2018年高考英語江蘇專用考前三個(gè)月文檔專題三閱讀理解第一步五類題型精準(zhǔn)剖析版含答案

專題二閱讀理解【考情分析丨2015—2017高考江蘇卷閱讀理解題材、考查類型及數(shù)量統(tǒng)計(jì)表\項(xiàng)目\內(nèi)容y年份\\題材考查類型及數(shù)量細(xì)節(jié)理解類推理判斷類主旨大.、rz.意類詞義猜測類2017A廣告說明（文章介紹了一本關(guān)于歷史的書籍。）1(56)1(57)//B科普知識（文章介紹了鳥類在胎教方面的超凡本領(lǐng)。）1(59)1(60)/1(58)C科普知識（文章主要講的是信息時(shí)代信息數(shù)據(jù)的壟斷現(xiàn)象。）2(61,62)2(63,64)//D生態(tài)環(huán)保（文早關(guān)注的是人們熟悉的話題氣候變暖。）3(66,68,70)2(67,69)/1(65)2016A廣告說明（多倫多公立教育局邀請中學(xué)生選修一兩門在線課程。文章介紹了在線課程的基本情況、優(yōu)勢及選課要求。）2(56,57)///B科普知識（文章主要介紹的是通過實(shí)驗(yàn)對比2(58,59)/1(60)/

了黑猩猩與人類在相互幫助的本能方面的巨大不同。黑猩猩除了在某些方面偶爾合作夕卜，在其他方面都是各顧各的，非常自私；而人類卻從小就知道幫助他人，善于與他人合作，這是人類所獨(dú)有的天性。）C科普知識（文章主要介紹了厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象名字的由來、影響、危害等相關(guān)情況。作者希望人們對厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生做好充分的準(zhǔn)備，以減少損失。）2(61,62)2(63,64)/D人物故事（文章主要講述的是牙買加一位短跑名將Shelly-AnnFraser-Pryce從平凡走向卓越，從卓越邁向偉大的歷程。）3(65,66,67)1(69)1(70)1(68)2015A廣告說明（文章主要列舉了去新西蘭旅游應(yīng)該注意的事項(xiàng)。）1(57)1(56)//B科普知識（文章講述了電子垃圾的產(chǎn)生、危害以及相關(guān)的解決措施1(59)1(58)1(60)/

等。）C說理議論（文章論述了為什么很多人從事志愿活動(dòng)，以及是什么讓他們將從事志愿活動(dòng)的興趣保持下去的。）2(61,63)1(62)1(64)/D說理議論（作者先解釋何為自由，古希臘人已經(jīng)給自由下好了定義，將自由和責(zé)任捆綁在一起；然后筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，說到后來雅典人扭曲了自由的定義，開始逃避責(zé)任；最后說到，雖然雅典人沒有了自由，但是世界從未失去自由。）1(67)3(66,69,70)/2(65,68)合計(jì)211545滿分方略第一歩五類題型精準(zhǔn)剖斬1?細(xì)節(jié)璉解題 2.m判斷鼬3主旨大意題 心詞義踽測融 乩文童結(jié)構(gòu)題（一）定位關(guān)鍵信息，撥云見日巧解細(xì)節(jié)理解題［設(shè)問特點(diǎn)】考查事件、地點(diǎn)、人物和物品的具體細(xì)節(jié)；?問題一般比較直白；?答案常是原文的一句話或一個(gè)詞，但可能變換了說法;.有時(shí)以true,false或untrue,except等提問；

?錯(cuò)誤答案往往明顯與原文內(nèi)容不符。【?？紗栴}】?WhichofthefollowingisNOTincluded/mentionedinthepassage??WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?TOC\o"1-5"\h\z3?Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT .?TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT .?Inthepassage,theauthorstatesthat .?Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.)?..??Choosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage.?Whichofthefollowingmaps/diagramsgivestherightpositionof...?［解題技巧】?速讀題干抓“關(guān)鍵”，“跳讀”文章鎖信息，找準(zhǔn)信息源是關(guān)鍵，即含有信息的那一段或那一句。?正誤判斷題：題干原文靜心覓。在解答時(shí)要帶著原題回到原文中， 看它們之間的吻合性。這類題目頭緒繁雜，在解題時(shí)一定要避免急躁心理。?數(shù)字計(jì)算題：“加減乘除”巧破解。弄清詢問數(shù)據(jù)與原文數(shù)據(jù)的因果關(guān)系，必要時(shí)進(jìn)行加減乘除或單位換算。?Paraphrase是常用手法，即把原文的說法換一種說法。.錯(cuò)誤答案可能部分是正確的，但以偏概全；也可能根據(jù)常識正確但卻與原文內(nèi)容不符。［典例】（2017江蘇，A片段）CHRONOLOGICAisaninformativeandentertainingtourintohistory,beautifullyillustratedandfullofunbelievablefacts.WhileCHRONOLOGICAtellsthestoriesoffamouspeopleinhistorysuchasThomasEdisonandAlexandertheGreat,thisbookalsogivesanaccountofthelivesoflesser-knownindividualsincludingtheexplorerMungoParkandsculptorGutzonBorglum.56?WhatisCHRONOLOGICAaccordingtothetext?A?Abiography. B.Atravelguide.C?C?Ahistorybook.答案CD?Ascieneefiction.解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)本段中的 “CHRONOLOGICAisaninformativeandentertainingtourintohistory...thisbookalsogivesanaccountofthelivesoflesser-knownindividuals”可知，CHRONOLOGICA是一本歷史書。（二）理順上下文語境，字斟句酌攻克推理判斷題［設(shè)問特點(diǎn)】.考查暗含的信息，文章沒有直說。