Character-文學(xué)原理教程

Character&Characterization.KindsofCharacter

RolesintheNovel1.Hero/Heroine主角----Thechief/centralcharacterofaliterarywork

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Hero/Heroine

CarryingConnotation

Protagonist

主人公SoundingNeutral.

Protagonist

Antagonist反面角色，對立面----Therivaloropponentagainstwhomtheprotagonist/heroiscontending..2.Main/MajorCharacter----Oneincloseanddynamicrelationwiththehero/heroine.(Closerelationdoesnotnecessarilymeangoodrelation.).3.MinorCharacter----Oneinremoteandstaticrelationwiththehero.(Notallminorcharactersareunimportant.).4.Foil(Character)

陪襯----Onethathelpsenhancetheintensityoftheherobystrengtheningorcontrasting..DegreesofDevelopmentRoundCharacter

圓形人物----Thecomplexmultidimensionalcharacterwiththecapacitytogrowandchange..RoundCharacterizationAcharacterwhoiscomplexandhasmanysidesortraitswithunpredictablebehaviorandafullydevelopedpersonality.Antagonistsareusuallyaroundcharacterization.Example:LikeTheGreenGoblin(NormanOsborn).另一類圓活人物，則企圖表現(xiàn)人心的復(fù)雜多變，一如動態(tài)的塑造，不但免除僵化，令人厭煩之病，而且可以是應(yīng)任何情節(jié)的應(yīng)球，令人有新奇變化之感，甚至角色在小說中成長，有自主能力去改變結(jié)局似的，比方說紅樓夢中的寶玉，在裙釵中翻滾，在大官園中流連，愛恨迭起，悲喜無常，最后以出家勘破，作為回歸太虛的醒悟之途。.①Complexintemperamentandmotivation;②Representedwithsubtleparticularity;③Asdifficulttodescribewithanyadequacyasapersoninreallife..Eg:Hamlet----Atypicalroundcharacter.2.

FlatCharacter

扁平人物----Onewhoembodiesorrepresentsasinglecharacteristicortrait,oratmostaverylimitednumberofsuchqualities..據(jù)Forster的說法，小說中的人物可分成扁平（Flat）人物與圓活人物（Round）。扁平人物有時又被稱為類型（types）或漫畫人物（caricatures)，通常是依循著一個單純的理念或性質(zhì)而被創(chuàng)造出來，所以又被歸類為靜態(tài)人物（static），故地展現(xiàn)一項性能特征，比較被動，對任何環(huán)境變遷，只是持著一種態(tài)度，這樣的人物在求易認(rèn)易記，比方說瓊瑤小說（一般言情）中的男女主角似乎總是美麗、瀟灑，多情易感，任憑時移境遷，此愛不渝。而魯迅阿Q正傳中的阿Q由于遭遇任何困厄、皆以精神勝利法泰然處之，似乎也是平面人物常用以做諷刺性描述的代表。.FlatCharacterizationAcharacterwhohasoneortwosides,representingoneortwotraits—oftenastereotype.Flatcharactershelpmovetheplotalongmorequicklybecausetheaudienceimmediatelyunderstandswhatthecharacterisabout.Example:Likeageekyscienceprofessor.TypeCharacter

類型化人物StockCharacter

小丑角色One-dimensionalCharacter單一角色

Caricature漫畫人物

----whendistortedtocreatehumor.①Presentedwithoutmuchindividualizingdetail;②Remaining“stable”orunchangedinoutlookanddispositionsfromthebeginningtotheendofawork..Eg:DetectiveStoryAdventureNovelFarceComedy----Inaboveworks,theprotagonistusuallyisaflatcharacter..1.DynamicCharacter----Exhibitingsomekindofchangeasthestoryprogresses.2.StaticCharacter----Remainingthesamefromthebeginningofaworktotheend..DynamicCharacterizationAcharacterwhoexperiencesanessentialchangeinpersonalityorattitude.Protagonistsarealmostalwaysdynamic.Example:Stitch, fromLiloand

