景觀規(guī)劃建筑英語

景觀規(guī)劃建筑英語第1頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Landscapearchitecturecontinuedtoinfluencethecitybeautificationandplanningmovementwellintothe20thcentury,asgrowingcitiesusedtheservicesofprofessionally-trainedlandscapearchitects.TheL'EnfantPlanforthenation'scapitolwasrevivedandexpandedbytheMcMillancommissionof1901.Chicago,Clevelandandothercitiesalsousedlandscapearchitectstolayoutcomprehensivedevelopmentplans.由于城市發(fā)展需要受到過專業(yè)訓(xùn)練的風景園林師參與，風景園林對城市美化和規(guī)劃運動的影響一直持續(xù)到20世紀。1901年，國家首都的郎方規(guī)劃由麥克米倫委員會進行再次規(guī)劃和擴大，芝加哥、克里夫蘭和其他城市都請風景園林師對城市進行綜合布局和開發(fā)規(guī)劃。第2頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月第3頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月第4頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Bythe1920's,urbanplanningseparatedfromarchitectureandlandscapearchitectureasaseparateprofessionwithitsowndegreeprogramsandorganizations.Yet,landscapearchitecturecontinuedtoremainamajorforceinurbanplanningandurbandesign.DuringandaftertheDepression,opportunitiestodesignnationalandstateparks,towns,parkwaysandnewurbanparksystemsbroadenedtheprofession.TheorientationofAmericanlandscapearchitecturereturnedtoitsrootsinpublicprojects——atrendwhichhascontinuedthroughoutthemid-20thcenturytotoday.到20世紀20年代，城市規(guī)劃從建筑和風景園林分離成為一個獨立的職業(yè)，并擁有自己的學(xué)位課程和組織機構(gòu)。然而，風景園林師在城市規(guī)劃和城市設(shè)計中仍然保持著主導(dǎo)力量。在經(jīng)濟大蕭條期間和之后，國家和州公園、城鎮(zhèn)、公園道和新的城市公園系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計的機會使風景園林職業(yè)得到壯大。美國風景園林的定位重新回到它的起源公共項目——一個貫穿20世紀中期至今的趨勢中來。第5頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TheProfessioninPractice實踐中的職業(yè)第6頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Landscapearchitectureinthe1990scannotbedescribedinafewsimpleterms.Thescopeoftheprofessionistoobroadandtheprojectstoovaried.Avarietyofofteninterwovenspecializationsexistwithintheprofession,includingthefollowing:LandscapeDesign,thehistoricalcoreoftheprofession,isconcernedwithdetailedoutdoorspacedesignforresidential,commercial,industrial,institutional,andpublicspaces.

Itinvolvesthetreatmentofasiteasart,thebalanceofhardandsoft

surfacesinoutdoorandindoorspaces,theselectionofconstructionandplantmaterials,infrastructuresuchasirrigation,andthepreparationofdetailedconstructionplansanddocuments.

