GRE閱讀精講精練講義A

DAY1

Introduction

Passage1

The“deindustrialization“thesisofBluestoneandHarrisonassertsthatthe

replacementofdomesticwithforeignmanufacturingbegunbyUnitedStates

corporationsinthelate1960sresultedina"hollowingout“ofAmericanindustry,

wherebyworkersdisplacedfrommanufacturingjobsthroughmassiveplantclosings

foundthemselvesmovingmoreorlesspermanentlyintolower-paying,lesssecure

jobsorintounemployment.Criticsofthedeindustrializationthesishavearguedthat

newserviceandhigh-technologysectorsoftheUnitedStateseconomyhaverecently

createdasubstantialnumberofjobs.Whilethesecriticsdonotdenythepainful

aspectsofthistransitionfromanindustrialtoaservice-andinformation-based

economy,theyarguethatitwillbeshort-term,andanecessaryeviliftheUnited

Statesistohavelong-termincreasesinlivingstandards.Criticsoftheemerging

economy,however,pointtodisturbingevidenceofan“hourglass“effect:ashrinking

middletierofmanagerialandblue-collarunionizedworkersandconsequent

polarizationofincomes.Theemergenceofatechnicalandfinancialelite,theyargue,

hasbroughtforthahostoflow-wagejobstoservicetheneweconomy,anditisthis

servicesectorthatmanyex-industrialworkersmustseek.

1.Thepurposeofthepassageisto

A.analyzetheeventsthatcontributedtoaneconomicphenomenon

B.presentdifferentviewsonthenatureandimpactofaneconomicphenomenon

C.distinguishbetweentheshort-termandlong-termeffectsofaneconomic

phenomenon

D.challengeadominanttheoryabouthowtosolvetheproblemscreatedbyan

economicphenomenon

E.presentnewevidencetosuggestthataneconomicphenomenonismorecomplex

thanhadpreviouslybeenbelieved

2.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmosttendtoweakenthedeindustrialization

thesisofBluestoneandHarrison?

A.asurveyofthespousesofformerindustrialworkersrevealsasignificantincrease

inthenumberofworkingspousessincethemid-1960s.

B.datafromthemostrecentUnitedStatescensusshowthatfewerindividualslist

theiroccupationasindustrialworkerthaninthecensusfromtenyearsearlier.

C.arandomsurveyofUnitedStatesconsumersindicatesthatamajorityofthose

surveyedwouldprefertobuyUnitedStates-manufacturinggoodsifgiventhe

opportunity.

D.Arecentstudyindicatesthatlargenumbersofformerindustrialworkershave

retrainedandfoundemploymentasskilled,highly-paidcomputerworkers.

E.Interviewswithrepresentativesatmajoragenciesfortemporaryemploymentinthe

UnitedStatessuggestthattheyvaluetheskillsofformerindustrialworkers.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthehighlighted“critics“believewhichof

thefollowingabout“hourglass"effect?

A.Itinvolvestherelegationofindustrialworkerstolessdesirablejobs.

B.Itrequiresthatworkersmakeshort-termsacrificestoachievelong-termgains.

C.Itaffectsnon-unionizedworkersmorestronglythanitdoesunionizedworkers.

D.Itrepresentsanincreaseinunemploymentforthoseintheservicesector.

E.Itthreatensthestatusofthetechnologicalandfinancialelite.

