十七世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué)史課件

Lecture3

TheSeventeenthCenturyLecturer:LiEnqingLecture3

TheSeventeenthCenI.SocialBackgroundThe17thcenturywasoneofthemosttempestuous[動(dòng)蕩的]periodsinEnglishhistory.ConflictsandclashesappearedbetweentheKingandtheParliament,whichrepresentedthebourgeoisclass.In1642,acivilwar(Englishrevolution)brokeoutbetweenCharlesIandtheparliament.Atlast,theroyalistsweredefeatedbytheparliamentarmyledbyOliverCromwell.In1649CharlesIwasbeheaded,andEnglandwasdeclaredtobeacommonwealth.AfterthedeathofCromwell,theparliamentrecalledCharlesⅡtoEnglandin1660andmonarchywasrestored,thenfollowedtheRestorationPeriod.In1688,thebourgeoisieinviteWilliam,princeofOrange;formHollandtobekingofEngland.Thisiscalledthe“GloriousRevolution”.ThisbloodlesseventcompletedthebourgeoisierevolutionandmodernEnglandwasfirmlyestablished.I.SocialBackgroundThe17thcReignsinthe17thCentury

TimeRulerNotes1625-1649CharlesIThe2ndsonofJamesI,beheadedin16491649-1658O.CromwellProtectoroftheCommonwealth/King1658-1660R.CromwellOverthrownbythepeople,andCharlesIIreturned.1660-1685CharlesII2ndsonofCharlesI1685-1688JamesIIBrotherofCharlesII,dethronedaftertheGloriousRevolution1688-1702MaryII&WilliamIII1stdaughterofJamesIIWilliamofOrange,HollandReignsinthe17thCenturyTimII.TheEnglishRevolutionandPuritanismTheEnglishrevolutionwascarriedoutunderareligiouscloak.So,EnglishrevolutionalsocalledthePuritanrevolution[清教革命].ThePuritanMovementaimedtomakemanhonestandtomakemanfree.Puritanismwasthereligiousdoctrineoftherevolutionarybourgeoisieduringthisperiod.Itpreachedthrift[勤儉],sobriety[節(jié)制],hardwork,butwithverylittleextravagantenjoymentofthefruitsoflabor.Worldlypleasureswerecondemnedasharmful.SointhetriumphofPuritanismunderCromwell,severelawswerepassed,manysimplepleasureswereforbiddenandanausterestandardoflivingwasforceduponanunwillingpeople.TheLondontheaterswereclosedin1642.Thewholespiritofthemovement:fightingforlibertyandjustice，overthrowingdespotism[暴政]andmakingmen’slifeandpropertysafefromthetyranny[專制]ofrulers.II.TheEnglishRevolutionandIII.Literatureofthe17thcentury1.PoetryMetaphysicalPoetsCavalierPoetsJohnMilton2.ProseJohnBunyanOtherprose-writers3.DramaRestorationDramaJohnDryden(1631-1700)III.Literatureofthe17thce1.1TheMetaphysicalpoetry

玄學(xué)派詩歌Thetermiscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thwriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Representatives:JohnDonne(1572-1631)GeorgeHerbert(1593-1633)is"thesaintoftheMetaphysicalSchool"(玄學(xué)派詩圣).HischiefworkisacollectioncalledTheTemple《神殿》,whichincludeshis160shortpoems.1.1TheMetaphysicalpoetry

