工業(yè)工程專業(yè)英語中英對(duì)照翻譯-王愛虎編

UNITONEIndustrialEngineeringEducationforthe21stCentury21世紀(jì)的工業(yè)工程教育The21stcenturyisjustafewyearsaway.Strategicplannersallovertheworldareusingtheyear2000asthepointfuturebusinessactivities.Areweallreadyforthattime?Astheindustrialworldpreparestomeetthetechnologicalchallengesofthe21stcentury,thereisaneedtofocusonthepeoplewhowilltakeitthere.Peoplewillbethemostimportantofthe“man-machine-material”systemscompetinginthenextcentury.IEsshouldplayacrucialroleinpreparingorganizationsforthe21stcenturythroughtheirrolesaschangeinitiatorsandfacilitators.ImprovementsareneededinIEundergraduateeducationifthatroleistobesuccessfullycarriedout.21世紀(jì)來臨在即，全世界的戰(zhàn)略家們把2000年作為商業(yè)活動(dòng)的焦點(diǎn)。我們的工業(yè)工程教育為這一時(shí)刻的到來做好準(zhǔn)備了嗎？當(dāng)工業(yè)界去迎接21世紀(jì)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步時(shí)，有必要去關(guān)注將要從事這些技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)的人。在下一個(gè)世紀(jì)，人將是“人-機(jī)-物料”系統(tǒng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中最重要的構(gòu)成部分。工業(yè)工程師為21世紀(jì)在正在準(zhǔn)備的組織工程中扮演了一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的角色，他們的角色是作為創(chuàng)始者和促進(jìn)者。如果這個(gè)角色成功執(zhí)行的話，在工業(yè)工程本科教育過程中，改進(jìn)是必須的。Undergraduateeducationisthefoundationforprofessionpractice.Undergraduateprogramarethebasisforentryintograduateschool;andotherprofessionalfields.Tofacilitatethistransition,urgentimprovementsareneededineducationstrategies.Severaleducatorshaverecognizedthatthewayengineeringispracticedhaschangeddramaticallyovertheyearandanupgradeisneededinengineeringeducation.Educators,employersandpractitionersarecallingforabetterintegrationofsciencewiththeconceptsofdesignandpracticethroughouttheengineeringcurriculum.Suchanintegrationshouldbeakeycomponentofanyeducationreforminpreparationforthe21stcentury.本科教育是專業(yè)實(shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)，本科教育的課程是進(jìn)入研究院和其它專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的基礎(chǔ)。為了促進(jìn)這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變，在教育策略方面作以緊迫改進(jìn)是必須的。很多教育者已經(jīng)意識(shí)到工程教育實(shí)施的這種方式在很多年中有了很大的變化，并且意識(shí)到工程教育中的改善是必要的，教育者、雇主和從業(yè)者提倡用設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)踐的觀念，通過工程課程使其有一個(gè)較好的科學(xué)的綜合。這種綜合將是為21世紀(jì)作準(zhǔn)備的任何教育改革的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的要素。Hurriedattemptstoimproveeducationarebeingmadeinmanyareas.Weknowhavetermslike"totalqualitymanagementforAcademia,"just-in-timeeducation,"and"continuouseducationimprovment".Unfortunately,manyoftheserepresentmererhetoricsthatarenotbackedbypracticalimplementationmodels.IEshouldtaketheleadinreformingitsowncurriculumsothatitcanhelptodevelopedpracticalimplementationmodelsthatcanbeusedbyotherdisciplines.Manyeducatorsandadministratorsaresearchingforwaystotransformimprovementrhetoricsandslogansintoaction.ModelsdevelopedbyIEscanprovidetheanswers.許多地方在嘗試著快速改進(jìn)教育，在學(xué)術(shù)界，我們已經(jīng)有了像學(xué)院全面質(zhì)量管理，準(zhǔn)時(shí)制以及持續(xù)的教育改革等專業(yè)術(shù)語。遺憾的是，很多這樣的詞匯僅僅是口號(hào)，而沒有以可行的實(shí)踐為基礎(chǔ)，工業(yè)工程應(yīng)該率先改革其自身專業(yè)，這樣就有助于產(chǎn)生出可以運(yùn)用在其他學(xué)科的可行性的實(shí)踐模式，很多教育學(xué)家和管理者正在尋求能把理論和標(biāo)語運(yùn)用于實(shí)際的辦法，經(jīng)由工業(yè)工程師發(fā)展的模式將會(huì)提供答案．QualityinIEeducationIncorporationqualityconceptsintoeducationisagoalthatshouldbepursuedatnational,state,localandinstitutionlevels.Existingmodelsoftotalqualitymanagement(TQM)andcontinuousprocessimprovement(CPI)canbeadoptedforcurriculumimprovement.However,becauseoftheuniquenatureofacademia.re-definitionofTQMwillbenecessarysothattheapproachwillbecompatiblewiththeacademicprocess.Forexample,inindustry,theideaofzerodefectsmakessense.Butinacademia,wecannotproclaimzerodefectsinourgraduatessincetheirsuccessonthejobcannotbeguaranteed.Nonetheless,thebasicconceptsofimprovingproductqualityareapplicabletoimprovinganyeducationprocess.Clynes,whilereflectionondiscussionsheparticipatedinataNationalResearchCouncilcolloquiumonengineeringeducation,said"Teachingquality,likeacompany’scustomerservice,canneverbetoogoodandalwaysneedsattentionforimprovement".Thisistrue.AcarefulreviewofIEcurriculumwillrevealareasforimprovement.Thiswillhelpavoidstalecurriculathatmaynotmeetthecurrentneedsofthesociety.