Passage2

Somehistoriansquestionthewidelyheldbeliefthatcontinuallyimproving

educationledtogradualAfricanAmericanempowermentinthesouthernUnited

Statesfromthelatenineteenthcenturythroughthemid-twentiethcentury.Theynote

thatthedevelopmentofBlackeducationalinstitutionsinthesegregatedSouthwas

neverrapidorsteady:Q2disparitiesbetweenBlackandWhiteschoolssometimes

grewintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.AndAfricanAmericans9

educationalgainsdidnotbringcommensurateeconomicgains.Startinginthe1940s,

evenasBlackandWhiteschoolsintheSouthmovedsteadilytowardequality,Black

southernersremainedpoliticallymarginalizedandexperiencedsystematicjob

discrimination.AlthoughBlackschoolshadachievednearparitywithWhiteschools

inpercapitaspendingandteachers'salariesby1965,AfricanAmericans,incomestill

laggedbehindthatofWhites.Q3NonetheIess,educationalprogressdidcontribute

towardeconomicandpoliticalempowerment.AfricanAmericans,campaignsto

supportBlackschoolsfosteredasenseofcommunity,nurturedpoliticaldetermination,

andoftenincreasedliteracy.Moresignificantly,politicallyoutspokenBlack

newspapersachievedrecordcirculationduringthe1940s,justastheliteracyrate

amongAfricanAmericansapproached90percent.Finally,theleadershipoftheCivil

Rightsmovementofthe1960swascomposedlargelyofgraduatesofBlackcolleges.

1.ThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheCivilRightsmovement?

A.ItgaverisetoarapidincreaseinthenumberofBlacknewspaperspublishedinthe

South.

B.Itspoliticaleffectivenesswasgreatlyenhancedbytheincreasedcirculationof

Blacknewspapers.

C.ItsleadershipbenefitedfromimprovementsineducationforAfricanAmericans.

D.ItwastheforceprimarilyresponsiblefbrincreasingpercapitaspendinginBlack

schools.

E.Itwasresponsibleforchangingmanyhistorians5viewoftherelationbetween

educationandAfricanAmericanempowerment.

2.Theauthorofthepassagereferstothefactthat'"disparitiesbetweenBlackand

Whiteschoolssometimesgrewintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury^^most

likelyinorderto

A.supporttheargumentthattheeconomicstrugglesofsouthernBlackswerelargely

duetoeducationalinequalities

B.giveanexampleofthedifferencesbetweenBlackschoolsintheearlypartofthe

twentiethcenturyandBlackschoolsstartinginthe1940s

C.illustratetheunevennessoftheprogressmadebyBlackschoolsinthesouthern

UnitedStates

D.helpexplainwhyBlackremainedpoliticallymarginalizedandexperienced

systematicjobdiscriminationinthesegregatedSouth

E.provideevidencethateducationalprogresswasapreconditionforeconomic

progressinthesegregatedSouth

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepurposeofthehighlightedsentence?

A.Itclarifiesapointintroducedintheprecedingsentence.

B.Itreiteratesapointintroducedinthefirstsentenceofthepassage.

C.Itquestionstheaccuracyofsomeoftheevidenceusedtosupporttheargumentof

thehistorians.

D.Itintroducesaperspectivethatrunscontrarytotheviewofthosewhoendorsethe

“belief.”

E.Itqualifiestheinterpretationmadebythehistorians.

Passage3

Warm-bloodedanimalshaveelaboratephysiologicalcontrolstomaintain

constantbodytemperature(inhumans,37℃).Whythenduringsicknessshould

temperaturerise,apparentlyincreasingstressontheinfectedorganism?Ithaslong

beenknownthatthelevelofserumironinanimalsfallsduringinfection.Garibaldi

firstsuggestedarelationshipbetweenfeverandiron.Hefoundthatmicrobial

synthesisofsiderophores-substancesthatbindiron-inbacteriaofthegenus

Salmonelladeclinedatenvironmentaltemperaturesabove37℃andstoppedat

40.3℃.Thus,feverwouldmakeitmoredifficultforaninfectingbacteriumtoacquire

ironandthustomultiply.Cold-bloodedanimalswereusedtotestthishypothesis

becausetheirbodytemperaturecanbecontrolledinthelaboratory.Klugerreported

thatofiguanasinfectedwiththepotentiallylethalbacteriumA.hydrophilia,more

survivedattemperaturesof42℃thanat37℃,eventhoughhealthyanimalsprefer

thelowertemperature.Whenanimalsat42℃wereinjectedwithanironsolution,

however,mortalityratesincreasedsignificantly.Researchtodeterminewhether

similarphenomenaoccurinwarm-bloodedanimalsissorelyneeded.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithattemptstodetermine

(A)theroleofsiderophoresinthesynthesisofserumiron

(B)newtreatmentsforinfectionsthatarecausedbyA.hydrophilia

(C)thefunctionoffeverinwarm-bloodedanimals

(D)themechanismsthatensureconstantbodytemperature

(E)ironutilizationincold-bloodedanimals

2.Accordingtothepassage,Garibaldideterminedwhichofthefollowing?

(A)Thatserumironisproducedthroughmicrobialsynthesis.

(B)Thatmicrobialsynthesisofsiderophoresinwarm-bloodedanimalsismore

efficientathighertemperatures.

(C)Thatonlyironboundtoothersubstancescanbeusedbybacteria.

(D)Thatthereisarelationshipbetweenthesynthesisofsiderophoresinbacteria

ofthegenusSalmonellaandenvironmentaltemperature.

(E)ThatbacteriaofthegenusSalmonellarequireironasanutrient.

3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutwarm-bloodedanimalssolelyon

thebasisofinformationinthepassage?

(A)Thebodytemperaturesofwarm-bloodedanimalscannotbeeasilycontrolled

inthelaboratory.

(B)Warm-bloodedanimalsrequiremoreironinperiodsofstressthantheydoat

othertimes.

(C)Warm-bloodedanimalsaremorecomfortableatanenvironmental

temperatureof37℃thantheyareatatemperatureof42℃.

(D)Inwarm-bloodedanimals,bacteriaareresponsiblefortheproductionof

siderophores,which,inturn,makeironavailabletotheanimal.

(E)Inwarm-bloodedanimals,infectionsthatleadtofeverareusuallytraceableto

bacteria.

4.Ifitweretobedeterminedthat"similarphenomenaoccurinwarm-blooded

animals99(lines21-22),whichofthefollowing,assumingeachispossible,is

likelytobethemosteffectivetreatmentforwarm-bloodedanimalswithbacterial

infections?

(A)Administeringamedicationthatlowerstheanimals9bodytemperature

(B)Injectingtheanimalswithanironsolution

(C)Administeringamedicationthatmakesserumironunavailabletobacteria

(D)Providingtheanimalswithreduced-irondiets

(E)Keepingtheanimalsinanenvironmentwithtemperatureshigherthan37℃

Chapter1同義與反義

Passage4

Scholarsoftenfailtoseethatmusicplayedanimportantroleinthepreservation

ofAfricancultureintheUnitedStates.Theycorrectlynotethatslaverystrippedsome

culturalelementsfromBlackpeople-theirpoliticalandeconomicsystems-butthey

underestimatethesignificanceofmusicinsustainingotherAfricanculturalvalues.

Africanmusic,unlikethemusicofsomeothercultures,wasbasedonatotalvisionof

lifeinwhichmusicwasnotanisolatedsocialdomain.InAfricanculturemusicwas

pervasive,servingnotonlyreligion,butallphasesoflife,includingbirth,death,work,

andplay.Themethodsthatacommunitydevisestoperpetuateitselfcomeintobeing

topreserveaspectsoftheculturallegacythatthatcommunityperceivesasessential.