玄學(xué)FeaturesofMetaphysicalpoetryThegeneralfeaturesoftheschoolare:1)thedictionissimpleandechoesthewordsandcadences[節(jié)奏]ofcommonspeech;2)theimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallifeyetsubtle,theextendedmetaphorsforsuchimagesaretypicallycalled“metaphysicalconceits”;3)theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.FeaturesofMetaphysicalpoetrConceitConceit(奇喻):anextendedmetaphorwithacomplexlogicthatgovernsapoeticpassageorentirepoem.Byjuxtaposing,usurpingandmanipulatingimagesandideasinsurprisingways,aconceitinvitesthereaderintoamoresophisticatedunderstandingofanobjectofcomparison.ConceitConceit(奇喻):anextendeJohnDonne(1573-1631)JohnDonne(1573-1631)isthefounderoftheMetaphysicalSchool.Donneisfamousforhisfrankness,penetratingrealismandcynicism.Heemphasizeshisthoughtbyfantasticmetaphorsandextravaganthyperboles.Insubject,hispoemsshowaseeminglyunfocuseddiversityofexperienceandattitudes,andafreerangeoffeelingsandmoods.Themoststrikingfeatureofhispoetryisitsconcernofreality,inthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealratherthanapoeticalworld.Donnefrequentlyappliesconceits,andhispoetryinvolvesakindofargumentwiththebriefandsimplelanguage.JohnDonne(1573-1631)JohnDonJohnDonne(1573-1631)JohnDonne’smasterpieceisSongsandSonnets《歌曲與十四行詩》,amongwhichTheSunRisingandTheFlea

arethetwomostfamouspoems.Meitsuckedfirst,andnowsucksthee,Andinthisfleaourtwobloodsmingledbe;Thouknow’stthatthiscannotbesaidAsin,orshame,orlossofmaidenhead,…….Ohstay,forthreelivesinonefleaspare,Wherewealmost,naymorethanmarried,are.ThisfleaisyouandI,andthisOurmarriagebedandmarriagetempleis;

（FromTheFlea）JohnDonne(1573-1631)JohnDoAVALEDICTIONOFWEEPING

LETmepourforth

Mytearsbeforethyface,whilstIstayhere,

Forthyfacecoinsthem,andthystamptheybear,

Andbythismintagetheyaresomethingworth.

Forthustheybe

Pregnantofthee;

Fruitsofmuchgrieftheyare,emblemsofmore;

Whenatearfalls,thatthoufall’stwhichitbore;

SothouandIarenothingthen,whenonadiversshore.

