計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)報(bào)告模板

..2-.v.?計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)?報(bào)告題目：出處：班級：學(xué)號：XX：SpeechrecognitionHistoryOneofthemostnotabledomainsforthemercialapplicationofspeechrecognitionintheUnitedStateshasbeenhealthcareandinparticulartheworkofthemedicaltranscriptionist.Accordingtoindustryexperts,atitsinception,speechrecognition(SR)wassoldasawaytopletelyeliminatetranscriptionratherthanmakethetranscriptionprocessmoreefficient,henceitwasnotaccepted.ItwasalsothecasethatSRatthattimewasoftentechnicallydeficient.Additionally,tobeusedeffectively,itrequiredchangestothewaysphysiciansworkedanddocumentedclinicalencounters,whichmanyifnotallwerereluctanttodo.Thebiggestlimitationtospeechrecognitionautomatingtranscription,however,isseenasthesoftware.Thenatureofnarrativedictationishighlyinterpretiveandoftenrequiresjudgmentthatmaybeprovidedbyarealhumanbutnotyetbyanautomatedsystem.Anotherlimitationhasbeentheextensiveamountoftimerequiredbytheuserand/orsystemprovidertotrainthesoftware.AdistinctioninASRisoftenmadebetween"artificialsyntaxsystems"whichareusuallydomain-specificand"naturallanguageprocessing"whichisusuallylanguage-specific.Eachofthesetypesofapplicationpresentsitsownparticulargoalsandchallenges.ApplicationsHealthcareInthehealthcaredomain,eveninthewakeofimprovingspeechrecognitiontechnologies,medicaltranscriptionists(MTs)havenotyetbeeobsolete.Manyexpertsinthefieldanticipatethatwithincreaseduseofspeechrecognitiontechnology,theservicesprovidedmayberedistributedratherthanreplaced.Speechrecognitioncanbeimplementedinfront-endorback-endofthemedicaldocumentationprocess.Front-EndSRiswheretheproviderdictatesintoaspeech-recognitionengine,therecognizedwordsaredisplayedrightaftertheyarespoken,andthedictatorisresponsibleforeditingandsigningoffonthedocument.Itnevergoesthroughaneditor.Back-EndSRiswheretheproviderdictatesintoadigitaldictationsystem,andthevoiceisroutedthroughaspeech-recognitionmachineandtherecognizeddraftdocumentisroutedalongwiththeoriginalvoicefiletotheeditor,whoeditsthedraftandfinalizesthereport.DeferredSRisbeingwidelyusedintheindustrycurrently.ManyElectronicMedicalRecords(EMR)applicationscanbemoreeffectiveandmaybeperformedmoreeasilywhendeployedinconjunctionwithaspeech-recognitionengine.Searches,queries,andformfillingmayallbefastertoperformbyvoicethanbyusingakeyboard.MilitaryHigh-performancefighteraircraftSubstantialeffortshavebeendevotedinthelastdecadetothetestandevaluationofspeechrecognitioninfighteraircraft.OfparticularnotearetheU.S.programinspeechrecognitionfortheAdvancedFighterTechnologyIntegration(AFTI)/F-16aircraft(F-16VISTA),theprograminFranceoninstallingspeechrecognitionsystemsonMirageaircraft,andprogramsintheUKdealingwithavarietyofaircraftplatforms.Intheseprograms,speechrecognizershavebeenoperatedsuccessfullyinfighteraircraftwithapplicationsincluding:settingradiofrequencies,mandinganautopilotsystem,settingsteer-pointcoordinatesandweaponsreleaseparameters,andcontrollingflightdisplays.Generally,onlyverylimited,constrainedvocabularieshavebeenusedsuccessfully,andamajorefforthasbeendevotedtointegrationofthespeechrecognizerwiththeavionicssystem.Someimportantconclusionsfromtheworkwereasfollows:Speechrecognitionhasdefinitepotentialforreducingpilotworkload,butthispotentialwasnotrealizedconsistently.Achievementofveryhighrecognitionaccuracy(95%ormore)wasthemostcriticalfactorformakingthespeechrecognitionsystemuseful

