Wemustcleanourteethtwiceaday.→Ourteethmust_______twiceaday.5.CanIanswerthisquestioninsimpleEnglish?→_____thisquestion________insimpleEnglish?6.Youmaycleantheroomafterwork.→Theroommay____________afterwork.思考題:1.Weusebroomsforsweepingthefloor.→Brooms______forsweepingthefloor.2.Theybuiltquiteafewtallbuildingsintheirhometownlastyear.→Quiteafewtallbuildings________intheirhometownlastyear.3.Youmustnotputthebikethere.→Thebike____________there.4.Canyouseethestarsinthedaytime?→Canthestars_____inthedaytime?八、連詞1．并列連詞both…and既~又~謂語用復(fù)數(shù)動詞neither…nor既不~也不~含否定意義,(就近原則)謂語動詞由靠近它的那個主語來決定單復(fù)數(shù)。either…or…”或者…或者…””不是…就是…”and”和”連接兩個并列成分,連接謂語時,兩個動詞時態(tài)應(yīng)一致。but”可是”表轉(zhuǎn)折,不能與though同時出現(xiàn)在句中。or”或者”在否定句中,并列句中的列舉常見or,而不用and。如:Ihavebrothersandsisters.(否)Idon'thavebrothersorsisters.=Ihavenobrothersandnosisters.2．引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞陳述句:that可省略一般疑問句:if/whether”是否”特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞3．引導(dǎo)原因狀從的有:because(不能與so同時出現(xiàn)在句中)4．引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞:A.when(當(dāng)…時候),assoonas…(一…就),not…until(直到…才),after(在…之后),引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句,主句為一般將來時,從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時來代替一般將來時。Eg:Iwon'tleaveuntilhecomesback.B.since(自從…以來)引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句,主句為現(xiàn)在完成時,從句用一般過去時。Eg:Wehaven'tmeteachothersincesheleftherelastyear.C.while(當(dāng)…時候,一邊…一邊…)它引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句常見進(jìn)行時態(tài)。Eg:MyfathercameinwhileIwasdoingmyhomework.5．引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞:if”如果”,引導(dǎo)條件狀從,主句用一般將來時,從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時。請區(qū)別于if”是否”相當(dāng)于whether,引導(dǎo)賓語從句,時態(tài)根據(jù)語境確定eg:1)Idon'tknowifit＿＿＿＿(rain)tomorrow.2)Ifit______(rain)tomorrow,I_____________(notclimb)thehills.3)JoanandMaryhaven'tseeneachother_____theyleftschoolfiveyearsago.A.asB.beforeC.afterD.since九、簡單句1、簡單句的特點(diǎn):簡單句一般只由一個主語和一個謂語構(gòu)成。2、簡單句的種類:簡單句一般分為陳述句、疑問句、感嘆句和祈使句四種。3、陳述句:用來說明一個事實(shí)的句子叫陳述句。它有肯定式和否定式兩種形式?！愂鼍涞目隙ㄊ?Heisamiddleschoolstudent.(她是個中學(xué)生)/Ihaveahammerinmyhand.(我手上有把錘子)/Sheteachesusgeography.(她教我們地理)/Thenewplaywasgoodenoughandeverybodyenjoyedit.(新的話劇非常好大家都喜歡)▲陳述句的否定式:1)謂語動詞如果是be、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞時,在它們的后面加”not”。