我在這里時(shí)，

讓我把淚水灑在你的面前；

你的臉把淚水鑄成錢，打上了印記，

經(jīng)過這番鑄造，淚水就成了有價(jià)值的東西，

因?yàn)闇I水這樣

懷著你的模樣；

淚水是許多悲哀的果實(shí)，更多的象征——

當(dāng)一滴淚滴下．那個(gè)你也掉落在其中

于是你和我都是虛無，在不同的海岸上小停。

AVALEDICTIONOFWEEPING

AVALEDICTION:FORBIDDINGMOURNING

Asvirtuousmenpassmildlyaway,正如有德行的人安詳別逝

Andwhispertotheirsouls,togo,輕聲向靈魂辭安Whilstsomeoftheirsadfriendsdosay,悲傷的友人或傷逝

“Thebreathgoesnow,”andsomesay,“No:”嘆其氣，絕其魂，亦有說不然

Soletusmelt,andmakenonoise,就讓我們輕聲說話，不要喧嘩，

Notear-floods,norsigh-tempestsmove;不要淚涌如潮，不要凄聲哀鳴；

‘Twereprofanationofourjoys那是對(duì)我們歡樂的褻瀆，

Totellthelaityourlove.讓俗人知道我們的愛。

Movingofth‘earthbringsharmsandfears;地動(dòng)帶來傷害，叫人害怕，

Menreckonwhatitdid,andmeant;人們推其為斷其意

Buttrepidationofthespheres,天體震動(dòng)，雖然威力更大

Thoughgreaterfar,isinnocent.卻對(duì)什么都沒有損傷。Dullsublunarylovers'love乏味的凡情俗愛

(Whosesoulissense)cannotadmit（感官為上）最忌

Absence,becauseitdothremove別離，因?yàn)榍槿朔珠_，

Thosethingswhichelementedit.愛的根基就會(huì)破碎支離。

AVALEDICTION:FORBIDDINGMOURButwebyalovesomuchrefin'd,但我們的愛純凈無比，

Thatourselvesknownotwhatitis,我們自己也不知那是什么東西，

Inter-assuredofthemind,打心里頭相互信任

Careless,eyes,lips,andhandstomiss.不在乎肉體分離。

Ourtwosoulstherefore,whichareone,因而，我倆靈魂合一，

ThoughImustgo,endurenotyet我縱須遠(yuǎn)離，不違愛諾，

Abreach,butanexpansion,而是一種延展，

Likegoldtoairythinnessbeat.宛如黃金鍛展成輕飄韌箔。

Iftheybetwo,theyaretwoso若說是二為二體，應(yīng)如

Asstifftwincompassesaretwo;繃直雙腳的圓規(guī)般；

Thysoul,thefix'dfoot,makesnoshow你的心靈是一只腳，固定不移，

Tomove,butdoth,ifthe'otherdo.但另一只腳移動(dòng)，你便隨之轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。ButwebyalovesomuchrefinAndthoughitinthecentersit,雖然一只腳坐鎮(zhèn)中心，

Yetwhentheotherfardothroam,但當(dāng)另一只腳在外游離，

Itleansandharkensafterit,它就側(cè)過身去傾聽，

Andgrowserectasthatcomeshome.當(dāng)那只腳回到家，它又把腰桿直起。wiltthoubetome,whomust,這就是你和我的關(guān)系，我必須，

Liketh’otherfoot,obliquelyrun;像另一只腳，斜走側(cè)踮，

Thyfirmnessmakesmycirclejust,你的堅(jiān)定能使我的圓圈圓得完美，

AndmakesmeendwhereIbegun.讓我的游離結(jié)束在我開始的地點(diǎn)。AndthoughitinthecentersOthermetaphysicalpoetsGeorgeHerbert(1593-1633)“thesaintofthemetaphysicalschool”極為虔誠(chéng)的國(guó)教牧師，其詩常有牽強(qiáng)的奇喻，晦澀難懂。有時(shí)采取具象詩的形式表現(xiàn)其虔誠(chéng)?！癟heEasterWing”(具象詩)AndrewMarvell(1621-1678)ToHisCoyMistress(及時(shí)行樂的思想)HenryVaughan(1622-1695)RichardCrashaw(1612-1649)OthermetaphysicalpoetsGeorgeEASTERWINGS

Lord,whocreatedstmaninwealthandstore,

Thoughfoolishlyhelostthesame,

Tillhebecame

Mostpoor:

Withthee

O,letmerise

Aslarks,harmoniously,

Andsingthisdaythyvictories:

Thenshallthefallfurthertheflightinme.

MyTenderageinsorrowdidbegin:

Andstillwithsicknessesandshame

Thoudidstsopunishsin,

ThatIbecame

Mostthin.

Withthee

Letmecombine,

Andfeelthisdaythyvictory;

For,ifIimpmywingonthine,

Afflictionshalladvancetheflightinme.