這類試題的題干中常含 infer（推斷）,learnabout（知道）,suggest（暗示）,imply（暗示）,conclude（推斷）,indicate（暗示）等詞語；.在原文中一定能找到暗示；.設(shè)問含義深刻，不像細(xì)節(jié)理解題那么直白；.正確選項(xiàng)既符合邏輯，又與全文主旨一致；5.錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)是過于直白，歪曲事實(shí)或夸大其詞。［?？紗栴}】TOC\o"1-5"\h\zWecaninferfromthepassagethat .Thepassage/authorimplies/suggeststhat .Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat .Fromthepassagewecantell .Thewritersuggestsinthebeginningthat .Whatprobablyhappenedintheend?Theauthor'sattitudeto/towards...isthat .8.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?［解題技巧】根據(jù)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，合理推斷信息。在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)行判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。做到判斷有據(jù)，推論有理，忠于原文。切忌用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面結(jié)論。.解題時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn)：（1） 直接陳述文章內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)不能選，要選擇根據(jù)文章推理出來的選項(xiàng)；（2） 推理不是憑空猜測，而是立足已知推斷未知，因此正確選項(xiàng)一定能在文中找到依據(jù)或理由。.推理判斷的主要方法：抓住關(guān)鍵詞，結(jié)合全文，歸納演繹。歸納是具體到抽象，個(gè)別到一般；演繹是一般到個(gè)別，抽象到具體。?要依據(jù)原文推理判斷，牢記是在原文中考查作者的想法，而不是考生本人的想法，原文是唯一的判斷依據(jù)。［典例】（2016四川，B片段）Ourownexperieneeworkingtogetheronhealth，development，andenergythelasttwentyyearshasbeenoneofthemostrewardingpartsofourlives.Ithaschangedwhoweareandcontinuestofuelouroptimismabouthowmuchthelivesofthepoorestpeoplewillimproveintheyearsahead.27.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Theauthorbelievesthelivesofthepoorestwillgetbetter.B.Muchmoreprogresswillbemadeinthenearfuture.Theworkonhealthisthemostvaluableexperienee.People'seffortshavebeenmateriallyrewarded.答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)本段最后提到的 “Ithaschangedwhoweareandcontinuestofuelouroptimismabouthowmuchthelivesofthepoorestpeoplewillimproveintheyearsahead.”可知作者對最窮困的人的生活會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)表示樂觀。故選 A。（三）探尋主線或主題，高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚鎖定主旨大意題［設(shè)問特點(diǎn)】1.考查標(biāo)題歸納、全文主旨或段落大意；.正確選項(xiàng)概括范圍大小恰當(dāng)，主旨判斷準(zhǔn)確；.錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)常常是太大、太窄或是偏離主題，主觀臆斷；.常以mainidea,bestidea,subject,mainlydiscuss等詞提問。［?？紗栴}】TOC\o"1-5"\h\zThebesttitleforthispassageis .Thepassage（orthefirstparagraph）ismainlyabout .Whatisthemainidea/topic/subjectofthepassage?Thepassagechieflydiscusses/dealswith ..Thepassagemainlytellsusthat .Themainideaofthefirst/second/third...paragraphprobablyis ［解題技巧】1.如原文有標(biāo)題，則標(biāo)題常反映主旨大意。.如問段落大意，應(yīng)注意首句和尾句。.主旨信息常在forexample之前，allinall之后。.若段首為疑問句，則回答即主題。5?作者有意識地反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的話常有 therefore,thus,inshort,conelude,conclusion等。