Music,likeartingeneral,wassoinextricablyapartofAfricanculturethatitbecame

acrucialmeansofpreservingthecultureduringandafterthedislocationsofslavery.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)analyzetheimpactthatslaveryhadonAfricanpoliticalandeconomic

systems

(B)reviewtheattemptofrecentscholarshiptostudytheinfluenceofAfrican

musiconothermusic

(C)correctthefailureofsomescholarstoappreciatethesignificanceofmusicin

Africanculture

(D)surveythewaysbywhichpeopleattempttopreservetheircultureagainstthe

effectsofoppression

(E)comparetherelativeimportanceofmusicwiththatofotherartformsin

culture

2.Inline9,thephrase"isolatedsocialdomain“refersto

(A)Africanmusicinrelationtocontemporarycultureasawhole

(B)musicasitmaybeperceivedinnon-Africancultures

(C)afeatureofAfricanmusicthataidedintransmittingAfricanculturalvalues

(D)anaspectoftheAfricanculturallegacy

(E)theinfluenceofmusiconcontemporaryculture

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthefunctionofAfricanmusiccanbe

inferredfromthepassage?

(A)Itpreservedculturalvaluesbecauseitwasthoroughlyintegratedintothelives

ofthepeople.

(B)ItwasmoreimportantinthedevelopmentofAfricanreligiouslifethanin

otherareasofculture.

(C)Itwasdevelopedinresponsetothelossofpoliticalandeconomicsystems.

(D)ItspervasivenessinAfricanculturehindereditseffectivenessinminimizing

theimpactofslavery.

(E)Itsisolationfromtheeconomicdomainsoflifeenabledittosurvivethe

destructiveimpactofslavery.

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachchoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,scholarswoulderrindrawingwhichofthefollowing

conclusions?

(A)Slaverystrippedtheslavesoftheirpoliticalandeconomicsystems.

(B)Africanmusicwassimilartoallothertraditionsofmusicinthatitoriginated

inatotalvisionoflife.

(C)MusicwasacrucialpartoftheAfricanculturallegacy.

Passage5

Quantummechanicsisahighlysuccessfultheory:itsuppliesmethodsfor

accuratelycalculatingtheresultsofdiverseexperiments,especiallywithminute

particles.Thepredictionsofquantummechanics,however,giveonlytheprobability

ofanevent,notadeterministicstatementofwhetherornottheeventwilloccur.

Becauseofthisprobabilism,Einsteinremainedstronglydissatisfiedwiththetheory

throughouthislife,thoughhedidnotmaintainthatquantummechanicsiswrong.

Rather,heheldthatitisincomplete:inquantummechanicsthemotionofaparticle

mustbedescribedintermsofprobabilities,heargued,onlybecausesomeparameters

thatdeterminethemotionhavenotbeenspecified.Ifthesehypothetical"hidden

parameters^^wereknown,afullydeterministictrajectorycouldbedefined.

Significantly,thishidden-parameterquantumtheoryleadstoexperimentalpredictions

differentfromthoseoftraditionalquantummechanics.Einstein'sideashavebeen

testedbyexperimentsperformedsincehisdeath,andasmostoftheseexperiments

supporttraditionalquantummechanics,Einstein'sapproachisalmostcertainly

eironeous.

1.Theauthorregardstheideathattraditionalquantummechanicsisincompletewith

(A)approval

(B)surprise

(C)indifference

(D)apprehension

(E)skepticism

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor'sconclusionthatEinstein's

approachist6erroneousM(line22)mighthavetobemodifiedbecause

(A)itistheoreticallypossibletogenerateplausibletheorieswithhidden

parameterswithinthem

(B)someexperimentaltestsofEinstein'stheorydonotdisconfirmthe

hidden-parametertheoryofquantummechanics

(C)itispossibleforatheorytohavehiddenparametersandyetbeprobabilistic

(D)traditionalquantummechanicshasnotyetbeenusedtoanalyzeallofthe

phenomenatowhichitcouldbeapplied

(E)therearetoomanypossiblehiddenparameterstodevelopmeaningfultestsof

hidden-parametertheories

3.Accordingtothepassage,Einsteinposedobjectionstothe

(A)existenceofhiddenparametersinquantumtheory

(B)probabilisticnatureofquantummechanics

(C)ideathatquantummechanicsisincomplete

(D)resultsofexperimentstestingquantumtheory

(E)importanceaccordedquantummechanicsinphysics

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldhaveresultedifthe

experimentsmentionedinlines18-20hadnotsupportedthepredictionsof

traditionalquantummechanics?