工業(yè)工程教育的質(zhì)量將質(zhì)量理念融入到教育之中是民族，國(guó)家，地區(qū)甚至是協(xié)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的追求目標(biāo)，現(xiàn)有的全面質(zhì)量管理和持續(xù)程序改進(jìn)模式可以納入課程改革。但是，由于學(xué)術(shù)界的獨(dú)特性，重新定義全面質(zhì)量是必要的，這與理論的進(jìn)程是一致的。例如，在工業(yè)上，零缺陷很有意義，所以在學(xué)術(shù)界我們就不能宣稱零缺陷，由于畢業(yè)生在工作方面的成功不能得到保證。不過，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的基本理念同樣適用于任何教育過程。Clynes在參加國(guó)家工程教育學(xué)術(shù)討論會(huì)時(shí)，經(jīng)仔細(xì)考慮說，“教育本質(zhì)就像公司對(duì)消費(fèi)者的服務(wù)一樣，不可能達(dá)到最好，需要不斷的改進(jìn)?！钡拇_，仔細(xì)回顧工業(yè)工程課程能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)需要改進(jìn)的地方，這就有助于避免過時(shí)的，不能應(yīng)用于當(dāng)今社會(huì)要求的課程。Theoryandpracticetheseareasandthesynergisticimpactthisintegratedapproachhasonman-machinesystems.在學(xué)院課程中很少強(qiáng)調(diào)IE自身的哲學(xué)體系。其哲學(xué)體系是關(guān)于人，機(jī)，物料集成體系的整體設(shè)計(jì)、發(fā)展和執(zhí)行。學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)了運(yùn)籌學(xué)，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)，人因?qū)W等課程，但是并沒有深入理解這些領(lǐng)域在人機(jī)體系中集成方法的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系以及相互影響。IEisquicklylosingitsidentityasavalue-addingprofession.ThebasiccauseofthisproblemisthatmanyIEsgraduatewithoutresolvingthequestionofidentityrelatedtothefollowingquestions:·WhatseparatesanIEfromotherengineers?·Whatcontributiondoestheprofessionmaketoanorganization?IE正很快的失去它增值的特征。導(dǎo)致這種問題的根本原因是許多IE畢業(yè)生沒有解決以下的問題：·IE師與其他領(lǐng)域的工程師的區(qū)別是什么?·這個(gè)專業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)有何貢獻(xiàn)?TherootofthisidentityproblemliesinthestructuredandisolatedapproachofvariousIEcourses.Thisresultsinspecializationthatistoonarrow.Forexample,graduatestodaytendtoassociatemorewithfocusedprofessionalsocietiesratherthanthegeneralIE.ThisisadisturbingdriftthatmaydestroytheidentityofIEaswenowknowit.這些問題的根源是由于各種IE課程結(jié)構(gòu)的和孤立的方法。這導(dǎo)致了專業(yè)研究上的狹隘。例如，現(xiàn)在的畢業(yè)生傾向于更多地密集的專業(yè)社會(huì)領(lǐng)域而不是基礎(chǔ)IE，這種使人不安的偏離現(xiàn)象，可能會(huì)毀掉原來我們所知的IE特征.Thereisabigdifferencebetweenacademicandindustrialapproachestoperformanceevaluation.Theacademiccommunityevaluatesitsmembersbythenumberofpublicationsandresearchgrants.Bycontrast,industrymeasuresperformanceintermsofrealcontributionstoorganizationalgoals.Thishasadetrimentaleffectonthelearninginteractionthatfacultyandstudentsmustshareforstudentstograduatewithprofessionalloyalty,technicalcompetenceandcapabilityofintegratingtheoreticalconceptsandindustrialpracticeeffectively.在表現(xiàn)評(píng)價(jià)中，理論和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)之間有很大的差異。在理論界，價(jià)值的評(píng)估是通過發(fā)表成果的數(shù)量和獲得研究經(jīng)費(fèi)的數(shù)目來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。與之相比，工業(yè)績(jī)效評(píng)估是對(duì)組織目標(biāo)的實(shí)際貢獻(xiàn)為指標(biāo)。這對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)中的交互能力產(chǎn)生不利的影響。學(xué)生必須在具備職業(yè)的忠誠，技術(shù)能力，綜合的理論認(rèn)識(shí)以及有效的實(shí)踐能力下畢業(yè)。Intheattempttopreparestudentsforgraduateleveleducation,theacademiccurriculumoftenhasastrongmathematicorientation.Thougharequiredapproach,itdevelopsaverystructuredapproachtoproblemsolvingamongstudents.Consequently,studentsexpectallproblemstohavewell-definedinputs,processingmodulesandoutputs.Thus,whenfacedwithcomplex,ill-defined,andunstructuredproblemsthatarecommonintherealworld,manynewgraduatesperformpoorly.Chismanpointsoutthatthebulkofteachingshouldbedoneforundergraduatestudentssinceover85percentofthemgointoindustry,notontograduateschool.Unfortunately,attemptstoimprovecurriculumisoftensiltedinfavorofresearch-orientededucation,therebydeprivingthemajorityofthestudentsoftheskillstheyneedtosurviveinthebusinessworld.