［典例】（2016江蘇，B）Chimps（黑猩猩）willcooperateincertainways,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.Butbeyondtheminimumrequirementsassocialbeings,theyhavelittleinstinct（本能）tohelponeanother.Chimpsinthewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwiththeirchildren,whoareablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon'tnaturallysharefoodeither.Ifachimpisputinacagewherehecanpullinoneplateoffoodforhimselfor,withnogreatereffort,aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighborinthenextcage,hewillpullatrandom—hejustdoesn'tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.Humanchildren,ontheotherhand,arenaturallycooperative.Fromtheearliestages,theydesiretohelpothers,toshareinformationandtoparticipateinachievingcommongoals.ThepsychologistMichaelTomasellohasstudiedthiscooperativenessinaseriesofexperimentswithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanunrelatedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,butnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinetsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedtotraintheirchildrentobehavesocially.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintelligeneedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive（認(rèn)知的）skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyTomasello,thehumanchildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtestsbutwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocialworld.Thecoreofwhatchildren'smindshaveandchimps'don'tiswhatTomasellocallssharedintentionality.Partofthisabilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butbeyondthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa“we”，agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.60.Thepassageismainlyabout .A.thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildrenB.waystotrainchildren'ssharedintentionalitycooperationasadistinctivehumannaturethedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren答案C解析主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，通過實(shí)驗(yàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)黑猩猩沒有相互幫助的本能， 非常自私,而人類卻從小就知道幫助他人， 善于與他人合作，這是人類獨(dú)有的天性。故C項(xiàng)為最佳答案。（四）洞察邏輯關(guān)系，順藤摸瓜明辨詞義猜測題［設(shè)問特點(diǎn)】1.從原文中找單詞、短語或句子設(shè)問；.只有在具體的上下文中才可判斷準(zhǔn)確；.所考單詞有的是生詞，有的是熟詞新義；.正確選項(xiàng)的特征是放在原文不僅單句合理，全文也合理；錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)或是字面意思，或是故意胡說；.考查某些指示代詞的具體指代。［常考問題】Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase“...”inParagraph...mean?Whichofthefollowingisnearest/closestinmeaningto "...”？TOC\o"1-5"\h\zTheword/phrase“...”couldbebestreplacedby“ ”..Theunderlinedword/phrase“...”probablyrefersto“ ”..Accordingtothepassage,theword“...”isknownas“ ”..Theunderlinedword/phrase“...”inParagraph...means“ ”.［解題技巧】1.利用構(gòu)詞法猜詞英語中有大量的單詞是通過合成或加前后綴構(gòu)成的，運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法判斷生詞的意義是一種快速有效的解題方法。?利用語境及邏輯關(guān)系猜詞利用上下文語境和前后句之間的并列、因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、對比、解釋、定義和舉例等關(guān)系來猜測詞義。同時(shí)要特別留心某些詞語，女口or,thatis,inotherwords,including,although,but,evenif,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,otherthan,ratherthan,morethan,insteadof等。?利用同義解釋猜詞同義解釋形式多樣，有的利用下定義，有的利用 or,thatis(tosay),inotherwords,namely等引出后面的解釋，有的利用破折號、同位語(從句)、定語從句或同義詞、近義詞等引出后面的解釋。?利用常識及生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)猜詞考生要運(yùn)用非語言知識提示來提高分析能力， 力圖理解閱讀中的生詞，以明確把握作者的意圖。