SitePlanningfocusesonthephysicaldesignandarrangementofbuiltandnaturalelementsofalandparcel.Asiteplanningprojectcaninvolvedesigningthelandforasinglehouse,anofficeparkorshoppingcenter,oranentireresidentialcommunity.第7頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Morespecifically,sitedesigninvolvestheorderly,efficient,aestheticandecologicallysensitiveintegrationofman-madeobjectswithasite'snaturalfeaturesincludingtopography,vegetation,drainage,water,wildlifeandclimate.Sensitivedesignproducesdevelopmentthatminimizesbothenvironmentalimpactsandprojectcosts,andaddsvaluetoasite.Urban/TownPlanningdealswithdesigningandplanningcitiesandtowns.Urbanplannersusezoningtechniquesandregulations,masterplans,conceptualplans,land-usestudiesandothermethodstosetthelayoutandorganizationofurbanareas.Thisfieldalsoinvolves"urbandesign"_thedevelopmentofmostlyopen,publicspaces,suchasplazasandstreetscapes.第8頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月RegionalLandscapePlanninghasemergedasamajorareaofpracticeformanylandscapearchitectswiththeriseofthepublic'senvironmentalawarenessinthepastthirtyyears.Itmergeslandscapearchitecturewithenvironmentalplanning.Inthisfield,landscapearchitectsdealwiththefullspectrumofplanningandmanaginglandandwater,includingnaturalresourcesurveys,preparationofenvironmentalimpactstatements,visualanalysis,landscapereclamationandcoastalzonemanagement.ParkandRecreationPlanninginvolvescreatingorredesigningparksandrecreationalareasincities,suburbanandruralareas.Landscapearchitectsalsodevelopplansforhugenaturalareasaspartofnationalpark,forest,andwildliferefugesystems.第9頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月LandDevelopmentPlanningcanbeonlarge-scale,multi-acreparcelsofundevelopedlandandsmallerscalesitesinurban,ruralandhistoricareas.Assuch,itprovidesabridgebetweenpolicyplanningandindividualdevelopmentprojects.Landscapearchitectsworkinginthisarearequireaknowledgeofrealestateeconomicsanddevelopmentregulationprocesses,aswellasanunderstandingofthephysicalconstraintsofdevelopingandworkingwiththeland.Thechallengeistointegrateeconomicfactorswithgooddesignandthuscreatequalityenvironments.Duetothisblendingofexpertise,landscapearchitectsareoftenselectedtoheadmulti-disciplinarydesignteams.EcologicalPlanningandDesignstudiestheinteractionbetweenpeopleandthenaturalenvironment.Itisconcernedwithinterpretation,analysis,andformulationofdesignpolicies,guidelinesandplanstoensurethequalityoftheenvironment.HeavilylandscapearchitectandplannerIanMcHarg,thisspecializationincludes,butisnotlimitedto,analyticalevaluationsofthelandandfocusesonthesuitabilityofasitefordevelopment.第10頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ItrequiresspecificknowledgeofenvironmentallawssuchastheCleanWaterAct,theSafeDrinkingWaterAct,Federalwetlandsregulations,etc.Thisspecializationalsoencompasseshighwaydesignandplanning.HistoricPreservationandReclamationofsitessuchasparks,gardens,grounds,waterfronts,andwetlandsinvolvesincreasingnumbersoflandscapearchitectsasgrowingpopulationsleadtoadditionaldevelopment.Thisfieldmayinvolvepreservationormaintenanceofasiteinrelativelystaticcondition,conservationofasiteaspartofalargerareaofhistoricimportance,restorationofasitetoagivendateorquality,andrenovationofasiteforongoingornewuse.Landscapearchitectsoftenparticipatefromtheresearchthroughtheactualrestorationstage.第11頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月SocialandBehavioralAspectsofLandscapeDesignfocusesonthehumandimensionofdesign,suchasdesigningforthespecialneedsoftheelderlyorthedisabled.Thisfieldrequiresadvancedtraininginsocialsciences,suchasbehavioralpsychology,sociology,anthropologyandeconomics.Areasofstudyincludedesignevaluationofexistingenvironments,environmentalperceptions,andeffectsofenvironmentsonpeople.第12頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TheProfessionoftheFuture未來的職業(yè)第13頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Theyearsaheadpromisenewdevelopmentsandchallengestotheever-broadeningprofession.Withenvironmentalconcernsbecomingincreasinglyimportant,landscapearchitectsarebeingcalledupontobringtheirexpertisetothetabletohelpsolvecomplexproblems.Ruralconcernsareattractinglandscapearchitectstofarmlandpreservation,smalltownrevitalization,landscapepreservation,andenergyresourcedevelopmentandconservation.

今后，越來越寬廣的風景園林職業(yè)將面臨著新的發(fā)展和挑戰(zhàn)。隨著人們對環(huán)境越來越多的關(guān)注，風景園林師需要運用專業(yè)的技能幫助解決復(fù)雜的問題。人們對農(nóng)村的關(guān)注吸引風景園林師從事農(nóng)田保護、小城鎮(zhèn)復(fù)興、景觀保護和能源開發(fā)與保護的工作。第14頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Advancesincomputertechnologyhaveopenedthefieldofcomputerizeddesign,andlandreclamationhasbecomeamajorareaofworkformembersoftheprofession.Landscapearchitectshaveevenbeguntousetheirskillwithinindoorenvironments(e.g.atriums)andenclosedpedestrianspaceshavebeenincorporatedintocommercialdevelopmentprojects.FromsouthernCaliforniatotheMainecoast,thenamesoflandscapearchitecturefirmsappearonsignsheraldingfuturedevelopments,asmorepeopleseektheexpertiseandservicesoftheprofession.計算機技術(shù)的優(yōu)越性開創(chuàng)了計算機化的設(shè)計方法，同時，土地改造成為風景園林師主要工作領(lǐng)域。風景園林師甚至開始進行室內(nèi)環(huán)境（比如中庭）的設(shè)計，并且室內(nèi)步行空間環(huán)境項目與商業(yè)開發(fā)項目結(jié)合成一個整體。從南加州到緬因州海濱，越來越多的人們對風景園林職業(yè)技術(shù)和服務(wù)有所需求，預(yù)示著風景園林公司在未來將有更大發(fā)展。第15頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Furthermore,thefuturealsopromisesincreasecooperationamonglandscapearchitectsandotherdesignprofessionals.Asinterestintheprofessioncontinuestogrow,studentsarestudyingoftheprofessioninincreasingnumbersandnearly60universitiesandcollegesintheUnitedStatesandCanadanowofferaccredited