對(duì)為研究生水平做準(zhǔn)備的學(xué)生來說，學(xué)術(shù)課程通常帶有強(qiáng)烈的數(shù)學(xué)的傾向性。雖然這是必需的途徑，但是為了讓學(xué)生使問題得以解決，它發(fā)展成為一種程式化的方法。因此，學(xué)生期望所有的問題都有明確的輸入，處理模塊和輸出。因此，當(dāng)面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中那些復(fù)雜的，不清楚的，無組織的問題時(shí)，許多剛畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生表現(xiàn)的并不是很好。Chisman指出，由于超過85%的畢業(yè)生進(jìn)入企業(yè)而不是他們畢業(yè)的學(xué)校，大部分的教學(xué)應(yīng)該針對(duì)這些本科學(xué)生進(jìn)行。不幸的是，嘗試有利于教育導(dǎo)向的改進(jìn)課程更傾向于促進(jìn)科研的教育，從而就剝奪了大多數(shù)學(xué)生在商業(yè)世界里生存所需要的技能。Manyyounggraduatesmistakenlyperceivetheirexpectedrolesasbeingpartofthemanagementpersonnel,havinglittleornodirectassociationwithshop-flooractivities.Suchviewsimpedehand-onexperienceandpreventtheidentificationofrootcausesofindustrialproblems.Consequently,thisleadstothedevelopmentofsolutionsthatareshort-term,unrealistic,and/orinadequate.Thegrowingrelianceofsimulationmodelsthatcannotbepracticallyvalidatedinreal-worldsettingsisoneobvioussymptomofthisproblem.許多年輕的畢業(yè)生錯(cuò)誤地把他們未來的角色看作是管理人員，很少或者根本沒有把自己與車間活動(dòng)聯(lián)系在一起。這種觀點(diǎn)阻礙了他們傳承實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并且妨礙了他們對(duì)工程問題出現(xiàn)的根本原因的發(fā)現(xiàn)。因此，這就使得他們解決問題的方法是短期的，不切實(shí)際的或不充分的。越來越依賴在現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境中不能切實(shí)有效運(yùn)用的仿真模型就是這一現(xiàn)象的體現(xiàn)。Likemanyotherengineeringcurricula,IEisgrowingwithinanisolatedshell.Studentsdonotrealizetheimportanceofdevelopingsolutionsbeneficialtoasystemratherthanforindividualcomponents.Manynewgraduatestakealongtimetobecomeproductiveindevelopingsolutionsthatrequiremultidisciplinaryapproaches.像其他的工程課程一樣，工業(yè)工程是在一個(gè)封閉空間內(nèi)發(fā)展的。學(xué)生們沒有意識(shí)到與其致力于對(duì)系統(tǒng)組成部分的研究，不如致力于發(fā)展對(duì)系統(tǒng)有益的解決問題的方法更有意義。許多新的畢業(yè)生要花費(fèi)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能變得善于提出運(yùn)用綜合方法的發(fā)展性的解決方案。工業(yè)工程專業(yè)英語翻譯（3）工業(yè)工程專業(yè)英語翻譯2008-04-2619:15:06閱讀1753評(píng)論3字號(hào)：大中小RealIEValue工業(yè)工程的真正價(jià)值Industrialengineersaregreatatsolvingproblems.Ironicallyenough,thereisstilloneage-oldproblemtheyunabletosolve-identity.Andtheproblemisnotgettinganytosolve.Infact,“identity”isjustoneofseveralchallengescurrentlyfacingtheIEprofession.工業(yè)工程師非常善于解決問題。可是具有諷刺性的卻是他們?nèi)杂幸粋€(gè)長(zhǎng)期性的問題得不到解決----一致性。而且這個(gè)問題解決起來一直很困難。事實(shí)上，“一致性”恰好是目前工業(yè)工程領(lǐng)域所面臨的眾多挑戰(zhàn)性問題之一。Today’scompetitiveglobaleconomyandtightercorporatebudgetsareforcingIEstodealwithissuesthatwerebarelymentionedadecadeago.Companiesareflatteningcorporatestructures;IEdepartmentsarebeingeliminatedorrenamed;anduniversitiesandcollegesareunderevengreaterpressuretoprovideindustrywithgraduateswhoarebettertrainedtohandleamuchwidervarietyofjobresponsibilities.今天激烈的世界競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和緊張的公司預(yù)算都迫使工業(yè)工程師們?nèi)ソ鉀Q被人們忽視很久的問題。公司開始重新組合團(tuán)隊(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)；工業(yè)工程部被逐漸被取消或者重新命名；而且大學(xué)和學(xué)院也承擔(dān)著向工業(yè)界提供被更好的培訓(xùn)而掌握了更廣泛工作能力的畢業(yè)生的壓力。Ontheotherhand,today’sIEhasathisorherdisposalmoretechnologyandtoolsthantheIEof30yearsagocouldhaveeverimagined.NewtechnologieshaveimprovedaccuracyandspeedandgenerallyhaveincreasedtheIE’sabilitytocoveramorediversesetofinterests.另一方面，現(xiàn)在的工業(yè)工程師可以使用許多他們30年前的同行想都想不到的技術(shù)和工具。新技術(shù)已經(jīng)提高了精確度和速度并逐漸提高了工業(yè)工程師們解決更多樣問題的能力。Inaddition,theIEnowhasagreateropportunitytoconcentrateonanyoneofabroadvarietyofareasthatmanycompaniesnowrecognizeasindividualdepartments-includingsimulation,operationsresearch,ergonomics,materialhandlingandlogistics.