競爭法(雙語)課程03-antimonopoly-law2-壟斷協(xié)議1課件

1Part2AntimonopolyLaw:

ChinesePerspectiveLectureProceduresLeading:writingpractices(10mins)ClassPresentation(25mins)Summary(5mins)Questions&Assignment(5mins)Activity:writingpractices4Cases(1)ReportChristmastreepricefixingscandalinDenmark(2007)(2)BrieftocaseContinentalTVInc.v.GTESylvania,Inc.(1977).LeeginCreativeLeatherProducts,Inc.v.PSKS,Inc.,551U.S.877(2007).Youwillbedividedinto2groups.OnegroupisrequiredtowriteareportaboutChristmastreepricefixingscandalinDenmark(2007).TheothergroupisrequiredtowriteabrieftocaseaboutContinentalcaseandLeegincase.Everyoneshouldturnonawritingpaperbeforenextclass.YourcontentmustfocusonIssues

ofthiscaseWhichjudicialdoctrineshouldbeapplied?Howtoprovemonopolyconducts?ExpectedOutcomeClassPresentation7ChristmastreepricefixingscandalinDenmark(2007)ReportFactIn2007therewasasharpdeclineinDanishtreeproduction.Productionfellfrom12millionto8million,reducingexportnumbersdrastically.TheUnitedKingdom,anationwhichnormallyimportedabout1.5millionChristmastreesfromDenmark,imported500,000treesfromDenmark.Initially,theshortfallandtheresultingpriceincrease.DuringthattimegrowersplantedfarfewertreesafteroverproductionhaddrivenmanyChristmastreefarmersoutofbusiness.8IssuesOnDecember17,2007theDanishChristmasTreeGrowersAssociation(DCTGA)waschargedwithpricefixingbythestateprosecutorforseriouseconomiccrimes.DCTGA:wasaccusedofsendingpriceguidelinestoitsmemberssuggestingapriceincreaseof10to25percent.In2007,priceseventuallyrose25percent.ChargeswerehandeddownaftertheDanishCompetitionAuthoritywarnedtheDCTGAin2001and2005aboutthesamepractices.

Boththeassociationitselfandtheassociation'sdirectoratthetimeKaj?stergaardwerechargedinthecase.9JudgmentofFirstInstancetheEasternHighCourt.ThecourtruledthattheDCGTAhadpublishedpricestatisticsandapricecalculationmodel,aswellasothertoolswhichwereusedtoguidememberpricing,includingminimumprices.TheDCTGAwasseriouslyviolateoftheDanishCompetitionActduetopricefixing.theDCTGA500,000kroner,andthemembersoftheexecutivecommitteewerefined15,000kroner.10JudgmentofSecondInstanceTheDanishSupremeCourtreviewedthecase.TheSupremeCourtfinedtheDCTGA500,000kroner,andthemembersoftheexecutivecommittee25,000kroner.Boththeassociationandits"manager"wereconvictedinthecase.11Questions1.Whatispricefixing?Whatishorizontalagreements?Whatismonopolyagreements?2.Whyshouldwefightagainstpricefixing?3.Howshouldthestateregulatepricefixing?4.Howshouldthecompanypreventpricefixinginordertominimizeitslegalrisks?12LearningObjectives(1)DefinePriceFixing,HorizontalAgreementsandMonopolyAgreements;(2)ExplaintheHazardnessofCartels;(3)ExpoundtheRationaleofRegulatingCartels.14Chapter4HorizontalMonopolyAgreements1.Pricefixing,HorizontalagreementsandMonopolyAgreementsReadArt.13(1)TheDefinitionofMAsMonopolyAgreementsinAMLreferstoagreements,decisionsorotherconcertedbehaviorsthateliminateorrestrictcompetition.(2)TheFormsofMAsQuestions:Ifthereisnocontract(agreement),cantherebeaMAbetweencompetitors?MAsAgreementsbetweencompetitorsDecisionsByTradeAsso.otherconcertedbehaviorsbetweencompetitors(3)CategoryHorizontalagreements:AmongcompetitorsInthesamelevelsoftheproductionordistributionchain.Verticalagreements:Amongbusinessoperatorsupordownthesupplychainfromoneanother.Atdifferentlevelsoftheproductionordistributionchain.Horizontalagreements

