朱永濤《英語(yǔ)國(guó)家社會(huì)與文化入門》（第4版）筆記和考研真題詳解

涓婂唽錛堣嫳鍥姐€佺埍灝?dāng)鍏般€佹境澶у埄浜氾級(jí)

鑻卞浗

絎?绔犮€€鑻卞浗綆€浠嬶紙1錛?/a>

1.1銆€澶嶄範(fàn)絎旇

鈪?/span>.Nameandconstituents

1Fullname

2Constituents

鈪?/span>.Effectsofitsimperialpast

1EstablishmentoftheCommonwealthofNations

2Brexit

3Economicinfluence

4Amultiracialnation

鈪?/span>.Differencesinsociety

1Racedifference

2Classdifference

3Regiondifference

鈪?/span>.IntroductiontoEngland

1Physicalfeatures

2Historyofinvasions

鈪?/span>.IntroductiontoScotland

1Physicalfeatures

2History

3RetainingstrongScottishidentity

鈪?/span>.IntroductiontoWales

1Physicalfeatures

2AhistoryfeaturescampaignsforindependencefromUK

鈪?/span>.Nameandconstituents錛堝叏縐板拰緇勬垚錛?/p>

1Fullname錛堝叏縐幫級(jí)

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

澶т笉鍒楅鍙?qiáng)鍖楃埍灏斿叞鑱斿悎鐜嬪?/p>

 

2Constituents錛堢粍鎴愰儴鍒嗭級(jí)

(1)TheislandofGreatBritain:England,ScotlandandWales

(2)NorthernIreland

錛?錛夊ぇ涓嶅垪棰犲矝錛氳嫳鏍煎叞銆佽嫃鏍煎叞鍜屽▉灝?dāng)澹?/p>

錛?錛夊寳鐖卞皵鍏?/p>

鈪?/span>.Effectsofitsimperialpast錛堟畺姘戞椂鏈熺殑褰卞搷錛?/p>

1EstablishmentoftheCommonwealthofNations錛堜績(jī)鎴愯嫳鑱旈偊鐨勬垚绔嬶級(jí)

TheCommonwealthisavoluntaryorganizationofformercoloniesoftheBritishEmpire.

鑻辮仈閭︽槸涓€涓互鑷効鍔犲叆涓哄熀紜€鐨勭粍緇囷紝鎴愬憳鍥藉涓哄墠澶ц嫳甯濆浗孌栨皯鍦般€?/p>

 

2Brexit錛堣嫳鍥借劚嬈э級(jí)

TheUnitedKingdombecameamemberoftheEuropeanUnionin1973butdecidedtoleavein2016afterareferendum.

1973騫磋嫳鍥芥垚涓烘鐩熸垚鍛樺浗錛?016騫磋嫳鍥藉叕鎶曞悗鍐沖畾鑴辨銆?/p>

 

3Economicinfluence錛堢粡嫻庡獎(jiǎng)鍝嶏級(jí)

BritainisstillarelativelyrichcountryandamemberoftheG7.(Russia鈥檚inclusionin1997transformedtheG7intotheG8.)

浠嶇劧鏄竴涓瘮杈冨瘜瑁曠殑鍥藉錛屾槸涓冨浗闆嗗洟鐨勪竴鍛樸€傦紙1997騫翠縿緗楁柉鐨勫姞鍏ヤ嬌寰桮7杞彉涓篏8銆傦級(jí)

 

4Amultiracialsociety錛堝縐嶆棌鍥藉錛?/p>

Asaresultofwelcomingimmigrationpolicyinthe1950sand1960s,oneintenofBritain鈥檚populationisofnon-EuropeanoriginrepresentedbyimmigrantsfromIndia,Pakistan,andCaribbeancountries.

