英美概況英國教育

Lecture5BritishEducationTeacher:李基亞EducationEDUCATION→ESSENCE→DILIGENCE→UNITY→CREATIVITY→APPRECIATIONG→TOLERANCE→IMAGINATION→OBJECT→NECESSITY→實(shí)質(zhì)→勤奮→和諧→創(chuàng)造→感恩→寬容→想像→目標(biāo)→需要HistoryofBritishEducationEarlyFormsofEducationModernSystemofEducationRecentChangesBritisheducation,intheearlyperiod,wascloselyrelatedtoreligion.Mostschoolswererunbychurchesandmonasteriestoeducatescholars,civilservantsandpeoplewholikelytotakeuppastoral(牧師的)services.Latinwasbroughttotheforefrontofeducationinthemiddleagesduetothecloseassociationbetweeneducationandreligion.EarlyFormsofEducationThreekindsofschoolscouldbeenfoundintheearlyperiod.Latingrammarschools----enrollmalestudentsfromrichfamilies;Smallparish(教區(qū))schoolsandsongschools----providedinformaleducationtostudentsofpoorfamilies;Publicschools----privatelyendowedboardingschoolswiththeaimofproducingelites.EarlyFormsofEducationModernSystemofEducationTherevolutionofindustry,politicsandsociallifein19thcenturywitnessedthestartofrealmoderneducation.The1870Foster’sElementaryEducationActbroughtelementaryeducationtoeverychildandSchoolBoardswereestablishedtobuildmoreschoolsnationwide.Intheendthe19th,elementaryeducationbecamefree.ModernSystemofEducationEducationAct1944broughtthefreesecondaryeducationtoallchildrenbytheintroductionoftheTripartiteSystem(三部分系統(tǒng)).Under11-plusexaminationstudentsofallsocialclasseswereencouragedtoattendthestated-fundedsecondarygrammar,technicalormodernschools.Thesecondaryschoolspreparedcandidatesforuniversities,andtechnicalormodernschoolstrainedtechniciansandmanualworkers.ModernSystemofEducationThecomprehensiveschoolsanddirectgrantschoolsmettheneedsofthepublicforequalchancesineducationtopreventstudentsfromstreamingintostrandstooearlybyallottingadirectgrantfromtheministryofeducationtoindependentschools.Theagestudentsleavingschoolwasfurtherraised,andmoreandgirlsandworkingclasspupilsreceivedawiderchanceofattendinghighereducation.RecentChangesEducationReformAct1988:Theintroductionofanationalcurriculumforpupilsaged5-16,directingtheresponsibilityofdecidingwhattoteachfromindividualteacherstothecentralgovernment;Theestablishmentofcompulsorynationaltests,publishingtheresultsannuallytoallowschoolstocompeteforpupilsandtobecompareddirectlywithoneanother;Considerablefreedomandflexibilityinmanagementwasgiventoschooltoruntheirownbudges;Anewtypeofschool,citytechnologycollege,wassetupininnercityareas,specializingintechnology,thearts,mathematicsandscience;Aseriesofstandardsineducationwerefinallysetup.RecentChangesRecentChangesNewcenturysawthegreatchangescontinuetotakeplaceinUK.Payingmoreattentiononeachchild’sability;Establishingmorespecialistschools;TheChildrenAct2004ledtothewelfareforallchildren,youngpeopleandtheirfamiliesinallpartsoftheUnitedKingdom,incorporatingtheneedsofdisabledchildrenaswell.EducationSysteminBritainTwoeducationsystems:NationalCurriculum:England,WalesandNorthernIreland→English,mathematics,science,technology,physicaleducationandreligiouseducationasthecoresubjects.→emphasizingthedepthofknowledge2)Scottishmodel:independenteducationandtestingsystem→emphasizingthebreadthofknowledgeEducationSysteminBritainInprimaryandsecondschooleducation:state-fundedschools:themajorityPrivateorindependentschools:theminoritycompulsoryeducationInUK,primaryandsecondaryeducationiscompulsory.Bylawanychildbetween5and16mustreceivefull-timeeducation.94%pupilschooseattendingpublic-fundedstateschoolswhichfreeoffees.therestchooseindependentfee-payingschoolsorreceivinghomeschooling.Parentswillbesuedatlawiffailingtomaketheirchildrenhaveeducation.keystagesBeforeschoolage:pre-schooleducationprovidedbychildcarecenters,nurseryschools,playground,kindergartenandnurseryclasses.Aim

:cultivatechildren’sbasicandcomprehensivecompetenceincreativity,socialabilities,languageandphysicaldevelopment.keystages5-11thyear:primaryeducation.Subjects:English,mathematics,history,geography,science,art&design,design&technology,information&communicationtechnology(ICT),music,physicaleducation.Aim:*achievebasicliteracyandnumeracy;*establishfoundationinscience,geography,historyandothersocialsciences.Academicyear:SeptembertoJuly,splitinto3termsbyChristmas,Easterandasummerholiday.keystagesTest:attheendofsixyearsofprimaryschool,thenationaltestsareheld,knownasStandardAssessmentTests(SATs),in3coresubjects:English,MathsandScience.Schools:*public-fundedschools:feefreeandfinancedbytaxpayers*privateorindependentschools:fee-charging,financedbytuitioncharges,gifts,donations,etc.keystages11-16thyear:secondaryeducationSubjects:citizenship,modernforeignlanguage,religiouseducaiton,sexeducationandcareerseducation.(parentshavetherighttochoosethesubjectsastheywish)Test:*GCSEs(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation)inEngland,WalesandNorthernIreland.*StandardGradeinScotlandschools:*Comprehensiveschools----freeeducationresources/fullrangeofsubjects/88%S.E.Gs*grammarschools----oldestformofformaleducationinUk/state-fundedschools/takestudentswhopassed11plus/educatestudentsinnaturalscience,history,geographyetc.*CityTechnologyColleges(CTC)----non-feepaying/establishedbythegovernmentforbusinesstraining*Secondarymodernschools---studentswhofailedtohaveagoodscoresin11plus.Secondary&FurtherEducationIndependentSchools&PublicSchoolsIS:schoolsusuallyoperatedindependentlyofstateeducationalsystemandfinancedbyprivatesourcesinformsoffeescharges,gifts,andcharitableendowments.PS:themostprestigiousindependentschools.ThemostwidelyknownpublicschoolsareEton,Harrow,WinchesterandRugby.AllstudentsarerequiredtosittheCommonEntranceExams(CEE)conductedbytheIndependentSchoolsExaminationBoard.ETONFurtherEducation16-18thyears:furthereducationSubjects:avarietyofvocationalcoursesintechnology,business,healthandsoon.Test:theGeneralCertificateofEducation,AdvancedLevel----GCEALevel/ALevelAnentryqualificationforuniversitiesSchool:SpecialistandSixthFormCollegeHighEducation

TheBritishuniversitiesareoftencategorizedintofourmajortypes:TheancientuniversitiesRedbrickuniversitiesPlateglassuniversitiesNewuniversitiesHighEducation

theancientuniversities:universitieswhichcameintoexistenceforcenturies.Before19thcentury,onlymalestudentsareenrolled.OxfordUniversity(1167)CambridgeUniversity(1209)StAndrew’s(1410)Glasgow(1451)Aberdeen(1495)HighEducation

Redbrickuniversities:universitieswhichwereestablishedattheturnofthetwentiethcenturybeforeWorldWarI.TheUniversityofBirmingham(1825)Liverpool(1888)Leeds(1904)Sheffield(1905)Bristol(1833)Manchester(1824)HighEducation

Plateglassuniversities:universitieswhichbuilti