(A)Einstein,hadhebeenalive,wouldhaverevisedhisapproachtoquantum

mechanics.

(B)Hidden-parametertheorieswouldhavebeenconsideredinaccurate

descriptionsofreal-worldphenomena.

(C)Adeterministicdescriptionofthemotionofaparticlemightstillbe

consideredpossible.

(D)Quantummechanicswouldhaveceasedtoattracttheattentionofphysicists.

(E)Einstein,hadhebeenalive,wouldhaveabandonedattemptstospecifythe

hiddenparametersthatdescribemotion.

Passage6

Althoughscientistsobservethatanorganism'sbehaviorfallsintorhythmic

patterns,theydisagreeabouthowthesepatternsareaffectedwhentheorganismis

transportedtoanewenvironment.Oneexperimenter,Brown,broughtoystersfrom

ConnecticutwaterstoIllinoiswaters.Shenotedthattheoystersinitiallyopenedtheir

shellswidestwhenitwashightideinConnecticut,butthatafterfourteendaystheir

rhythmshadadaptedtothetidescheduleinIllinois.Althoughshecouldnotpositan

unequivocalcausalrelationshipbetweenbehaviorandenvironmentalchange,Brown

concludedthatachangeintidescheduleisoneofseveralpossibleexogenous

influences(thoseoutsidetheorganism)ontheoysters9rhythms.Anotherexperimenter,

Hamner,however,discoveredthathamstersfromCaliforniamaintaintheiroriginal

rhythmsevenattheSouthPole.Heconcludedthatendogenousinfluences(those

insidetheorganism)seemtoaffectanorganism'srhythmicbehavior.

1.Allofthefollowingcouldbeconsideredexamplesofexogenousinfluencesonan

organismEXCEPTtheinfluenceofthe

(A)levelofahormoneonafieldmouse'sreadinessformating

(B)temperatureofaregiononabear'shibernation

(C)saltlevelofariveronafish'smigration

(D)humidityofanareaonacat'ssheddingofitsfur

(E)proximityofanowlonalizard'ssearchingforfood

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestheconclusiondrawnbyBrown

(lines14-17)

(A)Achangeintidescheduleistheprimaiyinfluenceonanoyster'srhythms.

(B)Achangeintideschedulemaybeanimportantexogenousinfluenceonan

oyster'srhythms.

(C)Exogenousinfluences,suchasachangeintideschedule,seldomaffectan

oyster'srhythms.

(D)Endogenousinfluenceshavenoeffectonanoyster'srhythms.

(E)Endogenousinfluencesaretheonlyinfluencesonanoyster'srhythms.

3.ThepassagesuggeststhatBrown'sstudywassimilartoHamner'sinwhichofthe

followingways?

I.Bothexperimentersdiscoveredthatanewenvironmenthadasignificant

effectonanorganism'sbehaviorrhythms.

II.Bothexperimentersobservedanorganism'sbehavioralrhythmsafterthe

organismhadbeentransportedtoanewenvironment.

III.Bothexperimentersknewanorganism'srhythmicpatternsinitsoriginal

environment.

(A)Ionly(B)IIonly

(C)IandIIonly

(D)IIandIIIonly

(E)I,II,andIII

4.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakenBrown'sconclusion?

(A)TheoystergraduallyclosedtheirshellsafterhightideinIllinoishadpassed.

(B)Theoysters'behavioralrhythmsmaintainedtheiradaptationtothetide

scheduleinIllinoisthroughoutthirtydaysofobservation.

(C)SixteendaysaftertheyweremovedtoIllinois,theoystersopenedtheirshells

widestwhenitwashightideinConnecticut.

