考研英語(yǔ)背誦

..整理doc整理doc.整理doc背誦：Completeforthrightnessisasignofvulnerabilityandnaviete,neitherofwhichwillearnapoliticianrespectamonghisorheropponents,andthatopponentswillusetoeveryadvantageagainstthehonestpolitician.Itiswrong-headedtoequatemoralbehaviorinpoliticswiththesimplenotionsofhonestyandputtingtheotherfellow’sneedsaheadofone’sown--orotherwaysthatwetypicallymeasurethemoralityofanindividual’sprivatebehavior.Thosewhoclaimtheeffectivenesspoliticiansneednotconcernthemselveswithmoralityfailtoappreciatethatsuccessfulpoliticalleadership,ifitistoendure,ultimatelyrequiresacertainmeasureofpublicmorality--thatis,servingthesocietywithitsbestinterestsastheleader’soverridingconcern.Passiveviewingofvideosorofwebpagesisnoindicationthatanysignificantlearningistakingplace.Bee-bopmusicpioneerTheloniusMonkwasrenownedforhiseccentricmannerofspeech,dress,andbehavior.Evenasayoungstudent,FrankLloydWrighttooktocarryingacaneandwearingatophatandacape.AndwhocouldarguethatmusiciansPrimeandMichealJackson,twoofthemostcreativeforcesinpopularmusic,arenothingifnon-conformingineveryway.Bydefinitioncreativityrequiresnonconformity.Inotherwords,anycreativeactisnecessarilyinnonconformancewithwhatexists.Artistsdrawinspirationnotfromotherartbutfromtheworldaroundthem-theessenceofwhichartistsattempttocaptureandconvey.Tothecontrary,greatartonlyservestoliftthehumanspiritinthefaceoftheso-called“progress”thatscientificaccomplishmentsbroughtabout.Inamyriadofotherrespectsscientificaccomplishmentshavediminishedourqualityoflife.Ourlawswouldnotreflectchangingsocietalvaluesandaddressnewlegalissuesfromourever-evolvingtechnology.Therearefarmorevitalconcernsthetechnologyseekstoaddress.Advancesinbiotechnologycanhelpcureandpreventdiseases;advancesinmedicaltechnologycanallowforsaferandlessinvasivediagnoses;advancesingeneticscanhelppreventbirthdefects;advancesinengineeringandchemistrycanimprovethestructuralintegrityofourbuildings,bridges,roads,andvehicles;informationtechnologyenableseducation,andcommunicationtechnologyfacilitatesglobalparticipationindemocraticprocess.Trueeducationamountstofarmorethangainingtheknowledgeandabilitytoexcelinone’smajorandone’sprofessionalcareer.Trueeducationalsofacilitatestheunderstandingofoneself,andtoleranceandrespectfortheviewpointofothers;providestheinsightandperspectiveregardingone’splaceinsocietyandinthephysicalandmetaphysicalworlds,providesanaestheticappreciationoftheworldaroundus.Educationistoaffordstudentsculturalperspectivesandacapacityforunderstandingopposingviewpoints,andtoencourageandnurturetheskillsofcriticalanalysisandskepticism—nottoindoctrinatestudentscertainideaswhilequashingothers.Popularcultureisamirrorofsociety’simpulsesandvalves.Withoutthebenefitofhistoricalperspectivegainedthroughtheearneststudyoftheartsandliteratureofthepast,itisimpossibleforustofullyunderstand,appreciateandcritiquetheartsandliteratureofthepresent.Thefalloutfromthe1992LosAngelesriotsaptlyillustratesthispoint.The“authority”thattherioterssoughttochallengewasthatofthelegaljusticesystem,whichacquittedpoliceofficersinthebeatingofRodneyKing.Themeansofchallengingthatauthorityamountstoflagrantdisregardforcriminallawonamassscale--bywayoflooting,arson,andevendeadlyassault.Thisviolentchallengetoauthorityresultedinafinanciallycrippledcommunityand,morebroadly,aturningbackofclockwithrespecttoracialtensionsacrossAmerica.Attemptstolegislatemoralityinvariablyfail,asillustratedbyProhibitioninthe1930sandmorerecently,failedfederallegislationtoregulateaccesstoadultmaterialviatheinternet.Consideridealistsuchasthe..