［典例】（2017江蘇，B片段）Beforebirth,babiescantellthediffereneebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother'svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning（胎教）,birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk:OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch（孵化）?New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom'scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme!”call.58.TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means“ ”.A.betheworst B.bethebestC.bejustasbad D.bejustasgood答案B解析詞義猜測題。畫線部分前面的語境說，嬰兒在出生之前就能分辨很大的聲響與人的嗓音（tellthediffereneebetweenloudsoundsandvoices）;畫線部分后面的語境說，有些鳥媽媽在鳥兒被孵化出來之前，就可能教它們啼叫 （teachtheiryoungtosing）。通過對比畫線部分的前后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這里說的是與人類相比， 鳥媽媽在胎教方面表現(xiàn)得最好 （bethebest），因此選B。（五）理清全文構(gòu)架，畫龍點(diǎn)睛勾勒文章結(jié)構(gòu)題［設(shè)問特點(diǎn)】?問題主要考查對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力；?考查對文章組織形式的判斷；?考查對文章基本結(jié)構(gòu)的理解?！境？紗栴}丨?Howisthetextorganized?TOC\o"1-5"\h\z?Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby .?Thetextismainlydevelopedintheorderof .?Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage/thedevelopmentofideasinthepassage??Thefirstparagraphservesasa（n） .?Whatwouldtheauthorprobablydiscussintheparagraphthatfollows?［解題技巧】［典例】（2016北京，D）?發(fā)揮整體感悟能力，做結(jié)構(gòu)題也要了解全文的主題。.判斷文章體裁類型，是議論文、記敘文還是說明文。?記敘文通常以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或故事情節(jié)發(fā)展 （開端、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局）等為序進(jìn)行寫作。.議論文總體上可以分為四類： 第一類："提出論點(diǎn)t分論點(diǎn)一t分論點(diǎn)二t分論點(diǎn)三”t結(jié)論”；第二類：“引入段T導(dǎo)出論點(diǎn)T分點(diǎn)論述T結(jié)論”；第三類：“提出問題T分析問題T解決問題”；第四類：“提出反面觀點(diǎn)T批駁反面觀點(diǎn)T提出正面觀點(diǎn)”。?說明文往往采取下定義、舉例子、列數(shù)字、對比或比較等說明方式進(jìn)行寫作。?了解文章結(jié)構(gòu)的組織形式。從段落組織方式上講，常見的文章結(jié)構(gòu)有三種：總分式結(jié)構(gòu)（總T分；總T分T總；分T總）、并列式結(jié)構(gòu)（段落之間是平行關(guān)系，并且相對獨(dú)立）、對照式結(jié)構(gòu)（結(jié)構(gòu)形式上是一正一反）。WhyCollegeIsNotHomeThecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy（ 自主性）andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescenee,duringwhichmanyoftoday'sstudentsarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Forpreviousgenerations,collegewasadecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol；guidaneeandsupportneededtocomefrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.lnthepasttwodecades,however,continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily,thankstocellphones,emailandsocialmedia,haveincreasedsignificantly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility,universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome.Toprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibility,collegeneedstobeatimeofexplorationandexperimentation.Thisprocessinvolves “tryingon”newwaysofthinkingaboutoneselfbothintellectually（在思維方面）andpersonally.Whileweshouldprovide“safespaces'withincolleges,wemustalsomakeitsafetoexpressopinionsandchallengemajorityviews.Intellectualgrowthandflexibilityarefosteredbystrictdebateandquestioning.Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollegecommunity（ 群體）differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.lfstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandcomp