第二章-醫(yī)學詞匯的來源-133張課件

ChapterTwo

EtymologicalStudyofEnglishLanguageandMedicalTermsChapterTwoEtymologicalStudy1TwoTypesofMedicalTerms

NativeborrowedTwoTypesofMedicalTermsNat2TwoTypesofMedicalTerms

Native:thosethatderivefromOldEnglishTwoTypesofMedicalTermsNat3TwoTypesofMedicalTerms

Borrowedwords,orloan-words:takenfromotherlanguageslargelybaseduponGreek,LatinandFrenchvocabularyGerman,Italian,Spanishandothershavecontributedsomewordstomedicalterminology.TwoTypesofMedicalTermsBor4WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

MostmedicalwordsfromoldEnglishdenote:anatomicstructuresOrgansSubstancesbasicconceptsofhumanactivitiesWordsevolvedfromoldEnglish5WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

Changesconcerningpronunciation(phonological)spelling(morphologic)meaning(semantical)WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish6WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithoutSemanticalChangesanklebackbladdereareyefoothairhandkneelipliverlungneckthroattongueachebreathfeverWordsevolvedfromoldEnglish7Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesblood

InO.E.,speltasblodperhapsoriginallymeant“toswell,gush,spurt”or‘"thatwhichburstsout”.Anatomicwords

Wordsevolved8Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesblood

bleedinghemorrhagecerebralhemorrhage腦溢血;腦出血internalhemorrhage內(nèi)出血subarachnoidhemorrhage蛛網(wǎng)膜下出血subduralhemorrhage硬腦膜下出血Anatomicwords

Wordsevolved9Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestchest–InO.E.,cestmeaning“box,coffer”.amedicinechest(藥箱)Anatomicwords

Wordsevolved10Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestThemeaningwasextendedto“thorax”in1530andreplacedbreast,onthemetaphorthattheribsareaboxfortheorgans.Anatomicwords

Wordsevolved11Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestflatchest扁平胸seeninweakpeopleorpeoplewithchronicconsumptionAnatomicwords

Wordsevolved12Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschest桶狀胸barrelchestcommonlyseeninpatientwithemphysemaAnatomicwords

Wordsevolved13Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestrachiticchest[rE5kitik]佝僂病胸雞胸pigeonchestpeoplewithrachitis[rE5kaitis]Anatomicwords

Wordsevolved14Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestfunnelchest漏斗胸Anatomicwords

Wordsevolved15Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

Itwasorgane

inO.E.,andorgene

inO.Fr.(OldFrench),bothmeaning“musicalinstrument”.Anatomicwords

Wordsevolved16Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

SensewasnarrowedinlateM.E.tomodernmusicalinstrumentknownbythatname(風琴).Anatomicwords

Wordsevolved17Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

GreatOrganWorks偉大管風琴作品OrganFavorites最著名的管風琴曲Anatomicwords

Wordsevolved18Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

Themeaning“functioningbodypart”appearedinEnglishin1392.Whatarethey?Anatomicwords

Wordsevolved19第二章-醫(yī)學詞匯的來源-133張課件20conceptwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesblind(adj.)

Speltblind,itprobablysharedwithblendabaseblindaz,meaning“toglimmerindistinctly,tomix,confuse”.Heisblindtotheeffectofhisactionconceptwords

Wordsevolvedf21conceptwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesblind(adj.)

Theoriginalsenseisnot“sightless”but“confused”conceptwords

Wordsevolvedf22conceptwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesbruise(v.)