整理doc整理doc.整理docAmerica’sfounders,orMahatmaGandhi,orMartinLutherKing.Hadtheseidealistsconcernedthemselveswithshort-termsurvivalandimmediateneedsratherthanwiththeirnotionsofanidealsociety,theUnitedStatesandIndiamightstillbethecoloniesofBritain,andAfricanAmericansmightstillberelegatedtothebacksofbuses.Researchistheexplorationoftheunknownfortrueanswerstoourquestions,andforlastingsolutionstoourenduringproblems.Researchisalsothechiefmeansbywhichwehumansattemptstosatisfyourinsatiableappetiteforknowledge,andourcravingtounderstandourselvesandtheworldaroundus.Artservestoliftthehumanspiritandtoputusmoreintouchwithourfeelings,foiblesandfates—inshort,withourhumanity.Withaheightenedsensitivitytohumancondition,webecomemoreother-oriented,lessself-centered,moregivingofourselves.Theartbreedscharitableconcernforthehungry,thehelpless,andthehapless.Theworldarounduspresentsaseamlesswebofphysicalandanthropogenicforces,whichinteractinwaysthatcanonlybeunderstoodinthecontextofavarietyofdisciplines.Whatweviewthroughcameralensprovidesonlyonedimensionofourlifeandtimes,writtendocumentationwillalwaysbeneededtoquantify,demystify,andprovidemeaningtotheworldaroundus.Inmyobservation,wehumanhaveapsychologicalneedforindividualidentity,whichwedefinebywayofourmembershipindistinctculturalgroups.Whenapeopletraditionbecomesextinct,theresultisadiminishedsenseofpride,dignity,andself-worth.Byinterveningtopreserveadyinglanguageagovernmentmightbedeployingitsresourcestofightalosingbattle,ratherthantocombatmorepressingsocialproblems—suchashunger,homelessness,disease,andignorance—thatplaguenearlyeverysocietytoday.Anoutwarddisplayoftraditionalcustomsanddistinctheritageisneededtoputtheworldonnoticethateachtribeisadistinctandautonomouspeople,withitsownheritage,values,andideas.Otherwise,thetriberiskstotalassimilationandlossofidentity.Themediagenerallyconsistsofprofit-seekingentities,whosechiefobjectiveistomaximizeprofitsfortheirshareholdersorotherowners.Moreover,ourcorporateculturehassanctionedthisobjectivebycodifyingitasanobligationofanycorporateexecute.Bettersocietyasonecharacterizedbygreatertoleranceofdifferingviewpointsandpeoplewhoaredifferentfromourselves,greaterrespectforindividualrights,andgreatercooperationacrossculturalandnationalboundaries.把我們的社會(huì)美化成一個(gè)能夠?qū)ζ渌煌^點(diǎn)，不同于我們的人有更好的包容性，對(duì)個(gè)人權(quán)利的更大的尊重，讓超越文化界限和地理界限的合作更好。（這段話慷慨激昂，很適用。。。）Theinitialpurposeofritualandceremoniesisrootednotinculturalidentitybutrathersuperstitionandspiritualbelief.Theoriginalpurposeofaritualmighthavebeentofrightenawayevilspirits,tobringaboutweatherconditionsfavorabletobountifulharvests,ortoentreatthegodsforasuccessfulhuntorforvictoryinabattle.歷史的作用：studyinghistoryprovidesinspiration,innumerablelessonsforliving,andusefulvalue—clarificationandperspective—allofwhichhelpusdecidehowtolivetoday.Attemptstolegislatemoralityinvariablyfails,asaptlyillustratedbytheprohibitionexperimentintheU.S.duringthe1930s,andmorerecently,failedfederallegislationstoregulateaccesstoa..整理doc整理doc.整理docdultmaterialviatheInternet.道德立法從來(lái)都是失敗的，比如1930年的禁止令，和現(xiàn)在的對(duì)通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接觸成人材料的管制。Somesocialillsspringfromfailingsandfoiblesthearepart-and-parcelofhumannature有些社會(huì)痼疾是來(lái)自于人類本性中的一些缺點(diǎn)。Statusquoaffordspeopleameasureofsecurityandpredictabilityintermsof…現(xiàn)狀給了我們?cè)谀承┓矫娴陌踩泻涂深A(yù)測(cè)性。Piqueourcuriosity…激發(fā)我們的好奇心Mores,values,andidealsofpastcultures.