英語學術(shù)論文寫作類型省名師優(yōu)質(zhì)課獲獎?wù)n件市賽課一等獎?wù)n件

Lecture1:TypesofWritingandGeneralIntroduction

Forthepostgraduates第1頁MainContents1)Whatisanessay?2)TypesOfWriting

A)DescriptiveEssayB)NarrativeEssayC)ExpositoryEssayD)ArgumentativeEssay2)Researchpaper

A)TermPaperB)ThesisC)Dissertation第2頁MainContents4)Whatisinvolvedinresearchpaperwriting?

A)Pre-writingStageB)WritingStageC)Post-writingStage5)Lay-outoftheLecturesinthisTerm

第3頁Whatisanessay?“Anessayisashortliterarycompositiononaparticularthemeorsubject”.Itcanalsobedefinedas“ananalyticorinterpretativeliterarycompositionusuallydealingwithitssubjectfromalimitedorpersonalpointofview”.第4頁StructureofanEssayAnEssayhasthreemianparts:anintroduction,abodyandconclusion.第5頁DiagramDescriptiveEssay描寫

NarrativeEssay敘述

ExpositoryEssay說明

ArgumentativeEssay議論

第6頁DescriptionDescriptionispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,objectorscene.“adescriptionessayisgenerallydevelopedthroughsensorydetails,ortheimpressionsofone’ssenses–sight,hearing,taste,smell,andtouch.第7頁Examples:person“ChouEn-laiarrivedattheguesthouseforstatevisitorsat4:30.hisgaunt,expressivefacewasdominatedbypiercingeyes,conveyingamixtureofintensityandrepose,ofwarinessandcalmself-confidence.HeworeanimmaculatelytailoredgrayMaoTunic,atoncesimpleandelegant.Hemovedgracefullyandwithdignity,fillingaroomnotbyhisphysicaldominance,butbyhisairofcontrolledtension….”第8頁Examples:PlaceWithashoppingbaginmyhand,Ienteredthegateifthefreemarketnearmyhome.SuddenlyaterriblesmellreachedmynoseandIcouldnothelpfeelingnauseated.LookingaroundIfoundthatthefoulsmellcamethepoultrystallsontheleftsideofthestreet.There,everystallcagewaspackedwithfourorfivechickens.Occasionally,thechickenscrowedsadlyasiftheyknewtheyweregoingtobecooked.Thefeedstankunderthehotsummersun.Iputahanker-chieftomynoseandhurriedaway.第9頁Examples:sceneThetyphooncameoutoftheseaasadeephollowroar.Thenitappearedasamonstrousblackcloud.Thecloudseemedathingalive,shapingitselfthiswayorthat,tornbycontendingwinds.However,itmightstretchtorightorleft,itcontinuedtospreadupwardandreachtowardeastandwest.Thedaydarkenedtotwilightandthedreadedroarofsoundcamerushingtowardmefromoutofthedepths.Icrouchedbehindmyrockandwaited.第10頁NarrationTonarrateistogiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Initsbroadestsense,narrativewritingincludesstories,realorimaginary,biographies,histories,newsitems,andnarrativepoems.第11頁Example:narrationThemostimportantdayIrememberinallmylifeistheoneonwhichmyteacher,AnneMansfieldSullivan,cametome.Iamfilledwithwonderwhenconsidertheimmeasurablecontrastsbetweenthetwoliveswhichitconnects.ItwasthethirdofMarch,1887,threemonthsbeforeIwassevenyearsold.第12頁Example:narrationOntheafternoonofthateventfulday,Istoodontheporch,dumb,expectant.Iguessedvaguelyfrommymother’ssighsandfromthehurryingtoandfrointhehousethatsomethingunusualwasabouttohappen,soIwenttothedoorandwaitedonthesteps.第13頁Example:narrationTheafternoonsunpenetratedthemassofhoneysucklethatcoveredtheporch,andfellonmyupturnedface.Myfingerlingeredalmostunconsciouslyonthefamiliarleavesandblossomswhichhadjustcomeforthtogreetthesweetsouthernspring.Ididnotknowwhatthefutureheldofmarvelorsurpriseforme.Angerandbitternesshadpreyeduponmecontinuallyforweeksandadeeplanguorhadsucceededthispassionatestruggle.第14頁ExpositionExpositionmeansexpoundingorexplaining.Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecauseofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.第15頁Example:expositionThegradingsystemalsocontainspenaltiesandrewards,butthat’swhatmakespeopletick.Wouldanystudentwriteatempaper,readatextbook,orattendalectureinafieldoutsidehisinterestifhewerenotmotivatedbygrades?Becausestudyingandlearningarehardwork,studentsneedpenaltiesandrewards.Ofcoursethisresultsinpressure.Certainly,thisproducescompetition.Butwithoutthem,fewpeoplewouldstrivetolettheirlearningexceedtheirintellectualreach.Ohyes,thereareafewstudentswhoarehighlyself-motivatedandaregenuinelyinterestedinlearning.Butmoststudentwouldratherseeabasketballgame,rapintheGrill,orwatchamovie.Let'sfaceit—that’swhyweneedthepresentgradingsystem.Anythingelsewouldresultinaloweringofthestandardsandafifth-rateuniversity.第16頁ArgumentationAnargumentativeessaytriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.第17頁DifferencebetweenexpositionandargumentationExpositionTotell,toinformMakesomethingknownandmakethereaderunderstandNarrationToconvince,topersuademakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyorcourseofactionArgumentationisactuallyexpositionwiththeadditionalpurposeofconvincingorpersuading.