值得一提的是，工業(yè)工程現(xiàn)在有更多的機(jī)會(huì)去集中于現(xiàn)在許多企業(yè)已經(jīng)視為獨(dú)立的學(xué)科的眾多領(lǐng)域中的一個(gè)-----包括防真學(xué)、運(yùn)籌學(xué)、人因?qū)W、物料搬運(yùn)和物流學(xué)。Thenamegame命名問題Whatproblemscouldpossiblythrowashadowonsuchabrightarrayofopportunities?Forstarters,asnewopportunitieshavedevelopedfortheIE,newquestionshaveformedaboutwhattypesofjobstheindustrialengineerisqualifiedtoperform.什么問題可能會(huì)在如此明亮的機(jī)會(huì)陣列上投下陰影呢？對(duì)于初學(xué)者來說，隨著工業(yè)工程新的機(jī)遇的產(chǎn)生，諸如工業(yè)工程師到底能勝任什么樣的工作問題也隨之產(chǎn)生。Atonetime,itwaseasiertodefinewhatanIEdid.”Industrialengineeringwassimpleinthosedayswhenwedealtwithmethods,workstandardsandworksimplification,”saysCarlosCherubin,directorofengineeringforTheLimitedCo.“Buttherehastobesomewaytogetpasttheoldindustrialengineeringdefinition.”曾經(jīng)，定義工業(yè)工程是很容易的?！肮I(yè)工程那時(shí)候在解決問題，制訂工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和工作簡(jiǎn)明化方面很簡(jiǎn)單”有限公司的經(jīng)理卡羅.徹羅賓如是說。“但是現(xiàn)在需要放棄那些落后的工業(yè)工程定義了。”Eventoday,inmanycompanies,IEsarestillperformingtypeofworkthatmakesupwhatisnowconsideredclassicalIE.”“Thebigchangeisthatthecommercializationofalotoftheseareashaveturnedtheminto‘nichethrusts,’”saysJohnPowers,directorofthemanagementservicedepartmentatEastmanKodakCo.WhileIEshavealwaysbeenveryadaptabletothese“thrusts”asaskillset,hesays,theyarenowcompetingfortheheadlines.甚至現(xiàn)在，在許多公司，工業(yè)工程仍然在從事那些現(xiàn)在看來是經(jīng)典工業(yè)工程的傳統(tǒng)的工作。“埃斯曼.柯達(dá)公司的人力資源部經(jīng)理約翰帕娃說：“最大的變化就是工業(yè)工程領(lǐng)域的商業(yè)化使它們成為具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的舒適職業(yè)。”而且，工業(yè)工程師已經(jīng)適應(yīng)了這種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)技能。他們現(xiàn)在正在爭(zhēng)取這份工作。SaysJerryZollenberg,directorofIEforUnitedParcelService,“Ifapersonlosesslightofthetotaljobandstarslookingattheindividualpieces,itcomesoutalittlehairy.”Forexample,Zollenbergsaysthathehasanoperationsresearch(OR)groupof40to50individualwhoareworkingonthecuttingedgeofcomputertechnology.AtonetimethesepeopleweredesignatedasIEs.ButZollenbergsaysthateventhroughtheyarenotcalledIEs,thejobtheyaredoingiscertainlyIE-orientedandcouldbeIE,dependingonhowyousetuptheorganization.聯(lián)合包裝服務(wù)公司的工業(yè)工程經(jīng)理杰瑞說：“如果一個(gè)人不能對(duì)整項(xiàng)工作做全面把握而只是將注意力放在個(gè)別的方面，那么結(jié)果就不會(huì)令人滿意?！崩纾Z龍博格博士說他公司有一個(gè)由40到50個(gè)人組成的專門從事計(jì)算機(jī)尖端技術(shù)的研究小組，這些人曾被稱做工業(yè)工程師，但是，即使他們沒被予以這種頭銜，他們所做的還是工業(yè)工程的工作可以被稱做工業(yè)工程，這取決于你如何組織這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)。Likeitornot,thetrendtodayisspecialization,andcompaniesarefollowingsuit.Tougheconomictimesareforcingmanycompaniestoredefinecorporatestructures,withaprimarygoalofflattingtheirorganizationinanattempttocutcostsandspeedthedecision-makingprocess.InthecaseoftheIEdepartment,thattrendhasmoveddepartmentalnamesfromthegeneric“IE”tospecialfunctionsorareasthatarebeingperformed.FormerIEdepartmentshavebeendecentralizedorrenamedandarenowdescribedusingsuchtermsasQualityImprovementEngineering,ManagementServiceorEngineeringService,justtonameafew.不管是否真的這樣，專業(yè)化是目前的趨勢(shì)就，而且企業(yè)也在向這個(gè)方向發(fā)展。許多企業(yè)在這個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的要求下都在重組公司結(jié)構(gòu)，以期能夠是組織有效能，可以節(jié)約開支并加快決策的進(jìn)度。而在工業(yè)工程部門，專業(yè)化的趨勢(shì)是工業(yè)工程不在是普通的工業(yè)工程而是具有專業(yè)的作用或者是個(gè)正在改善的行業(yè)。從前的工業(yè)工程部已經(jīng)被分解或者重新命名。現(xiàn)在他們已經(jīng)部分成為質(zhì)量改善工程，質(zhì)量服務(wù)或者工程服務(wù)，僅是名字多一點(diǎn)。“WhatIseeiscompaniesgettingawayfromtheIEnameandtryingtohavenamesthataremoredescriptiveofthebroadersetofskills,”saysPowers.帕娃說：“我所看到的就是企業(yè)都在減少使用工業(yè)工程這個(gè)名字而在嘗試使用些更新的描述這些技能的名字。”Formany,includingRebeccaRay,IEmanageratGlaxoInc.,itisastepintherightdirection.HerdepartmentwillsooncarrythetitlePerformanceImprovementEngineering.”IEisprobablytheonlyengineeringprofessionthatinsistsonwearingitsdegreeonitsdepartmentaldoor,”shesays.