(D)AscientistwhobroughtMarylandoysterstoMainefoundthattheoysters

openedtheirshellswidestwhenitwashightideinMaine.

(E)InanexperimentsimilartoBrown's,ascientistwasabletoestablishaclear

causalrelationshipbetweenenvironmentalchangeandbehavioralrhythms.

Passage7

AcriticalconsensushasemergedthatMaryMcCarthywillberememberedprimarily

asanessayistratherthanasanovelist.Butdespiteherformidablegiftsasapolemical

anddiscursivewriter,andforallherreputationasanintellectualwhosacrificed

feelingtointelligence,whatpowersMcCarthy'sbestessaysareherfictionalrather

thanstrictlyintellectualgifts.Shemakesherpointsbytellingstoriesorbywayof

vividdescription,arrestingimagesandsubtlecharacterization.Andforallher

exactingsenseoffact,McCarthy'sgreatestcontributionwastoblurthedistinctions

betweendifferentkindsofprosewriting:toshowhowfictioncouldbeopenedupto

thethinkingmindandhowessayscouldprofitfromthetechniquesoffiction.

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthat

apply.

1.TheauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatMaryMcCarthy'swritingischaracterized

by

A.Theuseinheressaysofdevicesmoretypicalinworksoffiction

B.Anarrowingofthedifferencesbetweennarrativeandexpositoryprose

C.Carefulattentiontofactualaccuracy.

2.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,46discursive^^mostnearlymeans

A.Prolific

B.Sophistic

C.Rambling

D.Analytical

E.Circuitous

邏輯單題一黑體字題

1.Lastyeararecordnumberofnewmanufacturingjobswerecreated.Willthisyear

bringanotherrecord?Well,anynewmanufacturingjobiscreatedeitherwithinan

existingcompanyorbythestart-upofanewcompany.Withinexistingfirms,new

jobshavebeencreatedthisyearatwellbelowlastyear'srecordpace.Atthesame

time,thereisconsiderableevidencethatthenumberofnewcompaniesstartingupthis

yearwillbenohigherthanitwaslastyearandthereisnoreasontothinkthatthe

newcompaniesstartingupthisyearwillcreatemorejobspercompanythandid

lastyear'sstart-ups.Soclearly,thenumberofnewjobscreatedthisyearwillfall

shortoflastyear'srecord.

Thetwostatementsinboldplaywhichofthefollowingrolesintheargument?

(A)Thefirstprovidesevidenceinsupportofthemainconclusionoftheargument;the

secondisaclaimthatargumentchallenges

(B)Thefirstisageneralizationoftheargumentseekstoestablish;thesecondisa

conclusionthattheargumentdrawsinordertosupportthatgeneralization

(C)Thefirstisageneralizationthattheargumentseekstoestablish;thesecondisa

judgmentthehasbeenadvancedinordertochallengethatgeneralization

(D)Thefirstispresentedasobvioustruthonwhichtheargumentisbased;thesecond

isaclaimthathasbeenadvancedinsupportofapositionthattheargumentopposes

(E)Thefirstispresentedasobvioustruthonwhichtheargumentisbased;thesecond

isajudgmentadvancedinsupportofthemainconclusionoftheargument

2.Deltaproducts,Inc.,hasrecentlyswitchedatleastpartlyfromolder

technologiesusingfossilfuelstonewtechnologiespoweredbyelectricity.The

questionhasbeenraisedwhetheritcanbeconcludedthatforagivenlevelofoutput,

Delta'soperationnowcauseslessfossilfueltobeconsumedthanitdidformerly.The

answer,clearly,isyes,sincetheamountoffossilfuelusedtogeneratethe

electricityneededtopowerthenewtechnologiesislessthantheamountneeded

topowertheoldertechnologies,providedthatthelevelofoutputisheldconstant.

Intheargument,thetwoboldfaceportionsplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A.Thefirstidentifiesthecontentoftheconclusionoftheargument;thesecond

providessupportforthatconclusion.