—withlowerrecognitionrates,pilotswouldnotusethesystem.Morenaturalvocabularyandgrammar,andshortertrainingtimeswouldbeuseful,butonlyifveryhighrecognitionratescouldbemaintained.Laboratoryresearchinrobustspeechrecognitionformilitaryenvironmentshasproducedpromisingresultswhich,ifextendabletothecockpit,shouldimprovetheutilityofspeechrecognitioninhigh-performanceaircraft.WorkingwithSwedishpilotsflyingintheJAS-39Gripencockpit,Englund(2004)foundrecognitiondeterioratedwithincreasingG-loads.Itwasalsoconcludedthatadaptationgreatlyimprovedtheresultsinallcasesandintroducingmodelsforbreathingwasshowntoimproverecognitionscoressignificantly.Contrarytowhatmightbeexpected,noeffectsofthebrokenEnglishofthespeakerswerefound.Itwasevidentthatspontaneousspeechcausedproblemsfortherecognizer,ascouldbeexpected.Arestrictedvocabulary,andaboveall,apropersyntax,couldthusbeexpectedtoimproverecognitionaccuracysubstantially.TheEurofighterTyphooncurrentlyinservicewiththeUKRAFemploysaspeaker-dependentsystem,i.e.itrequireseachpilottocreateatemplate.Thesystemisnotusedforanysafetycriticalorweaponcriticaltasks,suchasweaponreleaseorloweringoftheundercarriage,butisusedforawiderangeofothercockpitfunctions.Voicemandsareconfirmedbyvisualand/orauralfeedback.Thesystemisseenasamajordesignfeatureinthereductionofpilotworkload,andevenallowsthepilottoassigntargetstohimselfwithtwosimplevoicemandsortoanyofhiswingmenwithonlyfivemands.HelicoptersTheproblemsofachievinghighrecognitionaccuracyunderstressandnoisepertainstronglytothehelicopterenvironmentaswellastothefighterenvironment.Theacousticnoiseproblemisactuallymoresevereinthehelicopterenvironment,notonlybecauseofthehighnoiselevelsbutalsobecausethehelicopterpilotgenerallydoesnotwearafacemask,whichwouldreduceacousticnoiseinthemicrophone.Substantialtestandevaluationprogramshavebeencarriedoutinthepastdecadeinspeechrecognitionsystemsapplicationsinhelicopters,notablybytheU.S.ArmyAvionicsResearchandDevelopmentActivity(AVRADA)andbytheRoyalAerospaceEstablishment(RAE)intheUK.WorkinFrancehasincludedspeechrecognitioninthePumahelicopter.TherehasalsobeenmuchusefulworkinCanada.Resultshavebeenencouraging,andvoiceapplicationshaveincluded:controlofmunicationradios;settingofnavigationsystems;andcontrolofanautomatedtargethandoversystem.Asinfighterapplications,theoverridingissueforvoiceinhelicoptersistheimpactonpiloteffectiveness.EncouragingresultsarereportedfortheAVRADAtests,althoughtheserepresentonlyafeasibilitydemonstrationinatestenvironment.Muchremainstobedonebothinspeechrecognitionandinoverallspeechrecognitiontechnology,inordertoconsistentlyachieveperformanceimprovementsinoperationalsettings.BattlemanagementBattlemanagementmandcentresgenerallyrequirerapidaccesstoandcontroloflarge,rapidlychanginginformationdatabases.mandersandsystemoperatorsneedtoquerythesedatabasesasconvenientlyaspossible,inaneyes-busyenvironmentwheremuchoftheinformationispresentedinadisplayformat.Humanmachineinteractionbyvoicehasthepotentialtobeveryusefulintheseenvironments.Anumberofeffortshavebeenundertakentointerfacemerciallyavailableisolated-wordrecognizersintobattlemanagementenvironments.Inonefeasibilitystudy,speechrecognitionequipmentwastestedinconjunctionwithanintegratedinformationdisplayfornavalbattlemanagementapplications.Userswereveryoptimisticaboutthepotentialofthesystem,althoughcapabilitieswerelimited.SpeechunderstandingprogramssponsoredbytheDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