如:Mybrotherisnotateacher.(我的弟弟不是教師)/Hedoesnothaveacousin.(她沒有堂兄弟)/Iwillnotgotheretomorrow.(明天我不去那兒)/Mymotherisnotcookingamealinthekitchen.(我母親現(xiàn)在不在廚房里做飯)/Youmustnotmakesuchmistakesagain.(你不該再犯類似錯誤了)/Wehaven’tdiscussedthequestionyet(我們還沒有討論那個問題呢).2)謂語動詞如果沒有上述詞語而是其它動詞時,須在它的前面加donot(don’t).如:Idon’tknowanythingaboutit.(此事我一無所知)/LiMingdoesnotfeedpigsinthecountryside.(李明不在農(nóng)村養(yǎng)豬)/Wedidn’texpecttomeetherrighthere.(我們沒指望著在這里見到她)/Wedidn’thaveameetingyesterdayafternoon.(昨天下午我們沒有開會)[注意]1陳述句一般情況下應(yīng)使用正常的語序,即:主語+謂語+其它?？墒怯袝r會倒裝,詳見”倒裝句”。2所有的從句一律使用陳述句語序,即在連接詞后采用”主語+謂語+其它”的順序。如:Theoldmantoldmethathewouldliveherefortenmoreyearsbeforehereturnshome.(老人告訴我說她還要在這兒住幾年然后回家)/Couldyoutellmewhoyousawatthepartylastnight?(能告訴我在聚會上你都看見了誰嗎?)4、疑問句:▲一般疑問句:用”yes”或”no”來回答的疑問句叫做一般疑問句。1)一般疑問句構(gòu)成:句中謂語動詞是tobe、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞時,則將它們(提前)放到主語前面。如:Isheanengineer?(她是工程師嗎?)/Haveyougottoday’snewspaper?(你有今天的報紙嗎?)/Shallwegotoseeafilmthisevening?(我們今晚去看電影好嗎?)/Canyouexplainit?(你能解釋它嗎?)/Isthereanyfishforsupper?(晚飯有魚嗎?)/Wouldyouliketogooutforawalk?(你想出去散步嗎?)謂語動詞如果沒有上述詞語而是其它動詞時,則在主語前面加助動詞do/does/did,原來的謂語動詞改為原形。如:Doyougetupatsixeverymorning?(你天天早晨六點(diǎn)起身嗎?)/Doesshestudyhard?(她學(xué)習(xí)努力嗎?)/Didyougothereyesterday?(昨天你去那兒了嗎?)2)一般疑問句的回答:一般疑問句一般見簡略形式來回答,回答時所用的時態(tài)應(yīng)和問句里的時態(tài)一致。如:Willyoujoinusinplayingbasketball?(你加入我們打籃球好嗎?)—Yes,wewill.(是的我們會。)/—No,wewon’t.(不我們不會。)Haveyougottoday’snewspaper?(你有今天的報紙嗎?)—Yes,Ihave.(是的有。)/—No,Ihaven’t.(不沒有。)▲特殊疑問句:要求具體回答的問句。1)特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)是:疑問代詞+一般疑問句+?除who以外的疑問代詞短語疑問副詞如:Whatdoyouwant?(你要什么?)/Who(m)areyoulookingfor?(你在找誰?)/Whosemagazineisthis?(這是誰的雜志?)/Whichclassareyouin?(你在哪班?)/Whendidyougetupthismorning?(你今早什么時候起身的?)/Wherehaveyoubeen?(你到哪兒去了?)/Whydidhegotobedsoearly?(她為什么這么早睡覺?)/Howdidyougothere?(你是怎么去的那兒?)可是,”who”引出的詢問主語或主語部分相關(guān)詞的特殊疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)與陳述句詞序相同:如:Whoisdancingoverthere?(誰在那邊跳舞?)有時”what”,”which”,”whose”也能夠引出與陳述句詞序相同的特殊疑問句。如:Whatisonthewall?(什么東西在墻上?/墻上有什么?)/Whichisyours?(哪個是你的?)/Whosebookisinyourbag?(誰的書在你的書包里?)2)常見疑問代詞和疑問副詞:疑問代詞:who,whom,whose,which,what,疑問副詞:when,where,why,how,how構(gòu)成的短語:howmany(多少個)(獨(dú)立用;或跟可數(shù)名詞),howmuch(多少)(獨(dú)立用;或跟不可數(shù)名詞),howold(多大年紀(jì)),howfar(多遠(yuǎn)),howoften(多常),howlong(多久,多長)