過(guò)去文化的習(xí)俗，價(jià)值觀和理想Socialillsareheretostay.社會(huì)痼疾會(huì)一直存在Ampleempiricalevidencesuggestsso.Withrespectto…,theanswerisfarlessclear.Amorestrikingmarriagebetweentraditionandmodernizationis…更驚人的一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代相結(jié)合的例子是。。。Timelessaestheticideals永恒的美學(xué)理念Serveusefulpurposes產(chǎn)生有利作用Whilesthisasoundadvice,thisadviceshouldcarrywithitcertaincaveats.雖然某事是很好的建議，但是我們必須要注意幾點(diǎn)（用于對(duì)某個(gè)政策的補(bǔ)充）Basicvaluesuponwhichanydemocraticsocietydepends.Motivatingforces激勵(lì)A(yù)firmcaneasilybecastaboutintheseaofcommercewithoutcleardirection,threateningnotonlythefirm’sbottomlinebutalsoitsverysurvival.Leaveformaleducatorstoequipstudentswithamoralcompassandballasttopreventthemfrombeingtossedaboutaimlesslyinaturbulentvocationalsea.Atfirstblush乍一看Mostpoliticiansseemdrivenbytheirinterestinbeingelectedandreelected—thatis,surviving—ratherthanbyanysenseofmission,orevenobligationtotheirconstituencyorcountry.Bearnoresemblanceto與。。。毫不相關(guān)Preservetraditionassociatedwithourhistoricstructure.Researchbecomesexpensiveandcomplexundertaking.研究幾經(jīng)成為一項(xiàng)耗錢(qián)又復(fù)雜的活動(dòng)。Sthpalesinimportancecomparedtosth.某件事情在重要性方面不及另外一件事情。Sthlendfurthercredencetosth.某件事情給另外一件事情提供了更多的可信度Ononehandarethetwocompellingargumentsthat…一方面是兩個(gè)有效的論據(jù)Dothesocietydisservice給社會(huì)帶來(lái)不良后果。Progressispredicatedonrigorousscientificinquiry.進(jìn)步是以嚴(yán)格的科學(xué)探索為基礎(chǔ)的。Pavethewayforsth為。。。鋪平道路Oppression,tyrannyandprejudicegounchecked.壓迫，暴政和偏見(jiàn)就會(huì)毫無(wú)控制了。（這句話是為了講某些教育失敗，政策失敗的后果。。。）Ourlawswouldnotevolvetoreflectchangingsocietalvaluesandtoaddressnewlegalissuesarisingfromourever-evolvingtechnology.我們的法律將會(huì)不適應(yīng)由不斷變化的高科技帶來(lái)的法律問(wèn)題，也不能反映一些社會(huì)價(jià)值。Observationandcommonsenseinformsmethat…觀察和常識(shí)告訴我。。。(用于引出一些例證)Trytodosthvicariouslythroughsth.試圖通過(guò)做。。。來(lái)做。。。Carefulscrutinyofthespeaker’sclaimrevealsthat對(duì)作者的論斷例子審查表明。。。（首段用于轉(zhuǎn)折性地表明自己觀點(diǎn)）..整理doc整理doc.整理docConfusesobservationwithinterpretation把觀察和解釋混淆了Itistemptingtoaffordthespeaker’sclaimgreatermeritthanitdeserves.很容易給讀者的論斷賦予過(guò)多的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。（首段用于轉(zhuǎn)折性地反駁觀點(diǎn)）Sbwillinalllikelihooddoessth.某些人很可能做某事Acertainquestionistiedupintheproblemofdefining…inthefirstplace.某個(gè)問(wèn)題的解決必須要首先定義某個(gè)概念。（用于首段定義某概念，以開(kāi)展論述）Supportingexamplesaboundinallareasofhumanendeavor.在人類奮斗的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域都充滿了支持性的例子。Servesb’sinterests服務(wù)某人自己的利益Theauthor’sclaimisanunfairgeneralization.作者的觀點(diǎn)是一個(gè)不公平的概括。（表明作者的觀點(diǎn)大部分正確，但需要改進(jìn)）Fromamundaneeconomicorpoliticalviewpoint.從一個(gè)世俗的經(jīng)濟(jì)或政治角度。Inthefaceofstharesth.在某事的對(duì)立面就是某事。Theparadigmaticexample…一個(gè)非常典型的例子Creativeexpressionisamarriageofone’scognitiveabilitiesandtheexpressionofone’sfeelingsandemotions.創(chuàng)造性的表達(dá)式認(rèn)知能力和人的情感的結(jié)合。Atfirstglancethebalanceofempiricalevidencewouldseemtolendconsiderablecredencetothespeaker’sclaim.However,uponfurtherreflection,itbecomesclearthat…Takeprecedenceover…比。。。更重要Shouldneverbedeterminedindiscriminately應(yīng)該不能一概而論Affordsthsth給某事賦予某事Theclaimisanunfairgeneralizationinthatitfailstoaccountforotherempiricalevidenceservingtodiscreditit.Athresholdclaimwiththespeaker’sclaimisthat…這個(gè)作者的觀點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)是。。。(用于分層次論證)Ifundamentallyagree;however,asthespeakerimplies,itisimportantnottooverstatethecomparativevalueofimagination.