鐢變簬浜屽崄涓栫邯浜斻€佸叚鍗佸勾浠ｉ紦鍔辮嫳鑱旈偊鍥藉鍚戣嫳鍥界Щ姘戯紝鑻卞浗浜哄彛鐨勫崄鍒嗕箣涓€鏄潪嬈ф床琛€緇熴€傚嚑涓湁浠ｈ〃鎬х殑鍥藉鍜屽湴鍖烘湁鍗板害銆佸反鍩烘柉鍧﹀強(qiáng)鍔犲嫆姣旀搗鍥藉銆?/p>

鈪?/span>.Differencesinsociety錛堢ぞ浼?xì)宸紓锛?jí)

1Racedifference錛堢鏃忓樊寮傦級(jí)

Britainisamulti-racialsociety,predominantlyChristian,withmanyMuslimsandothers.

鑻卞浗鏄竴涓縐嶆棌紺句細(xì)錛屽熀鐫ｆ暀寰掑崰涓誨錛岃繕鏈夎澶氱﹩鏂灄鏁欏緬鍜屽叾浠栥€?/p>

 

2Classdifference錛堥樁綰у樊寮傦級(jí)

TheBritishsocietyismoreclass-consciousthanmanyothercountriesintheworld.(Livesofawhite-collarworkerandablue-collarworkerareverydifferent.)

鑻卞浗紺句細(xì)鐨勯樁綰у樊寮傜浉瀵瑰埆鍥借緝涓烘槑鏄俱€傦紙鐧介闆囧憳鍜岃摑棰嗗伐浜虹殑鐢熸椿鐩稿樊寰堝ぇ銆傦級(jí)

 

3Regiondifference錛堝湴鍖哄樊寮傦級(jí)

(1)BetweenhighlandandlowlandScots

(2)BetweennorthernandsouthernEngland

(3)LondonisdominantinBritaininallsortsofways:

鈼咺tisthelargestcitylocatedinthesouthofthecountry.

鈼哃ondonisaculturalandcommercialcenter.Manylargecompanieshavetheirheadquartersthere.

鈼咺tisnotonlythefinancialcenterofthenation,butalsooneofthethreemajorinternationalfinancialcentersintheworld.

錛?錛夎嫃鏍煎叞楂樺湴鍜屼綆鍦?/p>

錛?錛夎嫳鏍煎叞鍗楅儴鍜屽寳閮?/p>

錛?錛夐閮戒雞鏁﹀湪鍚勬柟闈㈠潎鍗犱富瀵煎湴浣嶏細(xì)

鈼嗕雞鏁︽槸鑻卞浗鍗楅儴鏈€澶у煄甯?jìng)銆?/p>

鈼嗚嫳鍥芥枃鍖栧拰鍟嗕笟涓績(jī)錛岃澶氬ぇ鍨嬪叕鍙哥殑鎬婚儴璁懼湪浼︽暒銆?/p>

鈼嗕笉浠呮槸鑻卞浗鐨勯噾铻嶄腑蹇?jī)锛屼篃鏄笘鐣屼笁澶ч噾铻嶄缚?jī)涔嬩竴銆?/p>

鈪?/span>.IntroductiontoEngland錛堣嫳鏍煎叞錛?/p>

1Physicalfeatures錛堣嚜鐒剁壒寰侊級(jí)

(1)Largestofthe4nationswithlargestpopulation

(2)economicallyandculturallydominantinBritain

(3)Capital:London,thecenterofpolitics,finance,andculture

錛?錛夊湴鍩熸渶騫褲€佷漢鍙ｆ渶澶?/p>

錛?錛夋枃鍖栧拰緇忔祹鍙戝睍涔嬮噸

錛?錛夐搴滀雞鏁︽槸鏀挎不銆佺粡嫻庡拰鏂囧寲涓績(jī)

 

2Historyofinvasions錛堝叆渚靛彶錛?/p>

BeforethefirstcenturyAD,BritainwascomposedofmanyCeltictribalkingdomswithstrongculturalrootsincentralEurope.