“wehavefocusedtoomuchonmaintainingourdegree,insteadofidentifyingourfunctionwithinourcompany.”許多人，包括格萊斯公司的工業(yè)工程經(jīng)理瑞貝卡瑞都認(rèn)為，這是正確方向上的一步。而且她的部門也要命名為績(jī)效改善工程了。她還說：“工業(yè)工程可能是工程專業(yè)僅有的堅(jiān)持要求把自己的地位建立在本部門之上的專業(yè)”。“我們已經(jīng)過多的注重維護(hù)我們的地位而忽略了我們對(duì)公司所起的作用。”Dr.VinodSahney,corporatevicepresidentatHenryFordhealthSysteengineeringdepartment,”hesays,“Ihaveneverseenamechanicalengineeringdepartment.“Oneofourbiggestdifficultiesisweequateindustrialengineeringdepartment,buttheyarehiredandgetawide-rangeofjobs.”亨利福得保健設(shè)備公司的副主席文納德.沙尼博士也同意她的觀點(diǎn).他說:”我從未發(fā)現(xiàn)有機(jī)械工程部,我們最大的困難就是平等看待工業(yè)工程部門,但機(jī)械工程專業(yè)的人卻有很多就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)且就業(yè)范圍廣泛.”TonyVieth,IEmanageratBoeingGeorgiaInc.,believesthattheindividualperson,dependingonhowtheyaretrained,canbringtherightsskillstotherightjobandtheydonotneedtobeinadepartmentcalledindustrialengineering.HealsothinksIEshavegottenhunguponwhatovertheyears.Ontheotherhand,thedecentralizedtypeofenvironmentappearsmorethreateningtoothers.“IfweassumethatdecentralizedwillcontinuetothepointoftransferringIEresponsibilitiestoothers,asseenintheVolvoorganization,wewillseeaprofoundimpactupontheprofession,namelyunemployment,”predictsDonaldBarnesofBarnesManagementTrainingServices.佐治亞的波音公司的工業(yè)工程經(jīng)理托尼.萬斯認(rèn)為一個(gè)人的工作決定于他所學(xué)習(xí)的技能使他所學(xué)有所用而不是取決于他在哪個(gè)部門工作.而且他認(rèn)為工業(yè)工程師已經(jīng)為這個(gè)問題困擾了許多年.而巴勒斯管理培訓(xùn)服務(wù)公司的唐納德.巴勒斯卻持有相反意見.他說:”如果這種分解繼續(xù)的話,工業(yè)工程的職責(zé)就會(huì)改變.就象我們?cè)谖侄止究吹降囊粯?我們就會(huì)到這種影響將會(huì)造成這個(gè)行業(yè)的失業(yè).But,acentralizedIEdepartmentdoesnotguaranteeemploymentfortheindustrialengineer.Manylargecompanieshave“IE”departmentswhereonlyahandfulofindustrialengineerscanbefound.AnexampleisBoeing.BoeinghassomeverylargeIEdepartments,butoftenlessthantwoorthreepeoplewithinthedepartmenthaveIEdegrees.AccordingtoVieth,itisbecausesomeofthefunctionswithinthedepartmentaresodiverse.但是,對(duì)于工業(yè)工程部的整合也并不會(huì)給工業(yè)工程師帶來工作.許多大企業(yè)的工業(yè)工程部里僅有少量的工業(yè)工程師.拿波音公司做個(gè)例子,波音公司有一些大的工業(yè)工程部,但是其中只有2個(gè)或三個(gè)人有工業(yè)工程學(xué)位.通過萬斯來看,那是因?yàn)椴块T里的某些函數(shù)太多樣了.ProblemsassociatedwithrenamingIEdepartmentstodescribetheirparticularfunctionmayhavemoretodowithappearancethanwiththeactualjobbeingperformed.WhileIEsactuallyperformmanyofthespecializedjobs,littlecreditisgiventoIEprinciplesusedintheapproach.Infact,itoftenturnsoutthatmanyoftheindividualfunctionsandskillsusedbyIEsareviewedbymanagementasindustrialengineering.Asaresult,individualswhocanmasteroneofthoseskillsaremistakenlyreferredtobymanagementas“industrialengineers.”將工業(yè)工程部重新命名以明確描述其具體職能,其間所出現(xiàn)的問題與其說與實(shí)際完成的工作有關(guān)倒不如說與問題的表象有關(guān).工業(yè)工程師們?cè)谕瓿稍S多專業(yè)性工作的過程中的工作原則極少得到承認(rèn).實(shí)際上,工業(yè)工程師們的個(gè)體作用和技能通常被管理學(xué)認(rèn)為是工業(yè)工程學(xué).結(jié)果,擁有這些技能中的某一項(xiàng)的人被錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)為是”工業(yè)工程師”Yet,thosewhounderstandtherealvalueofindustrialengineeringstillrealizethatthedegreedIEbringstothejobauniquewayofthinking.然而,那些懂得工業(yè)工程的真正價(jià)值的人依然意識(shí)到工業(yè)工程這個(gè)專業(yè)給了這份工作一個(gè)與眾不同的思考途徑.“Therearethingsyoucanteachnon-degreedpeoplethatarebasicrepetitivetasks,”saysVieth.“Butwhatyoucan’tteachishowtotakewhatyousee,translateitandrecognizethereisaproblem,andthencomeupwithasolutiontothatproblem.”萬斯說:”你可以教一個(gè)沒有專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)的人一些基本重要的工作,但是你卻不能教他們?nèi)绾瘟私夂娃D(zhuǎn)化看到的問題并找出方法去解決這個(gè)問題.ErinWallace,directorofIEatWaltDisneyWorldCo.,wouldnothireanyonewhowasnotadegreedIE.“Iinsistonit,”shesays.“Whenyou’vegotagroupofpeoplewhoaredistinctlyIEs,theycarrywiththemwhatweliketorefertoasdistinctcompetencies.ThosedistinctcompetenciesforanIEatWaltDisneyWorldincludetheirabilitytodoquantitativeanalysis.YouneedanIEdegreetobeabletodothattypeofwork.”任職于華特.