我基本同意，但是，就像作者暗示的，非常重要的是不要過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)什么的重要性。。。（很好用，用于那些比較折中的觀點(diǎn)的）Policeofficers警察。。。Forgothenear-termprofitsfortheprospectofmakinglastingcontributions.放棄短期利益為了長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益。Lendingevenmorecredencetothestatementisthe…Addingfurthercredibilitytothestatementisthe…Thespeakermakesathresholdclaimthat…WhileIwholeheartedlyagreewiththethresholdclaim,theconclusionunfairlygeneralizesabout…雖然我全心全意接受這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)論斷，這個(gè)結(jié)論不公平的概括了。。。Bebetterabletodosth更能做好。。。Concedingthatstudentsmustlearnideasandconcepts,aswellasfactsrelatingtothem,inordertolearnanythingmeaningful,Ineverthelessdisagree…雖然我承認(rèn)。。。。，我不同意。。。。（這個(gè)句式好用）Amountstolittlemorethansth簡(jiǎn)直就是。。。Amoreaccuratestatementwoulddrawadistinctionbetween…and…更準(zhǔn)確度論斷應(yīng)該要在。。。和。。。之間做個(gè)辨別。Maximizetheshareholderprofits.最大化股東的利益。(有用。。。)Admittedlythisexamplebordersonhyperbole,雖然這個(gè)例子有點(diǎn)夸張。。。Principlesofphysics,chemistry,andmathematicsknownopoliticalboundaries.科學(xué)無(wú)國(guó)界。Withrespectstothearts,however,thisclaimisfarlessconvincing.在藝術(shù)方面，這個(gè)就更沒(méi)有可信度了。Bythesametoken,..整理doc整理doc.整理doc…同樣的。。。Renderanynation’ssecuritiessystemmorevulnerable.是任何國(guó)家的防御系統(tǒng)更加易受攻擊。Haveachillingeffectonresearchandnewknowledge.對(duì)任何研究和新知識(shí)都是有害的。Iagreeinsofarasareasofresearchcertaintoresultinimmediateandsignificantbenefitsforsocietyshouldcontinuetobeapriority.Allavenuesofscientificresearch.科學(xué)研究的任何領(lǐng)域。Thespeakergoestoofarbyimplyingthat…作者不應(yīng)該暗示。。。Therearefarmorevitalconcernsthattechnologyseekstoaddress.科學(xué)有更需要關(guān)注的東西。Participationinthedemocraticprocess.參與到民主過(guò)程中。Whatoneconsiderstobethechiefaimoftechnology.Wearemorepressedfortimethaneverisconvincing.ForsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanaTVset.Asidefromtheforgoingtwoprovisos,however,…除了以上的兩個(gè)條件之外，然而。。。Thespeaker’sclaimisactuallythreefold:(1)….作者的觀點(diǎn)有三重。Extendtenuouslyto….簡(jiǎn)單的推廣到。。。Itisunconscionabletorelegatenormativedecisionsastowhichcitiesorculturaltraditionsaremoredeservingtoafewlegislators,whosenotionsaboutculturemightbemisguidedorunrepresentativeofthoseofgeneralpopulace.把合理的決定交給那些官員是不理智的，他們關(guān)于文化的概念就可能有問(wèn)題，同時(shí)也有可能不能代表最廣大人民。Inadequateresourcescallforrestrictions,prioritiesandchoices.不充分的資源，所以需要限制，優(yōu)先和選擇。。Unfairlygeneralizeabout…unfairlysuggests…不合理的概括了。。。不合理的建議了。。。Includingthelikeof…包括。。。Havelittlebearingon…與。。。關(guān)系不大。Inanumberofmoresignificantrespects，。。。.在一些更重要的方面。。。Thespeakerclaimsthat…,andasaresult,…whileIfindthesecondprongofthisdualclaimwellsupported,Itakeexceptionwiththefirstprong,asidefrom…雖然我覺(jué)得這個(gè)雙重的宣告的前一部分很正確，但是，我懷疑他的第二層。Ifindtheclaimisfraughtwiththeproblemsofdefiningethics…我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題很復(fù)雜，需要定義倫理先。Inaddressingtheissueitishelpfultoconsiderinturnthreedistinctformsofleadership,business,political,andsocial-spiritual.要想好好解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題，把三種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)分開(kāi)來(lái)看是有用的，政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，社會(huì)精神領(lǐng)袖。Oneproblemthatistiedupintheproblemofdefining…inthefirstplace.Drawadistinctionbetween…and…;strikeabalancebetween…and…在兩者之間作個(gè)區(qū)別，在兩者之間取個(gè)平衡。Drivingforce;motivatingforce.推動(dòng)力Totheextenttheoccuronamassscale,如果他們大范圍的發(fā)生的話。。。Baseinstincts可鄙的本性。Findlesssupportfrom…從。。。更找不到支持。Work