鍏厓1涓栫邯涔嬪墠錛岃嫳鍥芥槸鐢辮澶氬嚡灝?dāng)鐗逛汉鐨勯儴钀界帇鍥芥瀯鎴愬Q屽叾寮哄ぇ鐨勬枃鍖栨簮浜庝腑嬈у湴鍖恒€?/p>

(1)Romaninvasion(43AD鈥?thCenturyAD)錛堢綏椹叆渚墊椂鏈燂紙鍏厓43騫村埌5涓栫邯錛夛級(jí)

鈶?/span>EnglandandWalesbecameapartoftheRomanEmpire.

鈶?/span>In122,theKingofRomebuiltHadrian鈥檚WalltopreventinvasionsbythePitts.

鈶?/span>鑻辨牸鍏板拰濞佸皵澹垚涓虹綏椹殑涓€閮ㄥ垎銆?/p>

鈶?/span>122騫達(dá)紝緗楅┈鍥界帇寤虹珛鍝堝痙鑹暱鍩庛€傝繖鏍峰仛鏄負(fù)浜?jiǎn)闃叉鐨厠鐗逛汉鍏ヤ军c(diǎn)€?/p>

(2)Anglo-Saxon鈥檚invasion(5thCenturyAD鈥?066)錛堢泿鏍奸瞾-鎾掑厠閫婂叆渚墊椂鏈燂紙5涓栫邯鈥?066騫達(dá)級(jí)錛?/p>

鈶?/span>EasternandSouthernBritainwereinvadedbytheGermanicpeoples:AnglesandSaxons.TheAnglo-SaxonsareknownastheancestorsoftheEnglishpeople.

鈶?/span>ThelegendofKingArthurwasbasedonthisperiod:

鈼咹eissaidtohavebeenkingofEnglandinthe5thcenturyandtohaveledtheEnglishagainsttheSaxonswithhisfamousswordExcalibur.

鈼咹ecreatedtheRoundTableforhisknightstomeet,whichreflectedequalityanddemocracy.

鈼咺tisnotknownwhetherhereallyexisted,butheisthecenterfigureofmanylegends.

鈶?/span>澶т笉鍒楅涓滈儴鍜屽崡閮ㄨ鏃ヨ€蟲浖姘戞棌鐨勭泿鏍奸瞾浜哄拰鎾掑厠閫婁漢鍏ヤ鏡銆傜泿鏍奸瞾-鎾掑厠閫婁漢琚О涓鴻嫳鏍煎叞浜虹殑紲栧厛銆?/p>

鈶?/span>浜氱憻鐜嬬殑浼犲浠ユ涓鴻儗鏅?

鈼嗘嵁璇翠粬鏄叕鍏?涓栫邯鏃舵湡鑻辨牸鍏扮殑鍥界帇錛屽茍涓旀浘鎷跨潃浠栬憲鍚嶇殑紲炲墤甯﹂鑻辨牸鍏頒漢鍑婚€€鎾掑厠閫婁漢鐨勫叆渚點(diǎn)€?/p>

鈼嗗渾妗岀殑鍙戞槑浜猴紝浠栧彂鏄庡渾妗屼緵鑷繁鐨勯獞澹仛璋堬紝榪欏弽鏄犱簡(jiǎn)騫崇瓑鍜屾皯涓匯€?/p>

鈼嗚繕涓嶈兘璇佸疄浠栨槸鍚︾湡瀹炲瓨鍦紝浣嗕粬鏄澶氫紶濂囨晠浜嬬殑涓績(jī)浜虹墿銆?/p>

(3)Vikinginvasion(LateAD8thC-AD10thC)錛堢淮浜叆渚?8涓栫邯鏈埌10涓栫邯)錛?/p>

鈶?/span>TheVikingscamefromScandinaviaandinvadednortheastEnglandandScotland.

鈶?/span>AlfredtheGreatlivedinthisperiod,andheactivelyandeffectivelyfoughttheVikingstoretainsovereigntyoversouthernEngland.(ThismayalsoaccountfortheculturaldifferencesbetweennorthernersandsouthernersinEngland.)