SpeltbrysaninO.E.,itoriginallymeant“tocrush”.Thepresentspellingemergedby17thcenturywithAnglo-Frenchbruisermeaning“tobreak,smash”conceptwords

Wordsevolvedf23conceptwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangescoldInO.E.,ithadtwoforms,caldinAnglianandcealdinWestSaxon.conceptwords

Wordsevolvedf24conceptwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangescoldSenseincommoncoldwasintroducedin1537,fromsymptomsresemblingthoseofexposuretocold.conceptwords

Wordsevolvedf25Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesmind

InOldEnglish.,itwasgemyndmeaning“memory,thinking,intention”.keep/bearinmind-memorymakeupone’smind-intentionAnatomicwords

Wordsevolved26WordsoriginatedfromGreek

ProcessWordsoriginatedfromGreek27

EarlyModernEnglish

(1500-1800)

Time:

1500-1800Event:RenaissanceResult:waveofinnovationinEnglish

EarlyModernEnglish

(1500-128WordsoriginatedfromGreek

acneItwasborrowedfromGk.akmein1570,meaning“(highest)point”.Itcontainsthebase“ak-”,denoting“sharp”.“青春痘”“暗瘡”“粉刺”WordsoriginatedfromGreekac29WordsoriginatedfromGreek

acnewhiteheads

blackheads

pustules

nodules,orcysts

WordsoriginatedfromGreekac30WordsoriginatedfromGreek

acneacnevulgaris尋常性痤瘡aconditionoftheepidermisorskintypicallyoccursontheface,neck,upperback,chest,orshoulders.

WordsoriginatedfromGreekac31Wordsoriginated

fromGreek

此一疾病的病發(fā)點是皮脂腺和毛囊。皮脂腺是人體內(nèi)制造油性分泌液的腺。皮脂腺較集中的地方，例如臉部，也是痤瘡較容易生長的部位。Itisadiseaseoccurringintheskin'ssebaceousglandsandhairfollicles.Sebaceousglandsareglandsthatproduceanoilymoisturizingsecretion.Thechancesofacneoccurrencearehigherinplaceswithahighconcentrationoftheseglands,suchastheface.

Wordsoriginated

fromGreekIt32WordsoriginatedfromGreek

aneurysmBorrowedin1611fromGreekAneurysmos,itliterallymeans“dilation”.ana-(throughout)eurus(wide)

WordsoriginatedfromGreekan33WordsoriginatedfromGreek

anorexiaanorexia–ItenteredEnglishfromGreekanorexia

in1598.Madefroman-(without)andorexis(appetite,desire),itmeans“l(fā)ackofappetite”.Anorexianervosa

(emaciationasaresultofsevereemotionaldisturbance)wascoined1873byWilliamWhitneyGull(1816-1890).WordsoriginatedfromGreekan34WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnosisItwasGreekdiagnosis(adiscerning,distinguishing)usedasamedicalterminEnglishin1681.Thewordwasevolvedfromdiagignoskeincomposedofdia-(apart)andgignoskein

(tolearn,todiscern).WordsoriginatedfromGreekdi35WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnosisEndosonography(EUS)guidedfineneedleaspiration(FNA)isarelativelynewimagingmodalitywhichisincreasinglyusedforsamplingdeepseatedlymphnodesforstaginganddiagnosisofprimaryaswellasmetastaticmalignancies.WordsoriginatedfromGreekdi36WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnosisWeshowinthisfirstcasereportthatadiagnosisofHairycellleukemia(HCL)canbeaccuratelyrenderedEUS-FNAsamples.Toconsistentlymakeadiagnosisofgastritis,knowledgeofthestructuresseeninnormalstomachisrequired.WordsoriginatedfromGreekdi37WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnosismisdiagnosis>misdiagnoseManygiftedandtalentedchildren(andadults)arebeingmis-diagnosedbypsychologists,psychiatrists,pediatricians,andotherhealthcareprofessionals.dualdiagnosisWordsoriginatedfromGreekdi38WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnoseBack-formationdiagnosewasfirstrecorded1861.Diagnosticwasrecordedfrom1625.WordsoriginatedfromGreekdi39WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnoseWhendiagnosedwithcancer,thereareanumberofmotivationstotakeaction.HKwomandiagnosedasSARSpatientinGuangdong.MissArroyohasbeendiagnosedasHIV-positive,becomingthefourthvictimoftheHIVvirusinthecurrentoutbreak.ThelesionswithScore4,5werediagnosedasmalignancy.Hospitalsonlyadmitthosepatientswhoarediagnosedasbeingmentallyillaccordingtotheappropriateprocedures.Thedoctordiagnosedtheillnessasinfluenza.WordsoriginatedfromGreekdi40WordsoriginatedfromGreek

dyspepticItwasborrowedin1694fromGreekDyspeptos,meaning“hardtodigest”,madefromdys-(bad)andpeptos(digested).dyspepsiaWordsoriginatedfromGreekdy41WordsoriginatedfromGreek

glaucomaItwasborrowedintoEnglishin1643fromGreekglaukoma(opacityofthelens)alsocalledglaucosisglaukos(gray)glaucobilin膽藍素WordsoriginatedfromGreekgl42WordsoriginatedfromGreek

metastasisEnteringEnglishin1577,itwasderivedfromGreekmetastasis(transference,removal,change),whichwasevolvedfrommethistanai

(toremove,change)composedofmeta-(over,across)andhistanai(toplace,causetostand).WordsoriginatedfromGreekme43WordsoriginatedfromGreek

metastasis[mE5tAstEsis]Itwasfirstusedinmedicinereferringto“shiftofdiseasefromonepartofthebodytoanother”inEnglishfrom1663.WordsoriginatedfromGreekme44WordsoriginatedfromGreek

necrosisEnteringEnglishin1665,itwasevolvedfromGreeknekrosis(becomingdead,stateofdeath),formedfromthebasenekros(deadbody,corpse).WordsoriginatedfromGreekne45WordsoriginatedfromGreek

necrosise.g.necrodermatitis壞死性皮炎necromania/necrophilia戀尸狂,戀尸癖necrophobia死亡恐怖,尸體恐怖WordsoriginatedfromGreekne46WordsoriginatedfromGreek

pandemicItwasborrowedintoEnglishin1666fromGreekpandemos(pertainingtoallpeople),composedofpan-(all)anddemos(people).epidemice.g.PanAmericandemocracyWordsoriginatedfromGreekpa47WordsoriginatedfromGreek

paralysisItwasborrowedintoEnglishin1525fromGreekparalysis

(loosening),evolvedfromparalyein(disable,enfeeble)composedofpara-(beside)and

lyein(loosen,untie).WordsoriginatedfromGreekpa48WordsoriginatedfromLatin

TheearliestinfluenceofLatinlanguageonEnglishmaydatebacktoRomanEmpire.Withtheexpansion,theRomansbroughttheirlanguagetootherpartsoftheentireEmpire.GreaterinfluencewasexertedafterNormanConquest.AsNormaninvadersspokealanguagethatderivesfromAncientLatin,borrowingfromLatinwasinevitable.WordsoriginatedfromLatinTh49WordsoriginatedfromLatin

abscessItwasborrowedintoEnglishfromLatinabscessus(anabscess)in1543.Literallymeaning“agoingaway,”itisderivedfromab-

(away)andcedere(togo)Thenotionisthathumors“gofrom”thebodythroughthepusintheswelling.WordsoriginatedfromLatinab50WordsoriginatedfromLatin

aortaBorrowedintoEnglishin1578fromMiddleLatinaorta,thetermwasappliedbyAristotletothegreatarteryoftheheart.Itliterallymeant“whatishungup.”WordsoriginatedfromLatinao51WordsoriginatedfromLatin

apnea[Ap5ni:E]Meaning“suspensionofbreathing,”itwasborrowedin1719fromModernLatin.ItwasmadefromGreekapnoia(absenceofrespiration),composedofa-(not)andpneo/pnein(tobreathe)WordsoriginatedfromLatinap52WordsoriginatedfromLatin

autopsyBorrowedintoEnglishfromModernLatinautopsia(aneye-witnessing)in1651,itisformedfromautos-“self”(comb.form)+opsis“asight.”Senseof“dissectionofabodytodeterminecauseofdeath”isfirstrecorded1678.WordsoriginatedfromLatinau53WordsoriginatedfromLatin

autopsyalsocallednecropsypostmortempostmortemexaminationWordsoriginatedfromLatinau54WordsoriginatedfromLatin

bacteriaThepluralformofModernLatinofbacterium,itcomesintoEnglishin1847.TheoriginalLatinwordisfromGreekbakterion(smallstaff),thediminitutiveofbaktron(stick,rod).Itissocalledbecausethefirstonesobservedwererod-shaped.

WordsoriginatedfromLatinba55WordsoriginatedfromLatin

cell

ItismadefromLatincella(smallroom,hut),relatedtoLatincelare(tohide,conceal).Theearliestsensewasformonasticrooms,thenprisonrooms.Itbegantobeusedinbiologyinthe17thcenturybutnotinmodernsenseuntil1845.WordsoriginatedfromLatince56WordsoriginatedfromLatin

clinicItwasborrowedin1626fromLatinclinicus(physician),whichwasformedfromGreekklinike

(practiceatthesickbed).fromklinikos“ofthebed.”ItwasoriginallyusedasanadjectiveinEnglish,thentorefera“sickperson.”Thesenseof“hospital”wasfirstrecordedin1884.WordsoriginatedfromLatincl57WordsoriginatedfromLatin

cortexEnteringEnglishin1653fromLatin,originallymeaning“barkofatree.”Specificreferenceof“theouterlayerofthebrain”wasfirstrecordedin1741.WordsoriginatedfromLatinco58WordsoriginatedfromLatin

thecortexofthebrain>theadrenalgland>thekidney>thecerebellum>braincortex/cerebralcortexadrenalcortexrenalcortexcerebellarcortexWordsoriginatedfromLatinth59WordsoriginatedfromLatin

dystrophyMeaning“defectivenutrition,”itwasformfromModernLatindystrophia,fromGreekdys-(hard,bad,ill)+trophe(nourishment).WordsoriginatedfromLatindy60WordsoriginatedfromLatin

hydrophobiaItwasfromlateLatinhydrophobia,fromhydros(water)andphobos(dread,fear).Itissocalledbecausehumansufferersshowaversiontowaterandhavedifficultyswallowingit.WordsoriginatedfromLatinhy61WordsoriginatedfromLatin

hydrophobiaalsocalledrabies/maddogdiseaseWordsoriginatedfromLatinhy62WordsoriginatedfromLatin

inflameItwasmadefromLatininflammare(tosetonfire,kindle),fromin–(in)+flammare(toflame).Literalsenseof“tocausetoburn”wasfirstrecordedinEnglishin1382.Inflammation(rednessorswellinginabodypart)begantobeusedfrom1533.WordsoriginatedfromLatinin63Wordsoriginated

fromLatin

symptomsofinflammation紅腫熱痛othertermsofinflammation浸潤滲出滲出液Wordsoriginated

fromLatins64Wordsoriginated

fromLatin

symptomsofinflammation紅:rubor/redness腫:tumor/swelling熱:calor/hotness痛:dolor/painothertermsofinflammation浸潤:filtration滲出:exudation滲出液:exudateWordsoriginated

fromLatins65WordsoriginatedfromLatin

medicineOriginallyarsmedicina(themedicalart)inLatin,itenteringEnglisharound1225frommedicina.WordsoriginatedfromLatinme66WordsoriginatedfromLatin

muscleMadein1533fromLatinmusculus(amuscle),whichliterallymeans“l(fā)ittlemouse,”thediminutiveofmus(mouse).WordsoriginatedfromLatinmu67WordsoriginatedfromLatin

muscleItissocalledbecausetheshapeandmovementofsomemuscles(notablybiceps)werethoughttoresemblemice.analogyinGreek:mysisboth“mouse”and“muscle,”anditscombingformgivesthemedicalprefixmy–/myo–.

WordsoriginatedfromLatinmu68WordsoriginatedfromLatin

obstetricsItwasborrowedin1742fromModernLatinobstetricus(pertainingtoamidwife),whichwasformedfromobstetrix(midwife).Madefromobstare(standoppositeto),itliterallymeans“onewhostandsopposite(thewomangivingbirth)”.WordsoriginatedfromLatinob69WordsoriginatedfromLatin

placeboItisMiddleEnglishfromLatinplacebo(Ishallplease).ItwasoriginallyusedfortheriteofVespersoftheOfficeoftheDead,beingthefirstwordofthefirstantiphon,thatis,“PlaceboDominoinregionevivorum”(Iwillplease(我愿意)theLordinthelandoftheliving).

