現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語精讀6-Lesson-1-How-to-Get-the-Poor-off-Our-Conscience課件

HowtoGetthePooroff

Our

ConscienceJohnKennethGalbraithJohnKennethGalbraith(1908-2006)ACanadian-Americaneconomist,author,professor,presidentialcounselorandU.S.ambassadortoIndia

The“l(fā)astAmericanInstitutionalist”anunabashedpopularizerofeconomics

“TheAffluentSociety”(1958)MedalofFreedom,in19462000thePresidentialMedalofFreedom,theU.S.government'shighestcivilianhonor.JohnKennethGalbraithAheterodoxeconomistintheAmericanestablishmentAnacademiccareeratHarvardUniversityWorksindeputyheadoftheOfficeofPriceAdministrationduringWorldWarII，whosedutyistokeepinflationfromcripplingthewareffortParticipationinpolitics;servedintheadministrationsofFranklinD.Roosevelt,HarryS.Truman,JohnF.KennedyandLyndonB.Johnson;takespartincampaignsfordemocratpresidentialcandidatesStevenson,JohnF.Kennedy,EugeneMcCarthy,andMcGovernAmbassadorinIndiaunderKennedy,1961-19634hewasforcedoutinMay1943fromOPAandworkedforFortuneforfiveyearswhereheexpoundedKeynesianismtotheAmericanbusinessleadership.Hewasaverytallman,eventuallygrowingtoaheightof6'8"(203

cm).6PostwarYearsFebruary1946-September1946,workedforaseniorpositionintheStateDepartmentasdirectoroftheOfficeofEconomicSecurityPolicy.NominallyinchargeofeconomicaffairsregardingGermany,Japan,Austria,andSouthKorea,theseniordiplomatsdistrustedhim,andhewasrelegatedtoroutineworkwithfewopportunitiestomakepolicy.favoreddétentewiththeSovietUnion,andwasoutofstepwiththeContainmentpolicythenbeingdevelopedbyGeorgeKennanandtheStateDepartment'spolicymakers.afrustratinghalfyearPoliticalpostsunderKennedyDuringhistimeasanadvisertoPresidentJohnF.Kennedy,GalbraithwasappointedUnitedStatesAmbassadortoIndiafrom1961to1963.rapportwithPresidentKennedyGalbraith,firstfromleft,asUSambassadortoIndia,1961LaterlifeandrecognitiontheMedalofFreedom,in1946fromPresidentTrumanIn1972heservedaspresidentoftheAmericanEconomicAssociationIn1985,theAmericanHumanistAssociationnamedhimtheHumanistoftheYear.TheAssociationforAsianStudies(AAS)conferredits1987AwardforDistinguishedContributionstoAsianStudiesIn1997hewasmadeanOfficeroftheOrderofCanadaIn2000hewasawardedtheU.S.PresidentialMedalofFreedom.awardedanhonorarydoctoratefromMemorialUniversityofNewfoundlandatthefallconvocationof1999.awardedin2000withtheLeontiefPrizeforhisoutstandingcontributiontoeconomictheorybytheGlobalDevelopmentandEnvironmentInstitute.ThelibraryinhishometownDutton,OntariowasrenamedtheJohnKennethGalbraithReferenceLibraryinhonorofhisattachmenttothelibraryandhiscontributionstothenewbuilding.In2001,hewonthePadmaVibhushan,India'ssecondhighestcivilianaward,forhiscontributionstostrengtheningtiesbetweenIndiaandtheUnitedStates.Importantbooks(outofc.60)Americancapitalism:TheConceptofCountervailingPower(1952)TheGreatcrash(1954)TheAffluentsociety(1958)TheNewindustrialstate(1967)Theaffluentsociety(1969)Money:Whenceitcame,whereitwent(1975)Economicsandthepublicpurpose(1973)TheNatureofMassPoverty(1979)TheAnatomyofPower(1983)EconomicsinPerspective:ACriticalHistory(1987)AShortHistoryofFinancialEuphoria(1994)NumerousbooksabouthisMemoirs(egAnnalsofanAbidingLiberal)13A《

liberal》

economistIntheamericansenseof?

liberal

?,whichcorrespondstoaEuropean?

left-wing

?or?

center-left

?Buthighlycriticalofeconomicliberalismandneoliberalism(cfbookonReaganomics,withMcCracken,1983)PositionsagainsttheVietnamwar(breakwiththeDemocratpresidentLyndonJohnson,aftercontributingtothe?