鈶?/span>緇翠含浜烘潵鑷柉鍫殑綰崇淮浜氬崐宀涳紝鍏ヤ鏡浜?jiǎn)鑻辨牸鍏颁笢鍖楅儴鍜岃嫃鏍煎叞銆?/p>

鈶?/span>闃垮皵寮楅浄寰峰ぇ甯濈敓媧誨湪榪欎釜鏃舵湡錛屼粬縐瀬鑰屾湁鏁堝湴瀵規(guī)姉浜?jiǎn)缁翠簼h錛屼繚鐣欎簡(jiǎn)鑻辨牸鍏板崡閮ㄧ殑涓繪潈銆傦紙鐜板湪鑻辨牸鍏板瓨鍦ㄧ殑鍗楁柟鍜屽寳鏂圭殑鏂囧寲宸紓錛屽彲鑳戒篃鏄簮浜庢銆傦級(jí)

(4)NormanInvasion(1066)錛堣鏇煎叆渚?066錛?/p>

鈶?/span>WilliamtheConquerordefeatedKingHaroldattheBattleofHastingsin1066andbuilttheTowerofLondon.

鈶?/span>ThisisthebackdropforthelegendofRobinHood,originallyaSaxonnobleman.UnabletostandtheoppressionoftheNormans,heretiredintothecountry,robbedtherich,andassistedthepoor.

鈶?/span>1066騫磋鏇煎簳鍏埖寰佹湇鑰呯埍寰峰崕鍦ㄩ粦鏂環(huán)鏂垬褰逛腑鎵撹觸鑻辯帇鍝堢綏寰鳳紝騫朵慨寤轟雞鏁﹀銆?/p>

鈶?/span>緗楀姹夌殑浼犲浠ユ涓鴻儗鏅€備粬鍘熸槸鎾掑厠閫婅吹鏃忋€傜敱浜庝笉鑳藉繊鍙楄鏇間漢鐨勫帇榪€岄€€灞呬笡鏋楋紝鍔瘜嫻庤傳銆?/p>

(5)NextfewhundredyearsfollowingtheNormaninvasion錛堣鏇煎緛鏈嶅悗鐨勫嚑鐧懼勾鏃墮棿錛?/p>

鈶?/span>EstablishmentoftheChurchofEngland

Henry鈪?/span>brokewiththePopebecausehisrequestforadivorcewasnotapproved,andlaterheestablishedtheChurchofEngland,whichbecameknownastheReformation.Henry鈪?/span>鈥檚daughter,Elizabeth鈪?/span>,consolidatedtheChurchofEngland.

鈶?/span>VariouspartsoftheBritishIslewerejoinedtogetherunderEnglishrule.

鈶?/span>Powerbegantoshiftgraduallyfromthekingtoparliament.

鈼咺n1649,CharlesIwasguillotined,andCromwell,leaderofParliament,ruledEnglandfor11years.

鈼員heStuartdynastywasrestoredbyCharles鈪?/span>in1660.

鈼咶urtherconflictsbetweenparliamentandthekingledtoremovaloftheScottishhouseofStuartin1688.

鈼員hepowersofParliamentwereestablishedwiththeapprovaloftheBillofRightsin1689.