第18頁Basicfeatures1)Adebatablepoint:Itisimperativethatthepapershouldhaveadebatablepoint,thatis,somethingwhichcanbeviewedfrommorethanoneangleandisthereforeopentodispute.第19頁Whatshouldbeavoided1)Chinesedoctorsuseacupunctureanesthesiatoperformcertainoperation(merestatementsoffacts)Acupunctureanesthesiashouldreplaceconventionalanesthesiainalloperations(debatablepoint)第20頁Whatshouldbeavoided2)WilliamFaulknerismyfavoriteAmericanwriter(statementsofpersonalpreference)WilliamFaulkneristhegreatestChinesewriterinthe20thcenturyAmericanliterature(disputablepoint)第21頁Whatshouldbeavoided3)Noisepollutionisharmfultopeople’shealth(Viewpointsthataregenerallyaccepted):Noisepollutionisthemostharmfulofallenvironmentalpollution(disputablepoint).第22頁Basicfeatures2)sufficientevidence:Youarerequiredtoprovidesufficientevidencetoconvincethereader.Itincludes:a)commonknowledge;b)specificexamples;c)hardevidence,orfacts,notyourpersonalopinions.d)expertandauthoritativeopinions,quotationsfromauthorities第23頁Basicfeatures3)Goodlogicandclearlogic

Goodlogicisevenmoreimportanttoargumentationthantoanyothertypesofwriting.Allthefactsandreasonsthataregivenasevidenceshouldbelogicallyconnectedwiththesisstatementandconclusion.第24頁Basicfeatures3)Goodlogicandclearlogicclearlogicmeansthatatypicalargumentativeessayusuallyconsistsofthreeparts:anintroductionwhichidentifiestheissuetobediscussedandexplainstheimportanceofsuchadiscussion;abody(toomuchcomplicatedanddifficult)whichpresentstheevidence;andaconclusioninwhichthepropositionisreaffirmed.第25頁ThethreeBasics論點：[argument;thesis;proposition]敘述中確實定性意見及支持意見理由。論據(jù)：[groundsofargument;basisofanargument;contention;datum]證實論題判斷；在一個推論中,充當理由依據(jù),方便推衍出結(jié)論部分。論證：[demonstrate;proof]∶用論據(jù)證實論題真實性[testify;expoundandprove]∶依據(jù)個人了解或了解證實第26頁WhatisresearchpaperAresearchpaper(sometimescalledaliterarypaperoratermpaperorathesis)isusuallyaformal,fairlylongandwell-documentedcompositionthatexplores,discusses,oranalyzesacertainfactualortheoreticalissue,anditshouldbecharacterizedbylucidandcoherentexposition.第27頁Commonlyadoptedforms1)Bookreport;2)Termpaper;3)Reviewarticle;4)Thesis;

5)Dissertation第28頁TermpaperThenametermpaperreferstoaprojectthatsummarizesordemonstratesmasteryoftheworkofatermorsemester.Dependingonthecourse,atermpapermayormaynotincludeformalresearch.第29頁Thesis

Thewordthesiscommonlyreferstoasubstantialresearchproject.Asthewordimplies,athesisshoulddrawanoriginalconclusionbasedoninformationderivedfromresearch.InAmericanusage,itisgenerallyreservedfortheMaster’spaperortheundergraduatehonorspaper.第30頁dissertationAdissertationisaresearchpapersubmittedbyacandidateforthedoctoraldegree.Thispaperrequiresmoreresearchandmoreextensivedevelopmentofideasthanamaster’sthesis.（博士學位）論文，（專題）論文，學術(shù)演講長而正式論文，尤指大學里由博士學位攻讀者所寫論文；學位論文第31頁Whataboutitswritingprocess?Theprocessofwritingaresearchpaperisgenerallydividedintofivestepsorstages:1)choosingatopic2)collectinginformation3)analyzingtheinformation,organizingideas,andworkingoutanoutline;4)writingthefirstdraft5)revisingthedraftandfinalizingit第32頁Processofwritingaresearchpaper1)choosingatopic2)collectinginformation3)analyzingtheinformation,organizingideas,andworkingoutanoutline;4)writingthefirstdraft5)revisingthedraftandfinalizingita,Documentation

b,Languagec,Style

第33頁Lay-OutofTheLectures

forThisTermPre-writingStage:Lecture1:AGeneralintroductionoftheWritingcourse;Lecture2:howtonegotiateatopic,gathermaterialsandformapreliminarybibliography;Lecture3:howtotakenotesandavoidplagiarism;Lecture4:howtoformulateathesisstatementandworkoutanoutline;第34頁Lay-OutofTheLectures

forThisTermWritingStage:Lecture5:Howtowritetheintroductoryparagraphandconcludingparagraph;Lecture6:Howtogainunityandcoherenceforthebody;Lecture7:Howtorevisetheessay;Lecture8:Howtodealwiththefinaldraftandproofread.第35頁Lay-OutofTheLectures

forThisTermPost-WritingStage:Lecture9:Howtoeditanddocumentthepaper(MLAstylecen