初中地理第一章地球和地圖知識點

初中地理第一章地球和地圖知識點Chapter1:EarthandMapKnowledgeSection1:EarthandGlobe1.TheshapeoftheEarthisasphere.TheprocessofhumanunderstandingoftheEarth'sshapeisshowninFigure1.1onpage2.PortuguesenavigatorMagellanledafleetthatprovedforthefirsttimethattheEarthisasphere.2.ThesizeoftheEarth:averageradiusof6371kilometers;maximumcircumferenceof40,000kilometers;surfaceareaof510millionsquarekilometers.3.ThemodeloftheEarthiscalledaglobe.Peopleusecolors,symbols,andtextontheglobetorepresentgeographicalphenomenaonEarth.4.Latitudeandlongitude,parallelsandmeridiansShapecharacteristics:parallelsandmeridiansareperpendiculartotheEarth'saxis,andthecirclesthatsurroundtheEarthconnecttheNorthandSouthPoles.Thesemicirclesthatintersectperpendiculartotheparallelsindicatethedirectionsofeast,west,north,andsouth.Length:parallelshavedifferentlengths,withtheequatorbeingthelongest(40,000kilometers),andtheirlengthdecreasestowardsthepoles.Allmeridianshavethesamelength.Startingline:theequator(Quito,Ecuador)andthePrimeMeridian(Greenwich,UK).Degreesaredividedinto90degreesnorthandsouthfromtheequator,and180degreeseastandwestfromthePrimeMeridian.Codes:southlatitude(S),northlatitude(N),eastlongitude(E),westlongitude(W).Thehemisphereisdividedbytheequatorintothenorthernandsouthernhemispheres,andbythe20°Wand160°Emeridiancirclesintotheeasternandwesternhemispheres.Speciallines:equator,TropicofCancer,TropicofCapricorn,NorthandSouthPoles,andPrimeMeridian(20°W).Section2:Earth'sMovement1.ComparisonofRotationandRevolutionRotation:fromwesttoeast(counterclockwisewhenviewedfromabovetheNorthPole).Revolution:aroundthesun.Rotationcenter:Earth'saxis;Revolutioncenter:Sun.Period:oneday(24hours);oneyear(about365days).Phenomena:dayandnightalternation,timedifference;fourseasons,fivezones(duetotheEarth'saxialtiltduringrevolution,andthedifferentspatialorientationsoftheEarth'ssurfaceunderthesun'sillumination,resultingindifferentheatingeffectsindifferentlatitudes).2.EquinoxesandSolstices(Figure1.19onpage11)Solarzenithpositionsforthefourseasons(intheNorthernHemisphere):SpringEquinox:Equator.SummerSolstice:TropicofCancer.AutumnEquinox:Equator.WinterSolstice:TropicofCapricorn.3.FiveZones(Figure1.20onpage12)Name:Tropics,NorthTemperateZone,SouthTemperateZone,NorthFrigidZone,SouthFrigidZone.Boundary:TropicsbetweentheTropicofCancerandtheTropicofCapricorn;NorthTemperateZonebetweentheTropicofCancerandtheArcticCircle;SouthTemperateZonebetweentheTropicofCapricornandtheAntarcticCircle;NorthFrigidZonewithintheArcticCircle;SouthFrigidZonewithintheAntarcticCircle.Features:presenceorabsenceofdirectsunlight,presenceorabsenceofpolardayandnight.Section3:Map1.Thethreeelementsofamaparethescale,direction,andlegend(Figure1.22onpage13).2.Thethreewaysofexpressingthescalearethelinearscale,thenumericalscale,andthetextualscale.3.Whenthemapsizeisthesame,thelargerthescale,themoredetailedthecontentreflected,andthesmallertherangerepresented(detailed,brief).4、在地圖上確定方向的方法有三種：指向標、經(jīng)緯網(wǎng)和“上北下南，左西右東”規(guī)則。如果前兩種方法不可用，可以按照后一種規(guī)則確定方向。5、地圖上常用的圖例有許多種。可以參考圖1.24（第14頁）。6、計算地面高度的方法有兩種：海拔高度和相對高度。等高線是連接海拔高度相等的點的曲線。等高線的密集程度反映了地面的高低起伏或坡度的大小。坡度陡峭的地方，等高線比較密集；坡度緩和的地方，等高線比較稀疏。山地不同部位，等高線的形態(tài)也不同。可以參考圖1.29（第16頁）。7、常見的地形圖有三種：等高線地形圖、等深線地形圖和地形剖面圖。其中，地形剖面圖能最直觀地反映地表的起伏情況。在分層設(shè)色的地形圖上，通常用藍色表示海洋，用綠色表示平原。地形的基本類型有五種，分別是高原、平原、山地