鈶?/span>鑻辨牸鍏板浗鏁欐垚绔嬨€?/p>

浜ㄥ埄鍏笘鍥犵濠氳姹傛湭鍙楃綏椹暀鐨囨壒鍑嗚€屼笌鍏跺喅瑁傦紝鎴愮珛鑻辨牸鍏板浗鏁欙紝榪欏氨鏄憲鍚嶇殑瀹楁暀鏀歸潻銆備酣鍒╁叓涓栫殑濂沖効浼婁附鑾庣櫧涓€涓栧琺鍥轟簡(jiǎn)鑻辨牸鍏板浗鏁欑殑鍦頒綅銆?/p>

鈶?/span>榪欎竴鏃舵湡涓嶅垪棰犲矝鐨勫ぇ閮ㄥ垎鍦板尯閮借鑻辯帇鏀舵湇銆?/p>

鈶?/span>鏉冨埄寮€濮嬮€愭笎鍦扮敱鍥界帇鍚戣浼?xì)铦{縐匯€?/p>

鈼?649騫達(dá)紝鏌ョ悊涓€涓栬閫佷笂鏂ご鍙幫紝璁細(xì)棰嗚鍏嬩雞濞佸皵緇熸不鑻卞浗11騫淬€?/p>

鈼?660騫存煡鐞嗕簩涓栧杈熸柉鍥句簹鐗圭帇鏈濄€?/p>

鈼?688騫存柉鍥句簹鐗圭帇鏈濆畬緇撱€?/p>

鈼?689騫撮€氳繃鏉冨埄娉曟錛岀‘绔嬩簡(jiǎn)璁細(xì)鐨勬潈鍒┿€?/p>

鈪?/span>.IntroductiontoScotland錛堣嫃鏍煎叞錛?/p>

1Physicalfeatures錛堣嚜鐒剁壒寰侊級(jí)

(1)Secondlargestofthe4nationsbothinpopulationandinsize

(2)MostruggedpartofUK

鈶?/span>Inthenorth鈥攖heHighlandsmountainsandlakes

鈶?/span>Inthesouth鈥攖heSouthernUplands

鈶?/span>Inthemiddle鈥攖helowlandzonewith3/4ofthepopulation

(3)Capital:Edinburgh

(4)Largestcity:Glasgow

錛?錛変漢鍙ｅ拰闈㈢Н鍦ㄨ嫳鍥界殑鍥涗釜緇勬垚閮ㄥ垎涓潎鍒楃浜屻€?/p>

錛?錛夎嫳鍥芥渶宕庡矕鐨勫湴鍖?/p>

鈶?/span>鍖楅儴涓洪珮鍦板拰婀栨硦

鈶?/span>鍗楅儴涓洪珮鍦?/p>

鈶?/span>涓儴涓轟綆鍦幫紝3/4鐨勪漢鍙ｈ仛闆嗕簬姝?/p>

錛?錛夐搴滐細(xì)鐖變竵鍫?/p>

錛?錛夋渶澶у煄甯?jìng)锛?xì)鏍兼媺鏂摜

 

2History錛堝巻鍙詫級(jí)

(1)NorthernIrelandinvasion錛堝寳鐖卞皵鍏板叆渚碉級(jí)

NeithertheRomansnortheAnglo-SaxonsconqueredScotland.NorthernIrelandinvadedsouthwestScotlandaroundthe6thcentury.PeoplewerecalledtheScots.

緗楅┈鍜岀泿鏍奸瞾-鎾掑厠閫婁漢閮芥病鏈夊緛鏈嶈嫃鏍煎叞銆傜害6涓栫邯鍖楃埍灝?dāng)鍏板叆溏R鑻忔牸鍏拌タ鍗楋紝浠栦滑琚О涓鴻嫃鏍煎叞浜恒€?/p>

鈶?/span>ThepeoplewholivedinthesouthwestofScotlandwerecalledScots,fromwhichScotlandgotitsname.

鈶?/span>Scotland鈥檚originalinhabitants,theCelts,wereforcedtomovetothenorthoftheHighlands.TheywerecalledPicts.TheyspokeEnglishandGaelic.

鈶?/span>ThedivisionbetweenhighlandandlowlandScotlandremainsaculturaldividetoday.