B.Thefirstprovidessupportfortheconclusionoftheargument;thesecondidentifies

thecontentofthatconclusion.

C.Thefirststatesthepositionthattheargumentopposes;thesecondstatesthe

conclusionoftheargument.

D.Eachprovidesevidencethatcallstheconclusionoftheargumentintoquestion.

E.Eachprovidessupportforconclusionoftheargument.

3.Incountrieswhereautomobileinsuranceincludescompensationforwhiplash

injuriessustainedinautomobileaccidents,reportsofhavingsufferedsuch

injuriesaretwiceasfrequentastheyareincountrieswherewhiplashisnot

covered.Somecommentatorshaveargued,correctly,thatsincethereispresentlyno

objectivetestfbrwhiplash,spuriousreportsofwhiplashinjuriescannotbereadily

identified.Thesecommentatorsare,however,wrongtodrawthefurtherconclusion

thatinthecountrieswiththehigherratesofreportedwhiplashinjuries,halfofthe

reportedcasesarespurious:clearly,incountrieswhereautomobileinsurancedoesnot

includecompensationforwhiplash,peopleofhavelittleincentivetoreportwhiplash

injuriesthattheyactuallyhavesuffered.

Intheargument,thetwoboldfacedportionsplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

(A)Thefirstisafindingwhoseaccuracyisevaluatedintheargument;thesecondisan

intermediateconclusiondrawntosupportthejudgmentreachedbytheargumenton

theaccuracyofthatfinding.

(B)Thefirstisafindingwhoseaccuracyisevaluatedintheargument;thesecondis

evidencethathasbeenusedtochallengetheaccuracyofthatfinding.

(C)Thefirstisafindingwhoseimplicationsareatissueintheargument;thesecondis

anintermediateconclusionthathasbeenusedtosupportaconclusionthatthe

argumentcriticizes.

(D)Thefirstisaclaimthattheargumentdisputes;thesecondisanarrowerclaimthat

theargumentaccepts.

(E)Thefirstisaclaimthathasbeenusedtosupportaconclusionthattheargument

accepts;thesecondisthatconclusion.

4.Duringthepastyear,YeserportInsuranceCompany'stotalpaymentoncar-theft

claimshasbeenlargerthanitcanaffordtosustain.Yeserportcannotreducethe

numberofcar-theftpoliciesithas,soitcannotprotectitselfagainstcontinual

largepayoutsthatway.Consequently,Yeserporthasdecidedtoofferadiscountto

holdersofcar-theftpolicieswhosecarshaveantitheftappliances.Many

policyholderswillrespondtothediscountbyinstallingsuchdevices,sincethe

amountofthediscountwillwithintwoyearstypicallymorethancoverthecostof

installation.Therefore,becausecarswithantitheftdevicesarerarelystolen,

Yeserport*splanislikelytoreduceitsannualpayouts.

Intheargumentabove,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowing

roles?

(A)Thefirstandthesecondarebothevidenceofferedbytheargumentassupportfor

itsmainconclusion.

(B)Thefirstindicatesaproblemaresponsetowhichtheargumentassesses;the

secondisthejudgmentreachedbythatassessment.

(C)Thefirstisthepositiontheargumentseekstoestablish;thesecondisajudgment

theargumentusestosupportthatposition.

(D)Thefirstisadevelopmentthattheargumentseekstoexplain;thesecondisa

predictiontheargumentmakesinsupportoftheexplanationitoffers.

(E)Thefirstpresentsadevelopmentwhoselikelyoutcomeisatissueintheargument;

thesecondisajudgmenttheargumentusesinsupportofitsconclusionaboutthat

outcome.

Homework

Passage8

RogerRosenblatt'sbookBlackFiction,inattemptingtoapplyliteraryratherthan

sociopoliticalcriteriatoitssubject,successfullyalterstheapproac