Stitch

.StaticCharacterizationAcharacterwhodoesnotchangeordevelopbeyondthewayinwhichsheorheisfirstpresented.Example:AtticusFinchfromToKillaMockingbird..Characterization人物塑造----Theprocessbywhichanauthorcreates,develops,andpresentsacharacter..CharacterizationHowawriterrevealsacharacter’spersonalityDirectCharacterization:Authortellsuswhatthecharacterislike(e.g.deceitful,honest,evil,kind)IndirectCharacterization:PhysicaldescriptionWords&thoughtsOthercharacters’thoughts&commentsCharacter’sactions.MethodsofCharacterizationCharacterization1.Throughtheuseofnames;2.Throughappearance;3.Bytheauthor;----Bytelling..人物構(gòu)造法（methodsofcharacterization）基本尚可分為說明（telling）或表演（showing）二種方式.Telling的方式如：命名：這是描寫小說人物性格最簡單的方式，比如『黑旋風(fēng)』李逵（黑大漢、又粗暴）『浪里白條』（白大漢、張順）、宋江喚做『及時與』（扶弱濟(jì)貧、仗義疏才），透過這些綽號可以點(diǎn)醒人物個性特質(zhì)，而命名中的諧音，如『賈寶玉』之『賈』『假』諧音，岸玉『假作真時，真亦假』，寶玉與頑石，冥頑與通靈的虛實(shí)交錯。而紅樓一開頭就由『甄士隱』、『賈雨村』搪塞作者創(chuàng)作經(jīng)歷，『甄士隱』是『故將真事隱去』、『賈雨村』是『用假語村言敷衍出來』。是一開始就用人物命名喻示出全書主題。.表特征：可分先天體型雨日常習(xí)慣，比方說：『一支小彩蝶兒，這是大家給她取的外號。是的，這是只小彩蝶兒，有那份翩翩的姿態(tài)，更有那份雅致和嫵媚?！唬◣锥认﹃柤t）這是一般寫女主角時常賦予的美麗姿態(tài)；通常很少描寫的肥胖臃腫。而形姿中神情的捕捉，更為重要，比如紅樓夢中寫黛玉是：『兩彎似蹙非蹙罥煙眉，一雙似喜非喜含情目，淚光點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，嬌喘微微。嫻靜時如嬌花照水，行動似弱柳扶水?！怀蠲奸L嘆，淚眼不干，成為黛玉其人的標(biāo)志。.作者評論：這不但是讓讀者注意，且受到作者的特別引導(dǎo)，在表H外，附加以造型的內(nèi)在意涵，比如寫黛玉初見寶玉，除了描寫其穿金戴玉，綾羅綢緞，面如賦彩，轉(zhuǎn)盼多情之外，作者還以西江月二闕詞加以批示：『無故尋愁覓恨，有時似傻如狂?？v然生得好皮囊，腹內(nèi)原來草莽。潦倒不通庶務(wù)，愚頑恰讀文章。行為偏僻性乖張，那管世人毀謗?！弧焊毁F不知樂業(yè)，貧窮難耐凄涼。可憐辜負(fù)好時光，于國于家無望。天下無能第一，古今不肖無雙。寄言紈褲與膏梁，莫效此兒形狀。』一方面，作者似有意寄寓教化之效，可是更多的目的在補(bǔ)充外表形象描寫的不足，甚至為寶玉一生作一個精靈的提點(diǎn)----我們無法以世俗工業(yè)去看他，反而要為他敞開一條癡傻狂傲的人生路徑。.Characterization4.Throughdialogue;5.Throughaction;----Byshowing..showing的方式，如：對話與行動（動作）當(dāng)我們說『對話』的時候必然牽涉誰說的、向誰說、說什么，怎么說等四個層面。而說話的同時也然有些動作，包括表情與肢體。所以我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)它類似戲劇表演，不只是說話要『像真人在說話』的樣子，而且必須與兩者之間的身份、個性配合，甚至與采取的行動相關(guān)。.比如紅樓夢中鳳姊初見到劉姥姥一段，二人在身份上的富貧、貴賤與性情上的真厚虛偽、驕縱樸拙加以對照。鳳姊以低頭的無聊舉止，配合『怎么還不請進(jìn)來』，到『怎么不早說』復(fù)有『忙欲起身』卻『猶未起身』的動作語言，將鳳姊一身驕氣表露無遺。而說大戶人家不過是個『空架子』、管事的艱苦難處等，又是權(quán)貴家族狡猾勢利之處，相形之下，劉姥姥的寒儉、低下，扭捏、粗俗，比如先紅了臉再說（勉強(qiáng)的說），見賈蓉逛來，站不是坐不是，有了錢拿不禁喜的眉開眼笑，粗鄙直率的說『瘦死的駱駝比馬還大呢』，卻可見人物透過表演方式的突出。.AnalyzingCharacterWhoistheprotagonistoftheworkandwho(orwhat)istheantagonist?Describethemajortraitsandqualitiesofeach.Whatisthefunctionofthework’sminorcharacters?.3.Identifythecharactersintermsofwhethertheyareflatorround,dynamicorstatic.4.Whatmethodsdoestheauthoremploytoestablishandrevealthecharacters?Arethemethodsprimarilyofshowingortelling?.5.Aretheactionsofthecharactersproperlymotivatedandconsistent?6.Arethecharactersoftheworkfinallycredibleandinteresting?.Astronomer’s

Wife

.KatherineAmes

Mrs.Amesisthefocusofthestory.Sheismarriedtoanastronomerwhosedistant,overlyintellectualnaturehascausedhertoresenthim..Sheistheastronomer’sonlyreallinkwiththeday-todayworld,butshemeanslittletohimbesidethat.Longingforsomeonewhoisnotwhollyimmersedinthelifeofthemind,sheisintriguedbyandattractedtotheplumber,whostandsforeverythingphysical..Mr.Ames/TheAstronomerTheastronomerismarriedtoMrs.Ames.Thenarratorofthestorysaysoftheastronomerthat“hewasamanofotherthings,adreamer.”.Hespendshislifeexaminingtheheavensandattemptingatalltimestoremainashighabovetheearthaspossible—Mrs.Amessaysthathelikesbeing“ontherooforonthemountains.

.He’sbeenuponthetopsofthemmanytimes.”Heneverphysicallyappearsinthestory,andreadersonlyhearfromhimoncewhenheyellsthatthereisaproblemforMrs.Amestosolve.ForMrs.Ames,heis“themindofallmankind.”.ThePlumberTheplumberistheastronomer’sdiametricopposite.Wher