鈶?/span>鑻忔牸鍏拌タ鍗楅儴灞呮皯琚О涓鴻嫃鏍煎叞浜猴紝鑻忔牸鍏扮殑鍚嶅瓧涔熸簮浜庢銆?/p>

鈶?/span>鑻忔牸鍏板師濮嬪眳姘戝嚡灝?dāng)鐗逛壶櫂qЩ灞呭寳閮ㄩ珮鍦幫紝縐頒負(fù)鐨厠鐗逛漢錛屼粬浠鑻辮鍜岀洊灝?dāng)桡€?/p>

鈶?/span>鑻忔牸鍏伴珮鍦板拰浣庡湴涔嬮棿鐨勫樊寮傚嵆婧愪簬姝ゃ€?/p>

(2)Vikingraids錛堢淮浜叆渚碉級(jí)

TheVikingsinvadedScotlandinthe9thcentury.Becauseofexternalthreats,theScottishKingsbegantounitetoformanindependentandsinglestate.

9涓栫邯緇翠含浜哄叆渚點(diǎn)€傝揩浜庡閮ㄥ姏閲忕殑濞佽儊錛岃嫃鏍煎叞鍚勫浗鐜嬪紑濮嬭仈鍚堬紝褰㈡垚涓€涓嫭绔嬬殑鍗曚竴鐨勮嫃鏍煎叞銆?/p>

(3)TheBattleofBannockburn錛堢彮璇哄厠鏈箣鎴橈級(jí)

鈶?/span>Time:24thJune,1314

鈶?/span>Heroes:TheScots,ledbyRobertBruce,foughttheEnglisharmy.

鈶?/span>Result:Scotlandwonthewarandremainedindependentfor300years.

鈶?/span>鏃墮棿錛?314騫?鏈?4鏃?/p>

鈶?/span>浜虹墿錛氱綏浼?jí)孤峰竷椴佹栧鐨勮嫃鏍煎咁C漢瀵規(guī)姉鑻辨牸鍏板啗闃?/p>

鈶?/span>緇撴灉錛氳嫃鏍煎叞璧㈠緱鎴樹簤錛岀淮鎸佺嫭绔?00騫翠箣涔?/p>

(4)UnionwithEngland錛堝悓鑻辨牸鍏扮殑緇熶竴錛?/p>

鈶?/span>AlthoughtherewereconflictsbetweenEnglandandScotland,thenoblesandevenroyaltyofthetwocountriesoftenintermarried.

鈶?/span>In1603,KingJames鈪?/span>ofScotlandbecameKingofEngland,alsoknownasJames鈪?/span>,unitingthetwothrones.ButScotlandmaintaineditsseparatepoliticalidentity.

鈶?/span>In1707,underthereignofQueenAnne,EnglishandScottishParliamentswereunited.

鈶?/span>Scotlandwererepresentedby72peopleintheLondonparliament.In1922,49membersoftheLaborPartywantedaScottishparliament,whileonlythreefromtheScottishNationalistPartyadvocatedindependenceforScotland.

鈶?/span>TheScotlandActof1998providedfortheestablishmentoftheScottishParliamentandExecutive.

鈶?/span>鑻辨牸鍏板拰鑻忔牸鍏頒箣闂磋櫧鐒跺瓨鍦ㄧ潃鍐茬獊錛屼絾鏄袱涓浗瀹剁殑璐墊棌鐢氳嚦鐨囧涓€鐩存湁閫氬銆?/p>

鈶?/span>1603騫達(dá)紝鑻忔牸鍏板浗鐜嬭┕濮嗘柉鍏笘鎴愪負(fù)鑻辨牸鍏板浗鐜嬶紝鍗寵┕濮嗘柉涓€涓栵紝涓ゅ浗杈炬垚褰㈠紡涓婄殑緇熶竴錛屼絾鑻忔牸鍏頒粛淇濇湁鏀挎不鐙珛銆?/p>

鈶?/span>1707騫磋嫳鏍煎叞鍜岃嫃鏍煎叞璁細(xì)鍚堝茍銆?/p>

鈶?/span>鑻忔牸鍏拌蕩浼︽暒璁細(xì)鐨勪唬琛ㄦ湁72浜恒€?992騫達(dá)紝鏈?9浜烘潵鑷伐鍏氾紝甯屾湜寤虹珛鑻忔牸鍏板湴鍖鴻浼?xì)锛屽彍夎嫃鏍煎叞姘戞棌鍏氱?浜轟富寮犺嫃鏍煎叞鐙珛銆?/p>

鈶?/span>1998騫磋嫃鏍煎叞娉曟閫氳繃錛屾垚绔嬩簡(jiǎn)鑻忔牸鍏拌浼?xì)鍜岃鏀挎満鏋勩€?/p>

 

3RetainingstrongScottishidentity錛堟皯鏃忕壒寰侊級(jí)

(1)Scotlandhasagreattraditionofinnovationinarts,philosophyandscience.

(2)Scotland鈥檚nationalpositionisbestcapturedbyapassagefromRobertLouis鈥檚novelDrJekyllandMr.Hyde.Onthesurface,ScotlandmayseemwhollyBritish,butbeneathitliesastrongsenseofnationalidentity.

錛?錛夎嫃鏍煎叞鍦ㄨ壓鏈€佸摬瀛﹀拰縐戝棰嗗煙鍘嗘潵鍏鋒湁鐙垱鎬с€?/p>

錛?錛夌綏浼?jí)孤疯窐撴枤劄畯桡€婂寲韜崥澹€嬩腑鐨勪竴孌佃瘽鏈€濂界殑璇犻噴浜?jiǎn)鑻忔牸鍏扮殑姘戞棌绔嬪満锛?xì)琛ㄩ潰鐪嬫潵錛岃嫃鏍煎叞鏄畬鍏ㄥ睘浜庤嫳鍥界殑錛屼絾闅愯棌鍏朵腑鐨勬槸鑻忔牸鍏板己鐑堢殑姘戞棌鎰忚瘑銆?/p>

鈪?/span>.IntroductiontoWales錛堝▉灝?dāng)澹Q?/p>

1Physicalfeatures錛堣嚜鐒剁壒寰侊級(jí)

(1)SmallestontheBritishmainland,butlargerthanNorthernIreland

(2)ClosetocentralEngland;hillyandrugged

(3)Richcoaldepositsattractingforeigninvestmentfromabroad,especiallyJapanandU.S.

(4)Capital:Cardiff

(5)Retainingitsownlanguage;19%populationspeakingWelsh,aCeltictongue

(6)RetainingapowerfulsenseofdifferencefromEngland

錛?錛変笉鍒楅宀涙渶灝忕殑涓€閮ㄥ垎錛屼絾闈㈢Н澶т簬鍖楃埍灝?dāng)鍏?/p>

錛?錛夐潬榪戣嫳鏍煎叞涓儴錛屽灞辮€屼笖鍦拌〃宕庡矕

錛?錛夌叅鐭胯祫婧愪赴瀵岋紝寮曟潵澶ч噺澶栬祫錛屽挨鍏舵槸鏃ユ湰鍜岀編鍥?/p>

錛?錛夐搴滐細(xì)鍗¤開澶?/p>

錛?錛変繚鐣欐皯鏃忚璦€濞佸皵澹錛屽▉灝?dāng)澹炰簬鍑癁當(dāng)鐗硅诲Q?9%鐨勫▉灝?dāng)澹壶櫂q欑璇█

錛?錛夊鑻辨牸鍏版€€鏈夊己鐑堢殑鍖哄埆鎰?/p>

 

2AhistoryfeaturescampaignsfortheindependencefromUK錛堜負(fù)鐙珛浜庤嫳鍥借€屾垬鐨勫鏂楀彶錛?/p>

(1)WalesresistedtheAnglo-Saxoninvasionsinthe5thcenturyandwasthelandoftheCelticpeoplethen.

(2)In1267,LlywelynapGruffudd,forcedtheEnglishtoacknowledge