Greatsociety

?project)14InfluencesThorsteinBundeVeblen,(July30,1857

–August3,1929)hisanalysisofconsumption,ofthe?

leisureclass

?,the?

businessentreprise

?andabsenteeownership,hiscriticismof?

neoclassical

?economicsKeynes,histheoryofeffectivedemand,hisskepticalattitudetocapitalism,hisdefenseofstateinterventionintheeconomyAninstitutionaleconomist15TheroleofthestateTheemergenceof?

countervailingpower

?tothepreviousdominationofbigbusiness(tradeunions,government)(Americancapitalism,1952)Asituationof?

privateaffluenceandpublicsqualor

?intheamericaneconomy;essentialroleoftaxationtofinanceinfrastructureandeducation(Theaffluentsociety,1958)Acriticismof?

conventionalwisdom

?ontheself-regulationofmarkets;mainstreameconomicsignorespower,andneglectsinequalities,itworksinfavoroftherich16Thenewindustrialstate(1967)Themodelofperfectcompetitioncorrespondsonlytoasmallpartofamericaneconomy,whatdominatesisthe?

industrialstate

?ofbigcorporationsThesebiglargefirmsplantheirproduction,theytrytoavoidthemarketCorporatepowerisinthehandsof?

technostructure

?,notofdispersedowners;ittriestomakethemarketmorepredictable,itstrivesforgrowth,notforprofitInfluenceofthemilitaro-industrialcomplexConventionaleconomicshidesthepoweroflargecorporations17TheinvertedsequenceInconventionaleconomics,theinfluencegoesfromconsumer’spreferencestoproduction:needsdirectwhatisproducedButincapitalismofgreatcorporationsweobservean?

invertedsequence

?:throughadvertisingandotherwaysofconditioningspecificdemand,producersinfluenceconsumersThe?

sovereigntyoftheconsumer

?isamyth(criticismofSamuelson)18Economicsand

thepublicpurpose(1973)Themoderncapitalisteconomyisnotcorrectlydescribedbyconventional(neoclassical)economics,thatcorrespondsonlytothe?

marketsystem

?ofsmallandmediumentreprisesItmissesthedominantpartoftheeconomy,the?

planning

system?oflargeentreprisesTheactualcapitalisteconomyisadualeconomy,withacoexistenceofmarketandplanningsystems,thelatterbeingmostinfluentTheimageofthemarketasbeingsimilartodemocracy(eachindividual?

voting

?accordingtohisdesires)isafallacy,itignorestheroleofpowerandofthegreatcorporation19Ashorthistory

offinancialeuphoria(1994)Theremarkablerecurrenceoffinancialbubblesandcrashesincapitalisteconomichistory,sincethe17thcenturyTheroleof?

vestedinterestinerrorthataccompaniesspeculativeeuphoria

?Theshortcharacteroffinancialmemory;theideathatauniquenewsituationhasemergedTheessentialroleofleverageinallfinancialbubbles20AtheorycorrespondingtoagivenperiodofthecapitalisteconomyThedominanceofthetechnostructureonshareholdershasbeenchallengedintheperiodofintensivefinancializationofcapitalisteconomies(startinginthe1980s)Owners(shareholders)haveincreasedtheirpowerrelativetomanagersandworkersButGalbraith’stheoryremainsanimportantcontributiontoheterodoxeconomics21“Economicsisextremelyusefulasaformofemploymentforeconomists” JKGalbraith22DiscussionandPre-classWorks:

Whydoyouthinktheauthorchoosethistitle?Whatdoyouthinkofthegapsinwealthbetweentherichandthepoor?Isthereanywaytosolvethisproblem?Detailedstudy:I(1-2):*Getthepooroffourconscience:conscience,asenseofrightandwrong,withanurgetodoright*intellectual:appealingtotheintellectII(3-9):*Thepoorsufferintheworldbut…:inthenext,aftertheydie;whentheygotothenextworld,i.e.heavenorparadise*Thisis,insomeways,anadmirablesolution….:why?Anddoestheauthorreallythinkthatthisisanadmirablesolution?(Discussaboutit)*“theprincipleofutility”:anartionisjudgedbywhetheritwillincreaseordecreasethebenefitsofthosewhoareaffectedbytheaction.*Povertybeingcausedinthebed…:Povertywascausedbyoverproductionofchildren.*overriding:Prevailing*TheAmericanBeautyRosecanbe…:

美國這朵玫瑰花后以其華貴讓觀眾傾倒、贊不絕口。而她之所以能被培植出來，就是因?yàn)樵谠缙谄渲車幕ɡ俳o掐掉了。在經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中情況亦是如此。這是自然規(guī)律和上帝意志在起作用。III(10-11)WhatwastheRooseveltrevolution?Whydoestheauthorcallitarevolution?Ishefororagainsttherevolution?Howdoyouknow?Howdidpeoplefeelwhenanumberofsocialmeasureswereputintopractice?Weretheyrightinthinkingso?IV(12-20)Whatistheargumentofthefirstdesign?Essence?*Wehavegreatcorporatebureaucraciesrepletewithcorporatebureaucrats,…,(Whenthese…,allbeeninthePantagon.):Whatisthebasicviewoftheauthor?Whatisthetoneofthisstatement?Whatistheseconddesign?Doestheauthoragreetotheargument?

Whatistheargumentofthethirddesign?Howdosetheauthorrefutethisargument?*corporateexecutive:企業(yè)經(jīng)理人員*Beliefcanbetheservantoftruth-butevenmoreofconvenience:Beliefcanbeusedinthesearchfortruth.Butmoreoftenthannotitisacceptedbecauseitisconvenienceandself-serving.Whatisthefourthdesign?*Finally,whenallelsefails,weresorttosimplepsychologicaldenial:

最終，當(dāng)一切辦法都無濟(jì)于事時(shí)，我們就干脆裝作沒看見。*All,saveperhapsthelast,…:save:(prep.)except*A.F.D.C.:對有未成年子女家