迪斯尼世界公司的工業(yè)工程部經(jīng)理愛瑞.沃侖斯從部雇用非工業(yè)工程專業(yè)的人.她說:”我堅(jiān)持這樣做是因?yàn)槿绻愎陀昧艘慌鷮I(yè)的工業(yè)工程人士,那么他們具備我們需要的獨(dú)特的能力.在華特.迪斯尼,這種獨(dú)特的能力包括他們做質(zhì)量分析的能力.你需要一個(gè)工業(yè)工程的畢業(yè)生從事這種工作.”WallacesaysthatwhensomeonehiresIEtechnology-typemajors,theydonotgetsomeoftherudimentaryproblemsolvingskillsacquiredfromtakingengineeringcourses.沃侖斯說當(dāng)雇用工業(yè)工程技術(shù)類型的專業(yè)人員時(shí),他們就不需要通過參加工業(yè)工程課程來獲得解決基本技術(shù)問題所要的技能了.Curriculum課程SincethereisafavorableconsensusaboutthetechnicalqualificationofdegreedIEs,universitiesandcollegesmustbedoingallindustrybelievesisnecessarytopreparetoday’sIEstudents.Appearancesmaybedeceiving.既然對(duì)于工業(yè)工程師必須具有技術(shù)素質(zhì)已經(jīng)成為共識(shí),那么大學(xué)和學(xué)院必須使工業(yè)界相信提供現(xiàn)代的工業(yè)工程畢業(yè)生是很必要的.表面現(xiàn)象通常是不可信的.Infact,eventhoughABETaccreditsmanyIEandIETprogramsintheUnitedStates事實(shí)上,盡管工業(yè)工程與技術(shù)鑒定委員會(huì)鑒定了美國(guó)的許多工業(yè)工程與工業(yè)工程技術(shù)項(xiàng)目,但這些項(xiàng)目之間仍然存在很大的區(qū)別和靈活性.事實(shí)的根據(jù)可以從最近澳大利亞機(jī)械和制造工業(yè)學(xué)校的工業(yè)工程管理小組的研究中得到證實(shí).該學(xué)校隸屬于機(jī)械和制造工程技術(shù)小組.Theschoolinitiatedasetofpromotionalactivitiestorejuvenatetheindustrialengineeringnameandstatus.Oneoftheschool’sgoalswastohelpconvincemanagersandgovernmenttoreconsidertheroleofindustrialengineering.學(xué)校開始行動(dòng)起來改變工業(yè)工程學(xué)的名字和地位.學(xué)校的目標(biāo)之一就是幫助管理人員和政府重新評(píng)估工業(yè)工程學(xué)的價(jià)值.Inpreparationfortheevents,theIE/Mgroupsurveyedmorethan150U.S.universitieswithaccreditedIEprogramsattheundergraduateandgraduatelevel.Ofthoseuniversitiesthatanswered<37wererandomlydrawnforanalysis.在研究的準(zhǔn)備過程中,工業(yè)工程管理小組檢查了150多所在本科階段有資格教授工程課程的學(xué)校并在其中隨機(jī)抽出37所來進(jìn)行分析.ThemainpurposewastoanalyzethequantityandqualityoftheIEsubjects.AccordingtoShayanandHamadaniatSIT,themostimportantpointisthatcoverageofIEisnotyetstandardized.這樣的主要目的是分析工業(yè)工程課程的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量.對(duì)于SIT的沙揚(yáng)和哈姆丹尼來說,最重要的一點(diǎn)是工業(yè)工程的范圍沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限制.Othersteps其他階段TwokeyprojectscurrentlyworkingtowardhelpingacademiaimprovetheoverallIEcurriculumincludetheSoutheasternUniversityandCollegeCoalitionforEngineeringEducation(SUCCEED)sponsoredbytheNationalScienceFoundation(NFS),andIIE’sjointeffortbetweentheCouncilonIndustrialEngineering(CIE)andtheCouncilofIndustrialEngineeringAcademicDepartmentHeads(CIEADH).當(dāng)前兩個(gè)主要的項(xiàng)目目的在于全面提高由美國(guó)自然科學(xué)基金委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)的,包括東南大學(xué)和學(xué)院工程教育聯(lián)合會(huì)以及由工業(yè)工程理事會(huì)和工業(yè)工程學(xué)術(shù)部門組成的工業(yè)工程師學(xué)會(huì)的學(xué)術(shù)水平.SUCCEED,whichisaimedatallengineeringdisciplines,isanengineeringeducationcoalitionestablishedbyNSFinMarch1992.Thecoalitionhasproposedanewcurriculummodel,CURRICULUM21,asamechanismtofocusitseffortsonspecificgoalssuchasrestructuringtheengineeringcurriculumandimprovingthequalityandquantityofgraduates.在1992年3月由美國(guó)自然科學(xué)基金委員會(huì)資助的東南大學(xué)和學(xué)院工程聯(lián)合會(huì),旨在提高工程類本科教育的水平.這個(gè)聯(lián)合會(huì)開創(chuàng)了一個(gè)新的學(xué)科模式,課程21,目標(biāo)主要集中在諸如調(diào)整課程和提高畢業(yè)生的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量方面.Thesecondproject,betweenCIEandCIEADH,hasbeenongoingsincetheFallof1990.Specifically,CIE(corporate-leveldirectorswhosespanofcontrolincludesIEfunctions)meetswithCIEADH(98academicdepartmentheadsfromuniversitiesandcolleges)atscheduledtimesduringtheyeartobetterdefinewhatindustryneedsfromacademia.IIEactsasafacilitatorbetweenthetwogroupstohelpinformacademia.TheultimategoalofthesemeetingsisthedevelopmentofaclearlydefinedsetofoutputcharacteristicsthatwillhelpacademiadesignanimprovedundergraduateIEcurriculum.第二個(gè)項(xiàng)目開始于1990年秋.由工業(yè)工程理事會(huì)和工業(yè)工程系統(tǒng)理事會(huì)進(jìn)行.