baccalaureateandpost-graduateprogramsinlandscapearchitecture.Forty-fivestateslicenselandscapearchitects.此外，未來的風景園林將會與其他設(shè)計職業(yè)有越來越多的合作。隨著人們對這個職業(yè)興趣的增加，學(xué)習(xí)這個專業(yè)的學(xué)生也大量增加，美國和加拿有近60個大學(xué)和學(xué)院開設(shè)了風景園林方面的學(xué)士學(xué)位和研究生學(xué)位課程。有45個州制訂了風景園林從業(yè)許可制度。第16頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Today,headquarteredinWashington,D.C.,theAmericanSocietyofLandscapeArchitectshasgrowntonearly12,000membersin47chapters.

Duringthepastdecades,landscapearchitectshaverespondedtotheincreaseddemandandprofessionalresponsibilitieswithnewskillsandexpertise.Moreandmorebusinessesappreciatetheprofessionandthevaluethatitbringstoaproject.Thepublicpraisesthebalanceachievedbetweenthebuiltandnaturalenvironments.

今天，設(shè)于華盛頓的美國風景園林師協(xié)會總部已經(jīng)擁有47個分會近12000個會員。在過去的幾十年，風景園林師為滿足日益增加的需求和職業(yè)責任，發(fā)展了新的技術(shù)和專業(yè)技能。越來越多的商業(yè)開發(fā)受益于這個職業(yè)，以及這個職業(yè)為項目帶來的價值。公眾也贊譽它為人工與自然環(huán)境之間取得平衡所做的工作。第17頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Accordingtolandscapearchitecturaleducator,authorandASLAFellow,LaneMarshall:

"Thefutureof...(the)professionisbright.Wearegrowinginsizeandstatureeachday.Theprofessionisexpandingitsbordersconstantlyandstandsatthecuttingedgesofexcitingnewpracticeareas.Therearelandscapearchitectswhoaremortgagebankers,developers,businessmanagers,architects,engineers,andlawyers.Since1899,theprofessionhasgrownsteadilyandnowstandsatthethresholdofanewperiodofgrowth."

風景園林教育家、作家和ASLA成員雷恩.馬歇爾的觀點是：“這個職業(yè)的未來是光明的...我們的規(guī)模和地位每天都有所增加。這個職業(yè)正在不斷的拓寬他的邊界，并處于令人興奮的新領(lǐng)域的鋒頭之上（前沿）。風景園林師則來自抵押貨款銀行家、開發(fā)商、商業(yè)經(jīng)理、建筑師、工程師，以及律師。自從1899年，這個職業(yè)就穩(wěn)定地發(fā)展著，目前正處于一個新發(fā)展的開端。第18頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Theprofessionoflandscapearchitecturecontinuestoevolveasitmeetsthechallengesofasocietyinterestedinimprovingthequalityoflifeandthewisdomwithwhichmankindusesthelandinmanyways,landscapearchitectsareshapingthefuture.風景園林在面對社會關(guān)注生活條件改善和以多種方式明智地利用土地的挑戰(zhàn)中，不斷地發(fā)展進化，風景園林師正在塑造著未來。第19頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月專業(yè)詞匯landscapearchitecture風景園林landscapearchitect風景園林師AmericanSocietyofLandscapeArchitects(ASLA).美國風景園林師協(xié)會environmentalprotection環(huán)境保護realestate地產(chǎn)civilengineering市政工程第20頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月urbanplanning/cityplanning城市規(guī)劃masterplan總體規(guī)劃landscapegardener風景園藝師urbanpark城市公園metropolitanparksystem都市公園系統(tǒng)plannedresidentialenclave規(guī)劃社區(qū)（居住區(qū)）collegecampuse大學(xué)校園第21頁，課件共28頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月CityBeautifulmovement城市美化運動townplanningmovement城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃運動L‘EnfantPlan郎方規(guī)劃Depression經(jīng)濟蕭條farmlandpreservation