英漢語言對比Chapter-6-被動與主動

PassiveVS.ActivePassiveEnglish:一、施事的原因不需要或不可能指明時(shí)：Themurdererwascaughtyesterday,anditissaidthathewillbehanged.Shetoldmethathermasterhaddismissedher.Noreasonhadbeenassigned;noobjectionhadbeenmadetoherconduct.Shehadbeenforbiddentoappealtohermistress.Attheteapartyonlyteaandcakewereserved.二、句法要求：Somekindsofplasticscanbeforcedthroughmachineswhichseparatethemintolong,thinstrings,called“fibers”,andthesefiberscanbemadeintocloth.Iwasastonishedthathewaspreparedtogivemeajob.三、修辭的需要：TherearemanywaystovarythebasicEnglishsentencepatternofsubject-verb-object.ThebasicEnglishsentencepatternofsubject-verb-objectcanbevariedinmanyways.四、文體的需要：Therefore,whenwearereceivedwithsomuchhonorandsomuchkindnessinthisgreatcountryIbelievethatthePeople’sRepublicofChinaisdoingaverysignificantthing.英語結(jié)構(gòu)被動句（syntacticpassive）比意義被動句（notionalpassive）多.Sentence/vocabulary:examinee,referee,desirable,eatable….Theseproductsselllikehotcakes.Theclockwindsupattheback.Shedressesbeautifully.Theroomfilledrapidly.Thiskindofclothwashesverywell.Thebookisprinting.ActiveChinese英語常用結(jié)構(gòu)被動式，漢語常用意義被動式：一、漢語被動式的使用受到限制：Itwaswelldone.這件事做得好（這件事被做得好）Itwaspoorlydone.這件事做得不好/這件事給弄糟了。1、inflictivevoice不幸語態(tài)：莊稼讓大水沖跑了。Thecropswerewashedawaybytheflood.這股敵人全給游擊隊(duì)消滅了。Thewholehordeofenemysoldierswaswipedoutbytheguerrillas.2、漢語被動句多用于動句中，表動作：Theglassisbroken.玻璃杯破了。（不用被動）Theglasswasbrokenbymybrother.玻璃杯被我弟弟打破了。（被動）Thehouseissurroundedbytrees.房子周圍都是樹。Theenemywassoonsurroundedbyourtroops.敵人很快就被我軍包圍了。Moreexamples:Heisrespectedbyeverybody.人人都尊敬他。JohnactuallylovedMaryandwaslovedinreturn.Myholidayafternoonswerespentinramblesaboutthesurroundingcountry.Languageisshapedby,andshapes,humanthought.TheChineseTableTennisTeamalsovisitedaManhattanpublicschool,delightingthepupilsandbeingdelightedbythem.MoreonPage125二、使用受事“主語”（receptorsubject）/“主題”（topic）/“話題”（theme）導(dǎo)致大量的“當(dāng)然被動句”:一匹馬騎兩個(gè)人。Twopersonsrodeonehorse.這鍋飯能吃十人。Apotofricelikethiscanfeed10people.困難克服了，工作完成了，問題也解決了。Thedifficultieshavebeenovercome,theworkhasbeenfinishedandtheproblemsolved.三、當(dāng)不需要或不可能說出施事者的時(shí)候，漢語可采用無主句或主語省略句來保持句子的主動式：要制造飛機(jī)，就必須仔細(xì)考慮空氣阻力問題。Airresistancemustbegivencarefulconsiderationwhentheaircraftistobemanufactured.為什么總把這些麻煩事推給我呢？Whyshouldalltheunpleasantjobsbepushedontome.四、當(dāng)施事者難以指明時(shí)，漢語還可以采用通稱（genericperson）或泛稱（如“人”、“有人”

“人們”

“大家”

“人家”

“別人”等）作主語，以保持句子的主動形式：Hehasoften,notalwaysjustly,beenaccusedofindecisiveness.人們常常指責(zé)他優(yōu)柔寡斷，雖然這種指責(zé)并不總是公正的。Voiceswereheardcallingforhelp.有人聽見呼救的聲音。眾所周知，中國人很久以前就發(fā)明了指南針。ItiswellknownthatthecompasswasinventedinChinalongago.人們必須聯(lián)系世界環(huán)境去認(rèn)識和研究人口控制問題。Theproblemofpopulationcontrolhastoberecognizedandapproachedinaworldenvironmentcontext.五、當(dāng)不便使用被動式時(shí)，漢語還可采用某些轉(zhuǎn)換式來表達(dá)被動意義：1、處置式（“把字式”或“將字式”）Thesequestionsshouldnotbeconfused.不要把這些問題混在一起。Themechanicalenergycanbechangedbackintoelectricalenergybyagenerator.利用發(fā)電機(jī)，可以將機(jī)械能再變回電能。2、“為…所”式：茅屋為秋風(fēng)所破。Thethatchedhousewasdestroyedbytheautumnstorm.3、“是…的”式：這些產(chǎn)品是我國制造的。Theseproduc