WordsoriginatedfromLatinpl70WordsoriginatedfromLatin

placeboMedicalsense(amedicinegivenmoretopleasethantobenefitthepatient)isfirstrecorded1785.

WordsoriginatedfromLatinpl71WordsoriginatedfromLatin

panacea[7pAnE5siE]ItcameintoEnglishin1548fromLatinpanacea

(anall–healingherb),whichoriginatedfromGreekpanakeia(cure–all),frompan–(all)andakos(cure).WordsoriginatedfromLatinpa72WordsoriginatedfromLatin

panacea“hygiene（衛(wèi)生，衛(wèi)生學）”一詞源于希臘神話健康之神海吉娜（Hygeia）的名字，而海吉娜是醫(yī)神阿斯克勒庇俄斯（Asclepius）的女兒。而“panacea”源出阿斯克勒庇俄斯另一女兒、被奉為治療之神的帕娜賽婭（Panacea）的名字。WordsoriginatedfromLatinpa73WordsoriginatedfromLatin

prognosisItenteredEnglishin1655fromlateLatinprognosis,whichwasmadefromGreekprogignoskein(cometoknowbeforehand)frompro–(before)andgignoskein(cometoknow).WordsoriginatedfromLatinpr74WordsoriginatedfromLatin

tumorItisMiddleEnglish,originatingfromLatintumor(swelling,conditionofbeingswollen).WordsoriginatedfromLatintu75WordsoriginatedfromArabian

WordsoriginatedfromArabian76WordsoriginatedfromArabian

Chemistry<alchemy煉金術duramater<duramatercerebri=hardmotherofbrainpiamater<piamatercerebri=softmotherofbrainWordsoriginatedfromArabian77WordsoriginatedfromArabian

cephalicvein頭靜脈：該靜脈可以治療頭痛有關？basilicavein貴要靜脈，放血治療的重要選擇syrupWordsoriginatedfromArabian78WordsoriginatedfromFrench

WordsoriginatedfromFrench79WordsoriginatedfromFrench

AftertheNormanConquest,theconquerorsruledthecountryforalongperiodoftimeandleftadeepinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage.AsFrenchlanguageitselfisamodifiedformofLatin,manyoftheseborrowedwordsultimatelycomefromGreek,sincemanywordsformthislanguagehadpassedintoLatin.WordsoriginatedfromFrenchA80WordsoriginatedfromFrench

migraine(asevereformofheadache,usuallyunilateral).French:migraineLatinhemicraniaGreekhemikrania(painononesideofthehead),fromtheprefixhemi-(half)andkranion(skull).WordsoriginatedfromFrenchm81WordsoriginatedfromFrench

hospitalBorrowedin1242fromOldFrenchhospital

(hostel),itoriginallyreferredto“shelterfortheneedy”.Itssenseof“institutionforsickpeople”wasfirstrecorded1549.Hospitalizewasrecordedfrom1901.WordsoriginatedfromFrenchh82WordsoriginatedfromFrench

faint(adj.)OldFrenchfaint

(soft,weak,sluggish),whichwasderivedfrompast

participleoffaindre(avoidone'sdutybypretending),enteredEnglishinabout1300.Senseof“weak,feeble”begantobeusedinabout1320.

WordsoriginatedfromFrenchf83WordsoriginatedfromFrench

jaundicederivedinabout1303fromOldFrenchjaunisse(yellowness),basedonjaune(yellow).

WordsoriginatedfromFrenchj84WordsoriginatedfromFrench

DoctorItwasderivedfromOldFrenchdoctourinabout1303,whichoriginatedfromM.Latindoctor(religiousteacher,adviser,scholar).Doct–,thestemofdoceremeans“toshow,teach”.Referenceto“medicalprofessional”datedfrom1377,thoughthiswasnotcommontillthelate16thcentury.