(Hard-coreCartels)HorizontalagreementsareagreementsamongSellers(orBuyers)thatrestraincompetitionbetweencompetitorsinthesamemarket.SellerBuyerSellerSellerBuyerBuyerMAHorizontalagreementsamongcompetitorsVerticalagreementsupstream&downstreamcompanies20(4)PriceFixingAnagreementbetweencompetingfirmsinthemarkettosetanestablishedpriceforthegoodsorservicestheyoffer.WhatisthemainpurposeofDanishtreegrowersandDCTGAtoconductpricefixing?Topushthepriceashighaspossible,orToincreasetheprofitsofallsellers.(5)OtherKindsofHAs1.Fixingorchangingthepriceofcommodities;2.Restrictingtheproductionquantity;3.Dividingthemarket;4.Restrictingthepurchaseofnewtechnologyornew;5.Jointlyboycottingtransactions;or6.OthermonopolyagreementsasdeterminedbytheAnti-monopolyLawEnforcementAgencyundertheStateCouncil.2122Cartelsarecancersontheopenmarketeconomy.Bydestroyingcompetitiontheycauseseriousharmtooureconomiesandconsumers.——OECD2.TheHazardnessofHAs23CombineChristmastreecase,pleaselistthehazardnessofpricefixing.Whatisthehazardnesstomarketeconomy？Whatisthehazardnesstotheconsumers?Whatisthehazardnesstootherbusinessoperators?theftcf.pricefixing2.TheHazardnessofHAs1)Injurytheinterestsofotherbusinessoperators.2)Injurytheinterestsofconsumers.(preventsresellersfromcompetingtoofiercelyonprice,especiallywithregardtofungiblegoods)3)Destroythecompetitionmechanism.24Theftcf.pricefixingTheftPropertycrime.NoSocialwelfarenetlosses.25ApursesB(thieves)Theftcf.pricefixingPricefixingPropertycrime.TherealwaysarelotofSocialwelfarenetlosses.well-dressedthieves26ApricefixingB(thieves);Theoperatingcostofcartels27Competitionauthoritieshavedifferentwaysandmeanstocollectthenecessaryevidence.Thereisoftenneedforcompetitionauthoritiesindifferentpartsoftheworldtoco-operateinthesematters.3.TheRationaleofRegulatingCartels28(1)TheJudicialdoctrineofcartelcasesReadArt.13(2)WhatisburdenofprooftoPsandDsinantimonopolycases?JudicialdoctrineperseviolationButastotradeassociationsandjointventures,theRuleofreasonisappliedtodetermineifaviolationoftheActhasoccurred.AJVisanundertakingbytwoormoreindividualsorfirmsforaspecificpurpose.29burdenofproof

(perseviolation)30burdenofproofToprovethereisanagreements(decisionsorotherconcertedbehaviors)betweencompetitorsToproveitmayeliminateorrestrictcompetitionToproveitmaybeImmunitedPs√××Ds×(ifcan'tdeny…)√√(3)Howtopenalize?HowdidthecourtpenalizedtheDCTGAandthemembersoftheexecutivecommitteeinChristmastreecase?In2013,Samsung,LGandfourTaiwanesefirmshavebeenfinedheavilyforprice-fixingofliquidcrystaldisplay(LCD)panelsontheChinesemainland.topay144millionyuaninfinesandtoreturn172millionyuanofextrapaymenttoChinesemainlandbuyers.31SummaryMarketeconomyandfreetradefostergrowthandprosperity.Thequestionof“why”Harmfulcartelsbetweencompaniesdoexistinallpartsoftheworldandmustbecounteracted.Thequestionof“how”32SummaryThequestionof“how”Seriousanti-competitivepracticesare,almostbydefinition,keptbehindlockeddoors.Identifying,detectingandprovingcartelsisadifficulttaskthatrequiresacombinationoflawandeconomiccompetencies.Nodoubt,cartelactivitiesdonotstopatnationalborders.33Activity1:

BuildingComplianceCultureYouarerequiredtowriteyoulegalmemoabouthowtopreventitslegalrisks,asyouareanin-houselegalCounselofaspecificcompany.

Youshouldpayattentiontohowtoshareinformationwithcompetitors?howtocontactwithcompetitors?howtoattendtradeassociationconferences?howtomakeindustrystandardswithcompetitors?ExpectedOutcomeThisassignmentisapartofyourfinalassessmentofthiscourse,whichis“AntimonopolyComplianceProgramofXXCompany”.Itwillbeevaluatedoneffort(includingthedepthofinformationandpersonalinsight)andcompetencyinlegalwriting.Yourscoresonthisassignmentwillberecordedonyourregulargrade,andfinallyonyourTotalMarkofthissubject.AssessmentActivity2:casestudy38IntroductionOn22Feb,2013,NDRCreleasedthedecisiontoimposepenaltiesonMouta