動(dòng)植物氣候介紹藍(lán)色藍(lán)色模板課件

InteractionsofLife LifeScienceMelanieBuchanan-TillmanTheLivingEarthThepartofEarththatsupportslifeisthebiosphere.ThebiosphereincludesthetopportionofEarth’scrust,allthewatersthatcoverEarth’ssurface,andtheatmospherethatsurroundsEarth.Earth’sbiosphereconsistsofmanyenvironments.EcosystemsAnecosystemconsistsofalltheorganismslivinginanarea,aswellasthenonlivingpartsofthatenvironment.Ecologyisthestudyofinteractionsthatoccuramongorganismsandtheirenvironments.

PopulationsApopulationismadeupofallorganismsofthesamespeciesthatliveinanareaatthesametime.Populations&HabitatsAcommunityisallthepopulationsofallspecieslivinginanecosystem.Theplaceinwhichanorganismlivesiscalleditshabitat.Anorganism’shabitatprovidesthekindsoffoodandshelter,thetemperatureandtheamountofmoisturetheorganismneedstosurvive.Questions1.Whatthreethingsmakeupthebiosphere?2.Whatisanecosystem?3.ListthreepartsoftheEarthincludedinthebiosphere.4.Definethetermecology.5.Compareandcontrastthetermshabitatandbiosphere.6.Identifythemajordifferencebetweenacommunityandapopulation,andgiveoneexampleofeach.7.ThinkCritically:Doestheamountofrainthatfallsinanareadeterminewhichkindsoforganismscanlivethere?Whyorwhynot?Populations:CompetitionFood&Space:Organismslivinginthewilddonotalwayshaveenoughfoodorlivingspace.Competitionoccurswhentwoormoreorganismsseekthesameresourceatthesametime.GrowthLimits—Competitionlimitspopulationsize.Competitionforfood,livingspace,orotherresourcescanlimitpopulationgrowth.Innature,themostintensecompetitionisusuallybetweenthesamespeciesbecausetheyneedthesamekindsoffoodandshelter.Populations:PopulationSizeEcologistsoftenneedtomeasurethesizeofapopulation.Thenumberofindividualsofonespeciesperaspecificareaiscalledpopulationdensity.Trap-mark-releaseisoneofthemethodsusedtomeasurewildlifepopulations.TheCensusisamethodusedintheUSevery10yearstomeasureitspopulation.Populations:SampleCounts,LimitingFactorsandCarryingCapacitySamplecounts.Ecologistsusesamplecountstoestimatethesizesoflargepopulations.Limitingfactors.Inanyecosystem,theavailabilityoffood,water,livingspace,mates,nestingsites,andotherresourcesisoftenlimited.Alimitingfactorisanythingthatrestrictsthenumberofindividualsinapopulation.Limitingfactorsincludelivingandnonlivingfeaturesoftheecosystem.Alimitingfactorcanaffectmorethanonepopulationinacommunity.Carryingcapacity.Carryingcapacityisthelargestnumberofindividualsofonespeciesthatanecosystemcansupportovertime.BioticPotential.Thehighestrateofreproductionunderidealconditionsisapopulation’sbioticpotential.VisualizingPopulationGrowthQuestions1.Describethreewaysinwhichecologistscanestimatethesizeofapopulation.2.Explainhowbirthratesanddeathratesinfluencethesizeofapopulation.3.Explainhowcarryingcapacityinfluencesthenumberoforganismsinanecosystem.4.ThinkCritically.Whyarefoodandwaterthelimitingfactorsthatusuallyhavethegreatesteffectonpopulationsize?InteractionsWithinCommunitiesOrganismsthatusetheoutsideenergysourceliketheSuntomakeenergy-richmoleculesarecalledproducers.Someproducersusechlorophyllforphotosynthesis.Otherproducersdonotcontainchlorophyllandusechemosynthesis.ConsumersOrganismsthatcannotmaketheirownenergy-richmoleculesarecalledconsumers.Herbivoresarevegetarians.Theyincluderabbits,deer,andotherplanteaters.ConsumersCarnivoresareanimalsthateatotheranimals.Frogsandspidersarecarnivoresthateatinsects.ConsumersOmnivores,includingpigsandhumans,eatmostlyplantsandanimals.ConsumersDecomposers,includingfungi,bacteria,andearthworms,consumewastesanddeadorganisms.Decomposershelprecycleonce-livingmatterbybreakingitdownintosimple,energy-richsubstances.Thesesubstancesmightserveasfoodfordecomposers,beabsorbedbyplantroots,orbeconsumedbyotherorganisms.ObtainingEnergyFoodchains.Ecologyincludesthestudyofhoworganismsdependoneachotherforfood.Afoodchainisasimplemodelofthefeedingrelationshipsinanecosystem.GrassgrasshoppertoadsnakehawkStartwithaproducer,endwithapredator.SymbioticRelationshipsAnycloserelationshipbetweenspeciesiscalledsymbiosis.Mutualism:Asymbioticrelationshipinwhichbothspeciesbenefitiscalledmutualism.Commensalism:Asymbioticrelationshipinwhichoneorganismbenefitsandtheotherisnotaffectediscalledcommensalism.Parasitism:Asymbioticrelationshipinwhichoneorganismbenefitsbuttheotherisharmediscalledparasitism.NichesAnorganism’snicheisitsroleinitsenvironment—howitobtainsfoodandshelter,findsamate,caresforitsyoung,andavoidsdanger.PredatorandPrey.Anorganism’snicheincludeshowitavoidsbeingeatenandhowitfindsorcapturesitsfood.Predatorsareconsumersthatcaptureandeatotherconsumers.Thepreyistheorganismthatiscapturedbythepredator.Cooperation.Individualorganismsoftencooperateinwaysthatimprovesurvival.(Ants,bees,etc.)Questions1.Explainwhyallconsumersdependonproducersforfood.2.Describeamutualisticrelationshipbetweentwoimaginaryorganisms.Nametheorganismsandexplainhoweachbenefits.3.Compareandcontrastthetermshabitatandniche.4.ThinkCritically.Aparasitecanobtainfoodonlyfromahostorganism.Explainwhymostparasitesweaken,butdonotkill,theirhosts.PerformanceTaskDesignanexperimenttoclassifythesymbioticrelationshipthatexistsbetweentwohypotheticalorganisms.AnimalAdefinitelybenefitsfromitsrelationshipwithplantB,butisnotclearwhetherPlantBbenefits,isharmed,orisunaffected.TheCensusmeasuresahumanpopulation.ThecensushasbeentakeneverytenyearssincetheearlydaysoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

AlthoughtheCensusBureaucarriesouthundredsofsurveyseveryyear,itsmostwell-knowndutyisstilltoconductthedecennialcensus.Censusresultshaveseveralhighprofileapplications:theyareusedtoreapportionseatsintheHouseofRepresentatives,torealigncongressionaldistricts,andasafactorintheformulasthatdistributehundredsofbillionsofdollarsinfederalfundseachyear.Becauseoftheimportanceofthispopulationcount,proceduralchangesinthedecennialcensusoftenreflectlargerorganizationalshiftsattheCensusBureau.

MoreabouttheCensus…1790CensusDaywasAugust2,1790.AuthorizingLegislationThefirstcensusbeganmorethanayearaftertheinaugurationofPresidentWashingtonandshortlybeforethesecondsessionofthefirstCongressended.Congressassignedresponsibilityforthe1790censustothemarshalsoftheU.S.judicialdistrictsunderanactwhich,withminormodificationsandextensions,governedcensustakingthrough1840.Thelawrequiredthateveryhouseholdbevisited,thatcompletedcensusschedulesbepostedin"twoofthemostpublicplaceswithin[eachjurisdiction],theretoremainfortheinspectionofallconcerned..."andthat