(DARPA)intheU.S.hasfocusedonthisproblemofnaturalspeechinterface..Speechrecognitioneffortshavefocusedonadatabaseofcontinuousspeechrecognition(CSR),large-vocabularyspeechwhichisdesignedtoberepresentativeofthenavalresourcemanagementtask.Significantadvancesinthestate-of-the-artinCSRhavebeenachieved,andcurrenteffortsarefocusedonintegratingspeechrecognitionandnaturallanguageprocessingtoallowspokenlanguageinteractionwithanavalresourcemanagementsystem.TrainingairtrafficcontrollersTrainingformilitary(orcivilian)airtrafficcontrollers(ATC)representsanexcellentapplicationforspeechrecognitionsystems.ManyATCtrainingsystemscurrentlyrequireapersontoactasa"pseudo-pilot",engaginginavoicedialogwiththetraineecontroller,whichsimulatesthedialogwhichthecontrollerwouldhavetoconductwithpilotsinarealATCsituation.Speechrecognitionandsynthesistechniquesofferthepotentialtoeliminatetheneedforapersontoactaspseudo-pilot,thusreducingtrainingandsupportpersonnel.Aircontrollertasksarealsocharacterizedbyhighlystructuredspeechastheprimaryoutputofthecontroller,hencereducingthedifficultyofthespeechrecognitiontask.TheU.S.NavalTrainingEquipmentCenterhassponsoredanumberofdevelopmentsofprototypeATCtrainersusingspeechrecognition.Generally,therecognitionaccuracyfallsshortofprovidinggracefulinteractionbetweenthetraineeandthesystem.However,theprototypetrainingsystemshavedemonstratedasignificantpotentialforvoiceinteractioninthesesystems,andinothertrainingapplications.TheU.S.Navyhassponsoredalarge-scaleeffortinATCtrainingsystems,whereamercialspeechrecognitionunitwasintegratedwithaplextrainingsystemincludingdisplaysandscenariocreation.Althoughtherecognizerwasconstrainedinvocabulary,oneofthegoalsofthetrainingprogramswastoteachthecontrollerstospeakinaconstrainedlanguage,usingspecificvocabularyspecificallydesignedfortheATCtask.ResearchinFrancehasfocusedontheapplicationofspeechrecognitioninATCtrainingsystems,directedatissuesbothinspeechrecognitionandinapplicationoftask-domaingrammarconstraints.TheUSAF,USMC,AnotherapproachtoATCsimulationwithspeechrecognitionhasbeencreatedbySupremis.TheSupremissystemisnotconstrainedbyrigidgrammarsimposedbytheunderlyinglimitationsofotherrecognitionstrategies.TelephonyandotherdomainsASRinthefieldoftelephonyisnowmonplaceandinthefieldofputergamingandsimulationisbeingmorewidespread.Despitethehighlevelofintegrationwithwordprocessingingeneralpersonalputing,however,ASRinthefieldofdocumentproductionhasnotseentheexpectedincreasesinuse.Theimprovementofmobileprocessorspeedsmadefeasiblethespeech-enabledSymbianandWindowsMobileSmartphones.Currentspeech-to-textprogramsaretoolargeandrequiretoomuchCPUpowertobepracticalforthePocketPC.SpeechisusedmostlyasapartofUserInterface,forcreatingpre-definedorcustomspeechmands.Leadingsoftwarevendorsinthisfieldare:MicrosoftCorporation(MicrosoftVoicemand);Nuancemunications(NuanceVoiceControl);VitoTechnology(VITOVoice2Go);SpeereoSoftware(SpeereoVoiceTranslator).MyCaptionforBlackBerry.PeoplewithDisabilitiesPeoplewithdisabilitiesareanotherpartofthepopulationthatbenefitfromusingspeechrecognitionprograms.Itisespeciallyusefulforpeoplewhohavedifficultywithorareunabletousetheirhands,frommildrepetitivestressinjuriestoinvolveddisabilitiesthatrequirealternativeinputforsupportwithaccessingtheputer.Infact,peoplewhousedthekeyboardalotanddevelopedRSIbecameanurgentearlymarketforspeechrecognition.Speechrecognitionisusedindeaftelephony,suchasspinvoxvoice-to-textvoicemail,relayservices,and\o"TelemunicationsRelayService"captionedtelephone.Individualswithlearningdisabilitieswhohaveproblemswiththoughttopapermunication(essentiallytheythinkofanideabutitisprocessedincorrectlycausingittoendupdifferentlyonpaper)canbenefitfromthesoftwareasithelpstooverlapthatweakness....v.