2023年胡壯麟語言學名詞解釋總結(jié)

千里之行，始于足下讓知識帶有溫度。第第2頁/共2頁精品文檔推薦胡壯麟語言學名詞解釋總結(jié)胡壯麟語言學名詞解釋總結(jié)

Definethefollowingterms:

1.designfeature:arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,

creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.

2.function:theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsinclude

imformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,

performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingual

function.

3.etic:atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike'sdistinctionof

phoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviously

inconsequential,differentiations,justaswasofterthecasewithphonetic.phonemicanalysisin

linguisticsproper.

4.emic:atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike'sdistinctionof

phoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedas

meaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunithratherthanviaqppeal

totheinvestigator'singenuithorintuitionalone.

5.synchronic:akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,the

present),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.

6.diachronic:studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

7.prescriptive:thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

8.prescriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.laying

downrulesforlanguageuse.

9.descriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.

10.arbitrariness:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsof

linguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

11.duality:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevels

ofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciples

oforganization.

12.displacement:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheir

userstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthe

momentofcommunication.

13.phaticcommunion:onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionof

language.

14.metalanguage:certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionof

particularstudies.

15.macrolinguistics:heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuch

aspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesof

macrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,etc

16.competence:languageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.

17.performance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.

18.langue:thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.

19.parole:theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).20．Articulatoryphonetics:thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.

21Coarticulation:akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulations

areinvolved..Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverative

coarticulation.

22．Voicing:pronouncingasound(usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant)byvibratingthevocal

cords.

23．Broadandnarrowtranscription:theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalled

broadtranscription;theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;

while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrow

transcription.

24．Consonant:aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsome

placetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.25．Phoneme:theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveina

particularlanguage.

26．Allophone:anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(eg.isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.

When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated.Bothandareallophonesofthe

phoneme/t/.

27．Vowl:aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotal

stoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.

28．Mannerofarticulation;intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstothe

actualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertain

partsofthevocaltract.

29．Placeofarticulation:intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthe

vocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.30．Distinctivefeatures:atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefrom

another.

31．Complementarydistribution:therelationbetweentowspeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthe

sameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.

32．IPA:theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternational

PhoneticAssociationin1888thenithasundergonganumberofrevisions.IPAisacomprised

systememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsolete

letters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.

33．Suprasegmental:suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethan

singlesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmentalfeatures

aresyllable,stress,tone,,andintonation.

34．Suprasegmental:aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprinciple

suprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.

35.morpheme:thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionand

content,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrastically

alteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

36.compoundolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchas

classroom,

blackboard,snowwhite,etc.

37.inflection:themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectional

affixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammatical

classofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.

38.affix:thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanother

morpheme(therootorstem).

39.derivation:differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.

40.root:thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.

41.allomorph:;anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishtheplural

morthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,

as/z/indogsand

as/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.

42.Stem:anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.

43.boundmorpheme:anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditis

addedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein“dog's”.

44.freemorpheme:anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.

45.lexeme:Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofaword(e.g.”doginthemanger”)

46lexicon:alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovided

withsemanticinterpretation.

47.grammaticalword:wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,

articlesandpronouns.

48.lexicalword:wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionand

quality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andverbs.

49.open-class:awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,

adjectives,andmanyadverbs.

50.blending:arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoining

theinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialparts

ofthetwowords.

51.loanvoord:aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslight

adaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.

52.loanblend:aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningis

fullyborrowed.

53.leanshift:aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.

54.acronym:ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavily

modifiedheadword.

55.loss:thedisappearanceoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonologicalsystem.

56.back-formation:anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedby

deletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.

57.assimilation:thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichis

morespecificallycalled.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.

58.dissimilation:theinfluenceexercised.Byonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,

sothatthesounds