工業(yè)工程理事會(huì)(負(fù)責(zé)公司工業(yè)工程事業(yè)的公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo))還特別的與工業(yè)工程系統(tǒng)理事會(huì)(大學(xué)和學(xué)院的98位學(xué)科代表)進(jìn)行了例行會(huì)晤.目的是更好的限定工業(yè)在學(xué)術(shù)方面的需要范圍.工業(yè)工程學(xué)會(huì)從中協(xié)助這兩個(gè)組織通知學(xué)術(shù)界.這些會(huì)議的最終結(jié)果是產(chǎn)生了一系列有特色的概念,從而幫助學(xué)術(shù)界設(shè)計(jì)先進(jìn)的本科工業(yè)工程課程.ThisisnottosaythattheseorganizationsareattemptingtostandardizetheIEcurriculum,rather,theyaretryingtoprovidebasicguidelines.ThequestionofwhethertheIEcurriculum,shouldbestandardizedthroughouteveryuniversityisnotanissue.Leadersinindustryandacademiareadilyagreethatthereisnopossiblewayforeverycurriculumateverycollegetobeidentical.這并不是說這些組織試圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工業(yè)工程的課程,而是說他們正努力提供一些基本的準(zhǔn)則.主要的并不是工業(yè)工程課程是否應(yīng)該在所有的大學(xué)里統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而是工業(yè)界和學(xué)術(shù)界的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人已開始認(rèn)同不可能在每個(gè)學(xué)校開設(shè)一樣的課程.“Idon’tthinkyoucanrequireeveryIEcurriculumtobecookiecutterofeachother,”saysGlaxo’sRay.克拉克.瑞說:”我不認(rèn)為工業(yè)工程課程能象餅干一樣被分來分去.”Whatappearstobeaproblemistheperceivedgapbetweenwhattypesofstudentsacademiaisprovidingcomparedwiththetypesofstudentsindustryseeks.Mostindustryleadersacknowledgethatthemajorityofuniversitiesandcollegesshouldprovide,anddoprovide,studentswhoaretechnicallycompetent.ToexpectthatIEstudentsbehighlyknowledgeableabouteverypossibleaspectofindustrialengineeringupongraduationmaybeunrealistic,saysZollenberg.StudentsarerequiredtotakeabroadrangeofIEcoursetohelpthemunderstandtheprinciplesofIEandprovideasolidacademicfoundation.Agraduatestudentcanthengoontospecializeinaparticularareaifheorshedesiretodoso.出現(xiàn)的問題是所提供的專業(yè)學(xué)生類型和工業(yè)界所需要人才之間的理解誤差.大多數(shù)工業(yè)界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都承認(rèn)大中專院校提供的學(xué)生還是具有技術(shù)能力的.佐侖.貝格說,希望工業(yè)工程專業(yè)的學(xué)生通曉工業(yè)工程的各個(gè)方面是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的.學(xué)生只需要學(xué)習(xí)在校期間工程的科目,足以幫他們了解工業(yè)工程的準(zhǔn)則和固定的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)術(shù)知識(shí)就可以了.這樣的畢業(yè)生就能按自己的設(shè)想在特定的領(lǐng)域使自己的知識(shí)專業(yè)化Zollenberginsiststhatitisimpossibletolearneverythingtheyneedtoknowaboutthejobstheywillencounter.“I’mnotsureanybodycomingoutisgoingtolearnalloftherequiredskillsinfouryearsofschool.Idon’tthinkit’sfairtotheuniversitiesandIdon’tIdon’tthinkit’sfairtothekids,”hesays.佐侖.貝格認(rèn)為期望讓學(xué)生在學(xué)校學(xué)到將來在工作中遇到的所有問題拿幾乎使不可能的.他說:”我不確定任何人可以在4年學(xué)生生涯中學(xué)到所需要的所有技能.我想這樣對(duì)學(xué)校和孩子都是不公平的.Expectations期望值Whatindustryleaderstoexpect,however,arestudentswhohavetheabilitytooperateintheenvironmentinwhichtheyareplaced.Theseareaswherethereappearstobeadeficiencyincludeinterpersonalskills,knowledgeofcomputers,nontechnical/businessskills,qualitymanagementskills,andanappreciationfortheplantfloor.Dependinguponwhatindustrythenewgraduateisplaced,theneedforcertainskillswillvary.工業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人所期望的使學(xué)生有能力在他們所處的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行操作.這些有缺陷的領(lǐng)域包括交際能力,計(jì)算機(jī)知識(shí),商業(yè)技能,質(zhì)量管理技能和尊重高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人員.對(duì)于不同崗位的畢業(yè)生有不同的要求,所以對(duì)于技能的要求也是不同的.Wallace,whoworksforaservice-orientedcompany(WaltDisneyWorld),thinkstoday’sstudentsarewell-trainedinmostareas,withtheexceptionofcomputershills.Shesaysshestillseesalotofstudentswhocameoutofschoolwithoutverygoodcomputerskills.“Nowadays,thatshouldbeaprerequisite.”工作于服務(wù)性公司的瓦拉斯認(rèn)為如今的學(xué)生在許多領(lǐng)域都接受了很好的培養(yǎng).他們具有所需的計(jì)算機(jī)技能,她說她仍然看到許多畢業(yè)生不具備很好的計(jì)算機(jī)技能,”今天,這個(gè)技能是必要的.”Inthemanufacturingsector,JackBroadway,directorofcorporateIEforReynoldsMetals,believestoday’sstudentsareprobablybettereducatedthaninthepast,buttheyhavesomemisconceptionaboutthetypesofjobstheywillperform.