WordsoriginatedfromFrenchD85WordsoriginatedfromFrench

BenignItcamefromOldFrenchbenigne

(good,kind)inabout1320,derivedfrombene(well)andgignere(tobear,beget).

benefitbenedictionbeneficentWordsoriginatedfromFrenchB86WordsoriginatedfromFrench

DiseaseItwasevolvedinabout1330fromOldFrenchdesaise,madeofdes–(without,away)andaise(ease).Senseof“sickness,illness”wasfirstrecorded1393.

WordsoriginatedfromFrenchD87WordsoriginatedfromFrench

MortuaryBorrowedintoEnglishin1330fromAnglo–Frenchmortuarie(gifttoaparishpriestfromadeceasedparishioner),itwasfirstusedtoreferto“aplacewherebodiesarekepttemporarily”in1865asaeuphemismforearlierdeadhouse.

WordsoriginatedfromFrenchM88WordsoriginatedfromFrench

EmbolismBorrowedintoEnglishin1387fromOldFrenchembolisme,itoriginallymeant“intercalation(置潤)ofdaysintoacalendar”astheFrenchwordwasderivedfromlateLatinembolismus(insertionofdaysinacalendartocorrecterrors).Itsmedicalsenseof“obstructionofabloodvessel”isfirstrecordedinEnglishin1855.

WordsoriginatedfromFrenchE89WordsoriginatedfromFrench

AnatomyEnteringintoEnglishin1398,itwasderivedfromOldFrenchanatomie,madefromana–(up)+temnein(tocut).“Dissection”,“mummy”,andeven“skeleton”wereprimarysensesinShakespeare'sday.Themeaning“thescienceofthestructureoforganizedbodies”predominatedfromthe17thcentury.

WordsoriginatedfromFrenchA90WordsoriginatedfromFrench

artery

ItenteredinEnglishin1398fromOldFrenchartaire,(windpipe,alsoanarteryasdistinctfromavein).Arterieswereregardedbytheancientsasairductsbecausetheydonotcontainbloodafterdeath;medievalwriterstookthemforthechannelsofthe“vitalspirits”.

WordsoriginatedfromFrencha91WordsoriginatedfromFrench

AmbulanceItenteredEnglishin1809,basedonFrenchh?pitalambulant(literally,walkinghospital).Itsusewasnotcommonuntilitsmeaningwastransferredfrom“hospital”to“vehicleforconveyingwoundedfromfield”duringtheCrimeanWar.

WordsoriginatedfromFrenchA92WordsoriginatedfromFrench

AntibioticItwasborrowedin1894asanadjectivefromFrenchantibiotique,whichwasmadefromanti–andGreekbiotikos(fitforlife).WordsoriginatedfromFrenchA93WordsoriginatedfromFrench

ChronicItwasborrowedintoEnglishinearly15thcenturyfromOldFrenchchronique,madefromchronos(time).

chronicle編年史chronobiology時間生物學,生物鐘學chronology年代學,年表WordsoriginatedfromFrenchC94WordsoriginatedfromFrench

lymph

AborrowingfromFrenchlymphein1725,itreferredto“colorlessfluidfoundinthebody”inphysiologicalsense.TheFrenchwordwasbasedonLatinlympha

(water,clearwater,agoddessofwater).

WordsoriginatedfromFrenchl95WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Malaise[mA5leiz]Borrowedin1768fromFrenchmalaise,itliterallymeans“ill–ease”.TheFrenchwordisformedfrommal(bad)andaise(ease).

WordsoriginatedfromFrenchM96WordsoriginatedfromFrench

PathologyItwasa1611borrowingfromFrenchpathologie,fromModernLatinpathologia,fromGreekpathos(suffering)and–logia(study).WordsoriginatedfromFrenchP97WordsoriginatedfromFrench

SurgeonItwasborrowedintoEnglishinabout1300fromAnglo–Frenchsurgien(originally,workingordonebyhand).WordsoriginatedfromFrenchS98WordsoriginatedfromFrench

palpitation

Itwasa1483borrowingfromMiddleFrenchpalpitation,frompalpitare(tothrob,toflutter).Palpitate,abackformedverb,wasfirstrecordedin1623.WordsoriginatedfromFrenchp99WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Prostate[5prCsteit]ItenteredEnglishin1646fromMiddleFrenchprostate,whichwasultimatelybasedonGreekproistanai(setbefore),frompro–(before)andhistanai(causetostand).Itwassocalledbecauseofitspositionatthebaseofthebladder.

WordsoriginatedfromFrenchP100WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Prostate前列腺炎prostatitis前列腺肥大prostatehypertrophy/enlargement/enlargedprostate前列腺痛prostatodyniaWordsoriginatedfromFrenchP101WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Prostate前列腺切除術

prostatectomyprostaglandin前列腺素WordsoriginatedfromFrenchP102WordsoriginatedfromFrench

bruit雜音chancre下疳debridement清創(chuàng)術goiter甲狀腺腫grand/petitmal癲癇大小發(fā)作lavage灌洗massage按摩WordsoriginatedfromFrenchb103WordsoriginatedfromFrench

rehabilitation

ItenteredEnglishin1533fromMidlleFrenchréhabilitation,fromre–(again)andLatinhabitare(makefit).WordsoriginatedfromFrenchr104WordsoriginatedfromGerman

GermanWordsoriginatedfromGermanG105WordsoriginatedfromGerman

Startingfrom19thcentury,Germanmadegreatprogressinscienceandtechnology.

Suchadvancesnecessitatenewvocabularytodenotenewfindings,discoveries,conceptsandsubstances.SomemedicaltermswerefirstcoinedinGermanandthenintroducedintoEnglish.

WordsoriginatedfromGermanS106WordsoriginatedfromGerman

aspirin

Itwascoinedin1899inGermanasatrademarknameeitherfromGreeka–(without)andLatinspiraea(ulmaria),theplantinwhoseflowersorleavestheprocessedacidinthemedicineisfoundnaturally.Henceaspirinmeans“acetylo–salicylicacidwhichisgainednotfromtheSpiraea

ulmaria(butinachemicalway)”.WordsoriginatedfromGermana107WordsoriginatedfromGerman

aspirin

Oritmaybeacontractionofacetyliertespirs?ure,theGermannameoftheacid.WordsoriginatedfromGermana108WordsoriginatedfromGerman

barbiturate

ItwasintroducedintoEnglishin1928fromGerman.Itwascoinedin1863bychemistAdolfvonBaeyerfromBarbiturs?ure

“barbituricacid”.WordsoriginatedfromGermanb109WordsoriginatedfromGerman

BiologyThewordwassuggestedfromGreekbios(life)andlogia(studyof)in1802byGermannaturalistG.ReinholdTreviranusandintroducedasascientifictermthatyearinFrenchbyLamarck.ItwasborrowedinEnglishin1819.WordsoriginatedfromGermanB110WordsoriginatedfromGerman

ChemotherapyItcameintoEnglishin1907fromGermanChemotherapiecoinedbyGermanbiochemistPaulEhrlichfromchemo–andtherapie.WordsoriginatedfromGermanC111WordsoriginatedfromGerman

chromosome

ItenteredEnglishin1889fromGermanchromosom,coinedthepreviousyearbyGermananatomistWilhelmvonWaldeyer–HartzfromGreekchroma(color)andsoma(body).Itissocalledbecausethestructurescontainasubstancethatstainsreadilywithbasicdyes.WordsoriginatedfromGermanc112WordsoriginatedfromGerman

gene

ComingintoEnglishin1911fromGermanGen,itwascoinedin1905byDanishscientistWilhelmLudvigJohannsen(1857–1927),fromGreekgenea

“generation,race”.Geneshadearlierbeencalledpangenes.WordsoriginatedfromGermang113WordsoriginatedfromGerman

GenomeLiterallymeaning“sumtotalofgenesinaset,”itwasborrowedintoEnglishin1930fromGermangenom,whichwascoinedin1920byGermanbotanistHansWinklerfromgen(gene)and(chromos)om(chromosome).WordsoriginatedfromGermanG114WordsoriginatedfromGerman