語音識別開展歷史商業(yè)應(yīng)用的語音識別在美國是保健和medicaltranscriptionist等最顯著的領(lǐng)域之一。據(jù)業(yè)界專家稱，在其成立以來，語音識別〔簡稱SR〕是為了徹底消除轉(zhuǎn)錄，而不是使轉(zhuǎn)錄過程更有效率，因此是不能承受的。也有人認(rèn)為，SR在那個時候往往是在技術(shù)上缺乏。此外，為了有效地加以利用，它需要改變工作方式和記錄醫(yī)師臨床實(shí)踐，其中甚至有許多不是所有的人愿意做的事。然而，語音識別自動化轉(zhuǎn)錄，被看作是該軟件最大的限制。記敘一件事的本質(zhì)是在聽寫時非常需要解釋和判斷，這需要一個真正的人，而不是通過自動化系統(tǒng)。另一個限制是用戶和或系統(tǒng)供給商，培訓(xùn)軟件所需的時間普遍的比擬長。ASR之間的區(qū)分往往是特定領(lǐng)域的“人工語法系統(tǒng)〞和特定于語言的“自然語言處理〞。所有這些類型的應(yīng)用都有自己的特定目標(biāo)和挑戰(zhàn)。應(yīng)用衛(wèi)生保健在衛(wèi)生保健領(lǐng)域，即使語音識別技術(shù)不斷改良，medicaltranscriptionists〔MTS〕還是不會過時。許多該領(lǐng)域的專家預(yù)測，隨著語音識別技術(shù)的廣泛使用，MTS提供的效勞可能會重新分配，而不是取代。語音識別可以在醫(yī)療文件的進(jìn)程前端或后端實(shí)施。SR的前端是要求供給商裝入語音識別引擎，在他們說完話后正確顯示出來，使用者負(fù)責(zé)編輯，并簽署了有關(guān)文件。它從未審閱編輯。后端SR是提供者裝入一個數(shù)字聽寫轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)的地方，聲音通過語言識別機(jī)器尋址，并且被認(rèn)可的草案與原始的聲音文件一起給編輯者，編輯草稿并且完成報(bào)告。延期的SR是在當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)用途廣泛。當(dāng)部署與語言識別引擎一道，許多電子病歷(EMR)應(yīng)用是更加有效的，并且也更加容易地執(zhí)行。查尋、詢問和填表全部由聲音執(zhí)行比通過使用鍵盤更快速。軍事高性能戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)在過去十年中我們都花了大量的努力來測試和評價語音識別的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。特別值得注意的是，美國方案為先進(jìn)戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)〔AFTI〕/F-16戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)〔F-16型Vista〕安裝語音識別的集成技術(shù)，法國也方案在幻影飛機(jī)安裝語音識別系統(tǒng)，英國方案安裝在不同的飛機(jī)平臺。這些程序中，成功在戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)中應(yīng)用語音識別的包括：設(shè)置無線電頻率，指揮一個自動系統(tǒng)，設(shè)置引導(dǎo)點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)和武器釋放參數(shù)，并控制飛行顯示器。通常，只非常順利地使用了有限，拘束的詞匯量，并且主要努力致力于語音識別與航空電子學(xué)系統(tǒng)的綜合化。一些重要結(jié)論的工作如下：1.語音識別具有一定的潛力，減少飛行員的工作量，但這種潛力始終沒能實(shí)現(xiàn)。2.實(shí)現(xiàn)非常高的識別率〔95％或以上〕是使語音識別系統(tǒng)有用和識別速率降低的最關(guān)鍵因素，飛行員不會使用該系統(tǒng)。3.更自然的詞匯和語法，和更短的培訓(xùn)時間將是有益的，但前提是非常高的識別率可維持不變。實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究的在軍事環(huán)境中抗噪語音識別產(chǎn)生了可喜的成果，如果擴(kuò)展到駕駛艙，應(yīng)能改良應(yīng)用語音識別的高性能飛機(jī)。在JAS-39Gripen駕駛艙內(nèi)的瑞典飛行員Englund(2004)發(fā)現(xiàn)了公認(rèn)惡化隨著G過載。也完畢適應(yīng)在所有的情況下很大地改良了結(jié)果，并且介紹呼吸的模型顯示極大改良公認(rèn)比分。相反，可以預(yù)期，沒有任何作用的蹩腳的英語發(fā)言者被發(fā)現(xiàn)。很明顯，可以預(yù)期，造成問題的自發(fā)講話的語音識別。受限的詞匯，最重要的是，一個適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z法，能因而期望極大地改良公認(rèn)準(zhǔn)確性。目前在英國皇家空軍擁有揚(yáng)聲器依賴系統(tǒng)歐洲臺風(fēng)，它要求每個試點(diǎn)創(chuàng)立一個模板。該系統(tǒng)不作任何平安關(guān)鍵或核武器的關(guān)鍵任務(wù)，如核武器釋放或降低腳架，但廣泛應(yīng)用于其他駕駛艙職能。語音指令通過視覺和聽覺反應(yīng)來確認(rèn)。該系統(tǒng)被看作是一個主要的設(shè)計(jì)功能，減少飛行員的工作量，甚至可以以自己的兩個簡單的語音命令，或任何與他的飛行員只有五個命令改變試點(diǎn)的目標(biāo)。直升機(jī)在高壓和強(qiáng)烈噪音干擾的直升機(jī)環(huán)境實(shí)現(xiàn)高識別率的問題和戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)環(huán)境一眼好。實(shí)際上，在直升機(jī)的環(huán)境，噪音問題更為嚴(yán)重，不僅是因?yàn)楦咴胍羲剑疫€因?yàn)?，直升機(jī)飛行員一般不戴減少麥克風(fēng)噪音的口罩。語音識別系統(tǒng)在過去十年中已經(jīng)進(jìn)展了大量的試驗(yàn)和評估程序并應(yīng)用在直升機(jī)，特別是美國陸軍航空電子研究和開展活動〔AVRADA〕和英國的皇家航空建立〔評審〕。在法國的美洲豹直升機(jī)也安裝了語音識別系統(tǒng)。在加拿大也有許多有益的工作。結(jié)果令人鼓舞，語音應(yīng)用包括：無線電通信控制;設(shè)置的導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng);和控制的自動化目標(biāo)移交制度。如在戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的應(yīng)用，首要的問題是直升機(jī)的噪聲影響。