課程英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法16講義

輔導(dǎo)班 大學(xué)外語(yǔ)學(xué)院refer,transfer,confer/project,reject,eject/predict，dictator,dictation,contradict/protect,architect,detective/ Accordingtoelectrostatictheory,allsubstancescanbedividedintotwofairlydistinctclasses：conductors，inwhichelectricchargecanfloweasilyfromoneendtotheother,andinsulators,inwhichitcan’t．ThedoorwassolowthatIhitmyheadonthelinMarkgotonthemotorbike．Isatbehindhimonthepillionandweroaredoffintothenight．JackworksinaSeeingafilmisbetterthanlisteningtothe(It’snouselinghimthe1TolearnEnglishwellisnot(It’snoteasytolearnEnglishThatweneedmoremoneyisquite(It’sapitythatyouhavemissedsuchagoodIdoexercisesI’llsendhimtheThenewsmadehimveryIdon’tknowwhetherhe’llcomeorTogiveupsmokingisveryHewantstogotobuyaTherearealotofboysontheygroundyingHewentoutoftheroomquickly,followedbyhisHavingtoldhimthenews,webegantoeatthebananasservedbyhisTheecologicalproblemscausedbyhumaneconomicactivitiesareworsening.Sportsmen(fromallovertheworld)willcompeteintheOlympicAman(calledJack)wrotethisThewoman（sittingthere,watchingTV,）isourEnglishThemeeting（tobeheldnextMonday）willbeveryThereason（whyhedidit）wasthatheneededmoney［In］,moreandmorecarsappearbothinthecitiesandinthe［Beingastudent］,Imuststudy［Movedbyhiswords］,thelittlegirl［Tosolvethisproblem］,wemustuseaHeissuccessful［becauseheisveryHeisseriouslyAsforreading,heisasgoodasaAsluckwouldhaveit,noonewashurtwhentheboilerScienceisthebodyofknowledgeaboutnaturethatrepresentstheefforts,insights,findingsandwisdomofthehuman☆Forthepastseveralyears,SundaynewspaperParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn”.PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoattheageof10hadtestedatalevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228-----thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalorvisualogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as:Whatisthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?Itisnotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearlyinligencepassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofinligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneur puterscienceandotherfields?Passagehadgoodnewstoreport:thedamageanddeathtoll(人數(shù))couldhavebeenmuchintensitythatshookAmericain1988claimed25000victims.InjuriesanddeathswererelativelylessinLosAngelesbecausetheearthquakeoccurredat4:31a.m.onaholiday,whentrafficwaslightonthecity’shighways.InDespitethegoodnews,civilengineersaren’trestingontheirsuccesses.Pinnedtotheirdrawingboardsareblueprints(藍(lán)圖)forimprovedearthquake-resistantbuildings.Thenewdesignsshouldofferevengreatersecuritytocitieswhereearthquakesoftentakece.Inthepast,makingstructuresquake-resistantmeantfirmyetflexiblefoundationtoreducetheimpactofgroundvibrations.Themostrecentdesignsgivebuildingsbrainsaswellasconcreteandsteelsupports.Calledsmartbuildings,theshakesandthebuildingtipsforward,thecomputersinthebuildingwouldthebuildingtoshiftintheoppositedirection.PassageThereseemsnevertohavebeenacivilizationwithouttoys,butwhenandhowtheydevelopedisunknown.Theyprobablycameaboutjusttogivechildrensomethingtodo.girlswithanother.Insocietieswheresocialrolesarerigidlydetermined,boyspatterntheiryaftertheactivitiesoftheirfathersandgirlsafterthetasksoftheirmothers.Thisistruebecauseboysandgirlsarebeingprepared,eveniny,tostepintotherolesandresponsibilitiesoftheadultworld.Whatisremarkableaboutthehistoryoftoysisnotsomuchhowtheychangedoverthecenturiesbuthowmuchtheyhaveremainedthesame.Thechangeshavebeenmostlyintotheirdevelopmentinallpartsoftheworldandtheirpersistencetothepresentthatisamazing.InEgypt,theAmericas,.Japan,andamongtheArcticpeople,generallythetoysimitatetheirsurroundings.Nearlyeverycivilizationhaddolls,littleweapons,toysoldiers,tinyanimalsandvehicles. Part (20分鐘，10分Directions:Translatethefollowingpassageinto.WriteyourtranslationontheThird-handsmokeistobaccocontaminationthatlingersincarpets,clothesandothermaterialshoursorevendaysafteracigaretteisputout.Accordingtoastudy,alargenumberofpeople,particularlysmokers,havenoideathatthird-handsmokeisahealthhazardforpeople.Ofthe1500smokersandnon-smokerssurveyed,thevastmajorityagreedthatsecond-handsmokeisdangerous.Butwhenaskedwhethertheyagreedwiththestatement,“Breathingairinaroomtodaywherepeoplesmokedyesterdaycanharmyourhealth,”only65%ofnon-smokersand43%ofsmokersansweredDirections:Translatethefollowingpassageinto.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERAnecosystemisagroupofanimalsandntslivinginaspecificregionandinctingwithoneanotherandwiththeirphysicalenvironment.Ecosystemsincludephysicalandchemicalcomponents,suchassoils,water,andnutrientsthatsupporttheorganismslivingthere.Theseorganismsmayrangefromlargeanimalstomicroscopicbacteria.Ecosystemsalsocanbethoughtofastheinctionsamongallorganismsinagivenarea;forinstance,onespeciesmayserveasfoodforanother.Peoplearepartoftheecosystemswheretheyliveandwork.Humanactivitiescanharmordestroylocalecosystemsunlessactionssuchaslanddevelopmentforhousingorbusinessesarecarefullynnedtoconserveandsustaintheecologyofthearea.Directions:Translatethefollowingpassageinto.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWEROvertheyears,wetendtothinkthatnuclearandthenecessaryknow-howtoensurenuclearsafetyhavebeendevelopedtoalevelthatpossibilitiesforanymajornuclearaccidentsarealmostnon-existentandifitdoeshappen,itwillbecontrolledinthecapablehandsofnuclearengineers.However,realityhasprovedagainthatyoujustcan'tbetoocarefultohandlenuclearenergy.Wedon'tknowforsureyetwhatwillbeleftbehindJapan'snuclearcrisis,butitwillbecertainthatitistimetore-examineournuclearpracticesandmanymoreeffortsneedtobemadetoensurenuclearsafetyintheDirections:Translatethefollowingpassageinto.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERWhowouldhavethoughtthat,globally,theITindustryproducesaboutthesamevolumeofgreenhousegasesastheworld’sairlinesdoroughly2percentofCO2emissions?Manyeverydaytaskstakeasurprisingtollontheenvironment.Asearchcanleak0.2and0.5gramsofCO2,dependingonhowmanyattemptsareneededtogetthe“right”answer.Todeliverresultstoitsusersquickly,then,hastomaintainvastdatacentersaroundtheworld,packedwithpowerfulcomputers.WhileproducinglargetiesofCO2,thesecomputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentersneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergy.However,andotherbigtechprovidersmonitortheirefficiencycloselyandmakeimprovements.Monitoringisthefirststepontheroadtoreduction,butthereismuchmoretobedone,andnotjustbybigcompanies.Directions:Translatethefollowingpassageinto.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERWhenpeopleindevelocountriesworryaboutmigration,theyareusuallyconcernedattheprospectofthebestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld.ThesearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslikeBritain,CanadaandAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelocountriesareparticularlylikelytoemigrate.Abigsurveyofnhouseholdsin2004foundthatnearly40%ofemigrateshadmorethanahigher paredwitharound3.3%ofallnsovertheageof25.This“braindrain”haslongbotheredmakersinpoorcountries.Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomies,deprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversities,workedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactoriestomake.PartⅠInmanywaystheInternethasaverypositiveeffectonsociety.Ithasimprovedcommunication,simplifiedhandlingtasks,offeredahugeconvenience,enabledfasterprocessingandprovidedmoreoptions,allofwhichsmoretimetodootherthings.Yet,interestinglyenough,theInternethasinsomewayshadnegativeeffects.Thequalityofcommunicationhasdeclinedandpeopleareimpatientbecausetheyhaveaccustomedtoinstantsatisfaction,andusingtheInternetalsotakesupalotof基礎(chǔ)1)Thehumanbraincontains10thousandmillioncellsandeachofthesemayhaveathousandconnections.Suchenormousnumbersusedtodiscourageusandcausegrownusedtomovingforwardatsuchapacewecanbelesssure.Quitesoon,inonly10or20yearsperhaps,wewillbeabletoassembleamachineascomplexasthehumanbrain,intherightsoftware(軟件)orbyalteringthearchitecturebutthattoowillhappen.Ithinkitcertainthatindecades,notcenturies,machinesofsilicon(硅)willarisefirsttorivalandthenexceedtheirhumanancestors.Oncetheyexceedustheywillbecapableoftheirowndesign.Inarealsensetheywillbeabletoreproducethemselves.Siliconwillhaveendedcarbon’slongcontrol.Andwewillnolongerbeabletoclaimourselvestobethefinestinligenceintheknownuniverse.Astheinligenceofrobotsincreasestomatchthatofhumansandastheircostdeclinesthrougheconomiesofscale,wemayusethemtoexpandourfrontiers,firstonearththroughtheirabilitytowithstandenvironments,harmfultoourselves.Thus,desertsmaybloomandtheoceanbedsbemined.Furtherahead,byacombinationofthegreatwealththisnewagewillbringandthetechnologyitwillprovide,theconstructionofavast,man-createdworldinspace,hometothousandsormillionsofpeople,willbewithinourpower.基礎(chǔ)篇 Attentiontodetailissomethingeveryonecanandshoulddo------especiallyintightjobmarket.BobCrossley,ahuman-resourcesexpertnoticesthisinthejobapplicationsthatcomeacrosshisdeskeveryday.“It’samazinghowmanycandidateseliminatethemselves,”hesays.“Resumes(簡(jiǎn)歷)arrivewithstains.Somecandidatesdon’tbothertospellthe ’snamecorrectly.OnceIseeamistake,Ieliminatethecandidate,”Crossleyconcludes.“Iftheycannottakecareofthesedetails,whyshouldwetrustthemwithajob?”Canwepaytoomuchattentiontodetail?Absoluy.Perfectionistsstruggleoverlittlethingsatthecostofsomethinglargertheyworktoward.“Tokeepfromlosingthe forthetrees,”saysCharlesCarfield,associateprofessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,”wemustconstantlyaskourselveshowthedetailswe’reworkingonfitintothelargerpicture.Iftheydon’t,weshoulddropthemandmovetosomethingelse.”GarfiledcomparesthisprocesstohisworkasacomputerscientistatNASA.“TheApollo11moonlaunchwasslightoff-course90percentofthetime,”saysGarfiled.“Butasuccessfullandingwasstilllikelybecauseweknewtheexactcoordinatesofourgoal.Thisallowedustomakeadjustmentsasnecessary.”Knowingwherewewanttogohelpsusjudgetheimportanceofeverytaskweundertake.Toooftenwebelievewhataccountsforothers’successissomespecialoraluckybreak(機(jī)遇).Butrarelyissuccesssomysterious.Againandagain,weseethatbynglittlethingswithinourgraspwell,largerewardsfollow.基礎(chǔ)篇3)Evenntscanrunafever,especiallywhenthey’reunderattackbyinsectsordiseases.Butunlikehumans,ntscanhavetheirtemperaturetakenfrom3,000feetawaystraightup.Adecadeago,adaptingtheinfrared(紅外線)scanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposesandothersalites,StephenPaleycameupwithaquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodeterminewhichonesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmerspreciselytargetpesticide(殺蟲(chóng)劑)sprayingratherthanrainpoisononawholefield,whichinvariablyincludesntsthatdon’thavepest(害Eyenbetter，Paley’sRemoteScanningServicescoulddetectcropproblemsbeforetheybecamevisibletotheeye.Mountedonaneflownat3,000feetatnight,aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedataweretransformedintoacolor-codedmapshowingwherentswererunning“fevers”．Farmerscouldthenspot-spray,using50to70percentlesspesticidethantheyotherwiseThebadnewsisthatPaley’s 1984afterresistedthenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehardtofind．Butwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduce,andrefinementsininfraredscanning,Paleyhopestogetbackintooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtthetechnologyworks“Thistechniquecanbeusedon75percentofagriculturelandintheUnitedStates”saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA&M. RayJackson,whorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculture,thinksremoteinfraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade. ButonlyifPaleyfindsthefinancialbackingwhichhefailedtoobtain10yearsago.基礎(chǔ)篇4) Foryears,doctorsadvisedtheirpatientsthattheonlythingtakingmultivitaminsdoseisgivingthemexpensiveurine(尿).Afterall,truevitamindeficienciesarepracticallyunheardofinindustrializedcountries.Nowitseemsthosedoctorsmayhavebeenwrong.Theresultsofagrowingnumberofstudiessuggestthatevenamodestvitaminshortfallcanbeharmfultoyourhealth.Althoughproofofthebenefitsofmultivitaminsisstillfarfromcertain,thedollaryouspendonthemisprobablyagoodinvestment.Oratleastthat’stheargumentputforwardintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.Ideally,sayDr.walterandDr.MeirStampferofHarvard,allvitaminsupplementwouldbeevaluatedinscientificallyrigorousclinicaltrials.Butthosestudiescantakealongtimeandoftenraisemorequestionsthantheyanswer.Atsomepoint,whilerese