EASTERWINGSLord,whocreated1.2CavalierPoetsAbroaddescriptionofaschoolofEnglishpoetsofthe17thcentury,whocamefromtheclassesthatsupportedKingCharlesIduringtheEnglishCivilWar.Muchoftheirpoetryislightinstyle,andgenerallysecularinsubject.TheyweremarkedoutbytheirlifestyleandreligionfromtheRoundheads,whosupportedParliamentandwereoftenPuritans.Cavalierpoetrywasassociatedwiththeroyalistcauseandthereforereflectedroyalistvalues.Thecavalierpoetswereretrospectiveandnostalgic.Thepoetrycelebratesbeauty,love,nature,sensuality,drinking,elegance,andoftenironicease.1.2CavalierPoetsAbroaddescCavalierPoetryCavalierPoetryisfilledwithdirectlanguageandclear-cutexpressionsandimages,whereasmetaphysicalpoetryusescomplicatedmetaphorsandunfeasibleimagery.ThestrengthofCavalierpoetrywasinitsshortnessanddirectness.Itwaseasytounderstandanddidnotconfusethereaderswithintricateimageryanddeepmeaning.Althoughshortandsomewhatsimple,cavalierpoetrywassupposedtocoincidewiththeirmotto“CarpeDiem”translatingto“seizetheday.”Representatives:SirJohnSuckling(1609-1642)RichardLovelace(1618-1657)ThomasCarew(1595-1639)RobertHerrick(1591-1674).CavalierPoetryCavalierPoetryRobertHerrick(1591-1674)7thchildofNicholasHerrick,aprosperousgoldsmith;EnteredCambridgein1613,graduatedaBachelorofArtsin1617,andMasterofArtsin1620.Becametheeldestofthe"SonsofBen",CavalierpoetswhoidolizedBenJonson,mixinginliterarycirclesinLondon.OnApril24,1623HerrickwasordainedanEpiscopalminister[主教牧師]andactedaschaplain[專職教士]toBuckingham.In1629hewasappointedbyCharlesItothelivingofDeanPriorinthedioceseofExeter,aposthereluctantlyaccepted.In1647,undertheCommonwealth,hewasexpelledfromthepriorybytheProtectorategovernment,andreturnedtoLondon.In1648Herrickpublishedhismajorcollection,Hesperides[金蘋果園],consistingof1200poems.Withtherestorationin1660hewasreturnedtoDevonwherehediedin1674attheageofeighty-three.RobertHerrick(1591-1674)7thToDaffodilsByRobertHerrickFairDaffodils,weweeptoseeYouhasteawaysosoon;Asyettheearly-risingSunHasnotattainedhisnoon.Stay,stay,UntilthehastingdayHasrunButtotheeven-songAnd,havingprayedtogether,weWillgowithyoualong.Wehaveshorttimetostay,asyouWehaveasshortaspring;Asquickagrowthtomeetdecay,Asyou,oranything.Wedie,Asyourhoursdo,anddryAway,Liketothesummer'srain,Orasthepearlsofmorning'sdew,Nevertobefoundagain.詠黃水仙花郭沫若譯美的黃水仙，凋謝得太快，我們感覺著悲哀；連早晨出來的太陽都還沒有上升到天蓋。停下來，停下來，等匆忙的日腳跑進(jìn)黃昏的暮靄；在那時(shí)共同祈禱著，在回家的路上徘徊。我們也只有短暫的停留，青春的易逝堪憂；我們方生也就方死，和你們一樣，一切都要罷休。你們謝了，我們也要去了，如同夏雨之驟，或如早晨的露珠，永無痕跡可求。ToDaffodilsByRobertHerrick1.3JohnMilton(1608-1674)LifeandliterarycareerEarlyLife(1608-1640)EducationatCambridgeHisfirstwork:anodeOntheMorningofChrist’sNativity（《基督誕生晨頌》，1629）Horton:L’Allegro(《快樂的人》，1632),IlPenseroso(《沉思的人》，1632),Lycidas(《利西達(dá)斯》，1638),Comus(《科瑪斯》，1634).2years’travelintheContinent,returnedin16391.3JohnMilton(1608-1674)LifLifeandliterarycareerofMilton20yearsasarevolutionary(1640-1660)WorkedastheLatinsecretaryforCromwellWroteanumberofpoliticalpamphlets,including:Areopagitica《論出版自由》(1644)DefenceoftheEnglishPeople(《為英國(guó)人民辯護(hù)》，1651),SecondDefenceoftheEnglishPeople(《為英國(guó)人民再辯護(hù)》，1654).LaterLifeAftertherestoration,inblindnesshecompletedthreegreatepicswiththehelpofhisdaughterandsomeotheryoungmen.ParadiseLost《失樂園》;ParadiseRegained《復(fù)樂園》;andSamsonAgonistes《力士參孫》LifeandliterarycareerofMiParadiseLostAlongepicin12bookswritteninblankverseMilton'smasterpiece,andthegreatestEnglishepic.ThestoriesweretakenfromtheGenesisoftheOldTestamenttherebellioninHeavenofSatanandhisfellow-angels;theirdefeatandexpulsionfromHeaven;thecreationoftheearthandofAdamandEve;thefallenangelsinhellplottingagainstGod;Satan'stemptationofEve;thedepartureofAdamandEvefromEden;andthepossiblesalvation.ParadiseLostAlongepicin12Ninetimesthespacethatmeasuresdayandnight依照人間的計(jì)算，大約九天九夜，Tomortalmen,hewithhishorridcrew他和他那一伙可怕的徒眾Layvanquished,rollinginthefierygulf沉淪輾轉(zhuǎn)在烈火的深淵中Confoundedthoughimmortal:Buthisdoom雖屬不死之身，卻象死者一樣橫陳；Reservedhimtomorewrath;fornowthethought但這個(gè)刑罰反激起他更大的忿怒，Bothoflosthappinessandlastingpain既失去了幸福，又受無盡痛苦的煎熬。Torments(折磨)him;roundhethrowshisbalefuleyes他抬起憂慮的雙眼，環(huán)視周遭，Thatwitnessedhugeafflictionanddismay擺在眼前的是莫大的隱憂和煩惱，Mixedwithobdurateprideandsteadfasthate:頑固的傲氣和難消的憎恨交織著。十七世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué)史ppt課件Atonceasfarasangelskenheviews霎時(shí)間，他竭盡天使的目力，望斷Thedismalsituationwasteandwild,際涯，但見被風(fēng)彌漫，浩渺無限，Adungeonhorrible,onallsidesround四面八方圍著他的是個(gè)可怕的地牢，Asonegreatfurnaceflamed,yetfromthoseflames象一個(gè)洪爐的烈火四射，但那火焰Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible卻不發(fā)光，只是灰蒙蒙的一片，Servedonlytodiscoversightsofwoe可以辨認(rèn)出那兒的苦難景況，Regionsofsorrow,dolefulshades,wherepeace悲慘的境地和凄愴的暗影。Andrestcanneverdwell,hopenevercomes和平和安息決不在那兒停留，Thatcomestoall;buttorturewithoutend希望無所不到，唯獨(dú)不到那里。AtonceasfarasangelskenhStillurges,andafierydeluge,fed只有無窮無盡的苦難緊緊跟著Withever-burningsulphurunconsumed:永燃的硫磺不斷的添注，不滅的火焰，洪水般向他們滾滾逼來。SuchplaceEternalJusticehadprepared這個(gè)地方，就是正義之神為那些Forthoserebellious,heretheirprisonordained叛逆者準(zhǔn)備的，在天外的冥荒中Inutterdarkness,andtheirportionset為他們?cè)O(shè)置的牢獄，那個(gè)地方AsfarremovedfromGodandlightofHeaven離開天神和天界的亮光AsfromtheCenterthricetoth'utmostpole.相當(dāng)于天極到中心的三倍那么遠(yuǎn)。Stillurges,andafierydelugThemeandCharacterizationThemainideaofthepoemistheheroicrevoltagainstGod'sauthority.InthepoemGodisnobetterthanaselfishdespot.Thisepicexpressesthereactionaryforcesofhistimeandshowspassionateappealforfreedom.ThethemeisalsoaboutthefallofMen:man’sdisobedienceandthelossofParadise.Buthavingdoneit,AdamandEvegetfreedom.ThemeandCharacterizationTheParadiseRegainedItexploresthethemeoftemptationandfallandshowshowhumankind,inthepersonofChrist,withstandsthetempterandisestablishedoncemoreinthedivinefavor.In4booksSatan:Evilforce,temptedJesusindifferentwaysbutfailedatlast.Jesus:successfullyrefusedthetemptationfromSatanandbeganhisholytasktosavethehumanbeingfromhisoriginalsin.ParadiseRegainedItexplorestSamsonAgnonistesModeledontheGreektragedies.TookthestoryfromBookofJudges(《舊約·士師記》).SamsonwastheheroofIsraelites,betrayedbyhiswifeandblindedbyenemies.Onedayhewassummonedtoprovideamusementforhisenemiesbyfeatsofstrengthinatemple.Therehewreakedhisvengeanceuponhisenemiesbypullingdownthetempleuponthemanduponhimselfinacommonruin.