“Alotof(students)comingouttodaywanttositbehindacomputerandtheythinkthatistheirjob.Well,acomputerisjustanothertool.It’sjustsomethingyouusetodosomethingelse,”hesays.Hesuggeststhaton-thejobtrainingwhileinschoolmaybeoneofthebestwaystopreparestudents.在瑞納德金屬公司從事制造性工業(yè)工程的杰克.布朗德利認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在的學(xué)生比過去的學(xué)生教育的好,但是他們對(duì)于將從事的工作卻有一些錯(cuò)誤的概念.他說:”許多學(xué)生認(rèn)為坐在電腦前就是他們的工作.可是,電腦只是一個(gè)工具,這個(gè)工具只是協(xié)助你去工作.然后你還是要做其它或者繼續(xù)你的工作.”他認(rèn)為學(xué)校的在職教育是一個(gè)很好的教育學(xué)生的方法.Onhealthcareside,Sahney(HenryFordHealthSystems)thinksthatingeneralterms,schoolsareprovidingproperlytrainedstudents,buttheyoftenarenotgiventheopportunitytobecomewell-roundedinotherareas.Becausewhathesaysistheprofession’s“rootsofaccreditation,”thecurriculumistootightlycontrolled.Hedoesnotthinkindividualinstitutionshaveenoughvariety.Inotherwords,hesays,theelectivesareverylimitedbythetimealloftherequiredcoursesarefinished.Thisproblemisoftenexhibitasalackofwritingandpresentationskillsinmanyofthenewgraduates.薩尼從全面教育方面考慮認(rèn)為學(xué)校在學(xué)習(xí)期間給了學(xué)生適當(dāng)?shù)慕逃?卻沒有給學(xué)生在其它領(lǐng)域接受全面教育的機(jī)會(huì).學(xué)校認(rèn)為專業(yè)課才是工作資格的根本.所以課程安排被嚴(yán)格的控制著.而不認(rèn)為人的學(xué)問是多樣化的.或換句話說,他們認(rèn)為在所有所需要的課程結(jié)束后,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)就會(huì)減小,這樣做的結(jié)果就是許多畢業(yè)生明顯缺少寫作和自我表達(dá)的能力.MostIEseventuallymustselltheirideasandplanstomanagement,whichoftenrequiresabove-averagecommunicationskills.FormanyIEgraduates,thisisatoughchallenge.RussellCartmill,IEdirectoratTheCoca-ColaCo.,saysheisfrequentlyconfrontedwithhiringrecentgraduateswholackbasiccommunicationskills.HesaysCoca-Colaendsuphavingtoteachpeoplethingsoncetheygetintheareasofpublicspeakingandreportwriting,“someofthebasicthingsthatyoureallyneedtohaveinindustryinordertomakeagoodpresentation.”其它許多工業(yè)工程師都使用多門交流技巧,要推銷自己的想法和計(jì)劃給管理部門.可這對(duì)于工業(yè)工程的畢業(yè)生來說是個(gè)很大的挑戰(zhàn).在可口可樂公司工作的工業(yè)工程經(jīng)理如瑟.卡特米說,他經(jīng)常碰到新錄用的缺少交流技巧的畢業(yè)生,可口可樂公司只有在職員學(xué)會(huì)公共演講和起草報(bào)告的時(shí)候才停止教育他們.他說在工業(yè)界你真正需要的一些基本的東西就是怎樣去很好的展示自己.Onewayschoolsarecombatingthisproblem,whichisalsoaproblemwithstudentsinotherengineeringdisciplines,issemester-longundergraduateandgraduate-levelcoursesdirectedatfamiliarizingengineeringstudentsfromalldisciplineswiththenon-technicalaspectsofengineering.Thesecoursesfocusontopicssuchasfinancialmanagement,projectmanagement,businessplanningandbusinessdevelopment.學(xué)校解決這個(gè)其它工程學(xué)也存在的問題的方法就是在學(xué)習(xí)中設(shè)置一些非技術(shù)方面的學(xué)科,但這些學(xué)科集中在商務(wù)管理,工程管理,經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展.OtherschoolshaveevengoneasfarasofferinggraduatedegreesthatareacombinationofanIEdegreeandbusinessdegreeinanattempttotargetstudentsseekingmanufacturingengineeringjobs.個(gè)別學(xué)校還甚至同時(shí)授予工業(yè)工程學(xué)位和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)位以期使學(xué)生找到制造工程方面的工作.ButViethisnotthebusinessrouteisthebestpathfortheindustrialengineeringcurriculumtofollow.“Ithinkifwelosetrackofthetechnicalknowledge,we’rejustgoingtolooklikeahigh-pricedbusinessgraduate,”hesays.但是,萬斯卻不認(rèn)為工業(yè)工程課程跟隨商業(yè)路線是最好的途徑.他說:’我認(rèn)為如果我們沒有學(xué)到技術(shù)知識(shí),最多我們看起來是一個(gè)有用的經(jīng)濟(jì)人才.”AnotheroptionIEdepartmentsatuniversitiesandcollegesmightconsiderisspecializinginaparticularfunctionofIE(i.e.operationsresearch,materialhandling,ergonomics,humanfactors,etc.),andmarkettheirprogramaccordingly.Forexample,saysCherubin,ifacollegestudentwantstobeanIEandhasaparticularinterestinmaterialhandling,thatstudentshouldbeabletochoosecertainschoolswhosecharterisveryspecific.Inadditiontohelpingthestudent,hesays,itprovidesanimportantservicetoapotentialemployer.“Don’tputstudentsoutintheworkenvironmentand,atthatpoint,letthemstartdefiningtheircareer,”saysCher