英語(yǔ)國(guó)家社會(huì)與文化入門-北愛(ài)爾蘭

NorthernIrelandsyy

themapofnorthirelandCapital:Belfast貝爾法斯特Nickname:Ulsteresp.fortheUnionistsPopulation:1.755millionArea:14139km2I.prefacenicknameflagpopulationareaCapital

II.

GeneralIntroduction:

ACDEBNorthernIreland(alsocalledUlster)ismostlyrural,withlowhills,abeautifullakedistrictinthesouth-west,andaruggedcoastline.III.

historyA.Theconflicts（沖突）betweenIrishPeopleandtheBritishGovernment

1.Politicalandmilitarycampaignsforindependencesincethelate19thcentury.

a.1914:TheHomeRuleBillwaspassedbytheBritishParliament

butwassuspendedbecauseoftheworldware1.

b.1916:theEasterRisingc.1919:theIRA(theIrishRepublicanArmy)d.TheSinnFeinpartyABCDEIII.

history2.ThereligiousconflictsbetweentheIrishandtheBritishParties:Legal:

TheSinnFeinpartyforindependenceIllegal:

theIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)TwoconflictinggroupsABCDEsouthwesternIrelandnortheasternIreland

Catholics，Irish

Protestants，English

Nationalists,desiringforaunitedIrelandUnionsts,wantunionwithGreatBritainRepublicans,desiringforanIrishrepublicLoyalists,loyaltotheEnglishcrownunderprivilegedPrivilegedIII.

history3.ApartitionofIrelandin1921In1921,26southerncountiesformedafreestate---Ireland;theother6north-easterncountiesremainedapartofBritain-----NorthernIreland.

ABCDEV.ThetroulesHostilitiesBetweenCatholicsandProtestants

a.UnliketheothernationsintheUK,NorthernIrelandwasgivenitsownParliamenttodealwithNorthernIrishinternalaffairs.b.40%ofthepopulationinthe6countiesareCatholicIrish-----resentedNorthernIreland’sseparationfromtheSouth.

c.60%ofthepopulationareProtestants-------controlledthelocalparliamentandusedthepowertosupporttheirowneconomyandsociety.d.Resentmentgrewandthearmedconflictsdeveloped-----inthe1960s,aCivilRightsMovementstartedbytheCatholicstocampaignforequality.

e.RiotingbrokeoutbetweenProtestantsandCatholics.VI.

StepsTowardPeace1)1973:apower-sharingmechanism(collapsed,replacedby“directrule”fromLondon)2)1993:theDowning-StreetDeclaration3)4,10,1998:theGoodFridayAgreement(alsocalled:theBelfastAgreement)4)ANewCoalitionGovernment(Dec,1999-)5)BritainResumesDirectRuleofNorthernIreland

(Oct.14,2002--)6)March,2007:apower-sharinggovernment----theNorthernIrelandExecutivegovernment,ending“directrule”fromLondon7）AnAgreementForAPower-SharingGovernment8）InMarch2007,GerryAdams,theleaderofSinnFein,andRev.IanPaisley,theheadoftheDemocraticUnionistParty,hashedoutanagreementforapower-sharinggovernment.ThehistoricdealwasputintoplaceinMay,whenPaisley