SamsonAgnonistesModeledonthFeaturesofMilton'sPoetryorMilton’scontributionMiltonisagreatrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcentury.HeisalsoanoutstandingpoliticalpamphleteeroftheRevolutionperiod.HemadeastronginfluenceonthelaterprogressiveEnglishpoets.Miltonisagreatstylist.Hispoetryhasagrandstyle.Thatisbecausehemadealife-longstudyofclassicalandBiblicalliterature.Miltonisagreatmasterofblankverse.Heisthegloriouspioneertointroduceblankverseintonon-dramaticpoetry.HehasuseditasthemaintoolinhismasterpieceParadiseLost.Hisblankverseisrichineverypoeticqualityandnevermonotonous.MiltonwrotethegreatestepicinEnglishliterature.HemadeastronginfluenceolaterEnglishpoetry.Hispoetryisnotedforsublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.FeaturesofMilton'sPoetryor2.1JohnBunyan(1628-1688)LifeSonofapoortinker,receivedonlythesimplesteducation.EnlistedintheParliamentaryarmyat17,andfoughtthefamousBattleofNasebyin1645.JoinedaBaptistsocietyandbegantopreachamongthevillagers.Imprisonedin1660forpreachingfor12years,inwhichhestartedwriting.MasterpieceThePilgrim’sProgress《天路歷程》2.1JohnBunyan(1628-1688)LifThePilgrim'sProgress

areligiousallegory,anarrativeinwhichgeneralconceptssuchassin,despair,andfaitharerepresentedaspeopleorasaspectsofthenaturalworld.Bunyan’sproseisnotedforhissimple,biblicalstyle.Heusesidiomaticexpressionsnaturally.Hisbiblicallanguageenableshimtonarratestoriesandrevealhisideasinadirectway.Bunyancherishedadeeplyhatredofboththekingandhisgovernment.Thissectiongivesthebitterestsatire,whichisinvariablydirectedattherulingclass.InthedescriptionsoftheVanityFair,BunyannotonlygivesusasymbolicpictureofLondonatthetimeoftheRestorationbutofthewholebourgeoissociety.ThePilgrim'sProgressareligOtherprosewritersRobertBurn(1577-1640)TheAnatomyofMelancholy,1621ThomasBrowne(1605-1682)ReligioMedici(TheReligionofaDoctor)JeremyTaylor(1613-1667)HolyLiving,1650HolyDying,1651IzaakWalton(1593-1683)TheCompleatAngler,1653OtherprosewritersRobertBurn3.1RestorationDrama從1642年清教徒關(guān)閉劇院到復(fù)辟后3個(gè)月劇院開演，英國(guó)劇壇沉寂了18年。復(fù)辟時(shí)期的悲劇作家除德萊頓以外，著名的還有納撒尼·李（NathanielLee，1653-1692）、托馬斯·奧特維（ThomasOtway，1652-1685），他們受法國(guó)古典主義戲劇很大的影響。李的《爭(zhēng)寵的王后》（TheRivalQueens,1677）和奧特維的《保全了威尼斯》，都寫了愛情與榮譽(yù)、責(zé)任之間的沖突，后一部戲常被推為英國(guó)古典主義悲劇的代表作。復(fù)辟時(shí)期的喜劇相當(dāng)出色。它們不同于伊麗莎白時(shí)代的浪漫喜劇，而是諷刺性的風(fēng)俗喜劇，諷刺對(duì)象是當(dāng)時(shí)的英國(guó)上流社會(huì)。但是它們的諷刺并不深刻，以輕松的心情和偷快的反諷來表現(xiàn)生活，俏皮幽默的對(duì)話為突出特點(diǎn)。喜劇最常見的主題是上流社會(huì)男女之間愛的糾紛，反映出宮廷環(huán)境中輕浮放蕩的時(shí)尚。3.1RestorationDrama從1642年清教RepresentativesWilliamWycherley（1640？-1716）LoveinaWood《林中之愛》TheCountryWife《鄉(xiāng)村婦女》ThePlainDealer《坦率的人》SirJohnVanbrugh（1664-1726）TheRelapse,orVirtueinDanger《故態(tài)復(fù)萌》TheProvokedWife《惱怒的妻子》WilliamCongreve（1670-1729）TheDoubleDealer《兩面派》LoveforLove《以愛還愛》TheWayoftheWorld《如此世道》JeremyCollier（1650-1726）AShortViewoftheImmoralityandProfa