第四講主謂一致

第四講

主謂一致

主謂一致

Subject-verbConcord“一致”（concord或agreement）指句子成分之間或詞語(yǔ)之間在語(yǔ)法形式上的協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系。主謂一致指主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間在“人稱(chēng)”和“數(shù)”的方面的一致關(guān)系，這又叫做“主-動(dòng)一致”（Subject-verbConcord）。指導(dǎo)原則1.語(yǔ)法一致原則（GrammaticalConcord)主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Thenumberoferrorswassurprising.JaneandMarylookalike.2.意義一致原則（NotionalConcord）1）主語(yǔ)形式雖為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。Thecrowdwererunningfortheirlives.指導(dǎo)原則單數(shù)形式代表復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容的詞有：people,police,cattle,militia等。2)主語(yǔ)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Thenewswasveryexciting.形復(fù)意單的單詞有news,works（工廠）和一些以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(chēng)，physics,economics等。3.就近原則（PrincipleofProximity）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ)。如用連詞or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…,butalso等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，如果一個(gè)是單數(shù)，一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)一致。EitheryourstudentsorMr.Wangknowsthis.I.以S結(jié)尾的名詞作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致

1.以S結(jié)尾的表示疾病的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)

arthritis:關(guān)節(jié)炎bronchitis:支氣管炎

mumps:腮腺炎diabetes:糖尿病

phlebitis:靜脈炎但是measles(麻疹)，rickets(軟骨病)謂語(yǔ)可用單/復(fù)數(shù)2.以S結(jié)尾的表示游戲名稱(chēng)的名詞謂語(yǔ)常用單數(shù)I.以S結(jié)尾的名詞作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致

darts:投鏢游戲dominoes:多米諾骨牌marbles:打彈子游戲billiards:臺(tái)球但cards(打紙牌)用復(fù)數(shù)；當(dāng)它們表示所用工具時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)DartsisoftenplayedinEnglishpubs.Twodartsarethrownateveryturn.3.以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(chēng)通常用單數(shù)mathematics:數(shù)學(xué)physics:物理學(xué)optics:光學(xué) statistics:統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)politics:政治學(xué) acoustics:聲學(xué)/音響效果economics:經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)athletics:體育學(xué)mechanics:機(jī)械學(xué)semantics:語(yǔ)義學(xué)linguistics:語(yǔ)言學(xué)tactics:兵法/策略當(dāng)這類(lèi)名詞表示學(xué)科以外的其它意義時(shí)用作復(fù)數(shù)Statisticsisnotasdifficultassomepeoplethink.Thelateststatisticsoncrimearebeyonddescription.注:下列以ics結(jié)尾的名詞僅用作單數(shù)classics:杰作,著作comics:連環(huán)圖畫(huà)ethics:倫理學(xué)cosmetics:化妝品4.以S結(jié)尾的地理名稱(chēng)如山脈，海峽，瀑布，群島等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù)theWestIndies西印度群島theBahamas巴哈馬群島theHimalayas喜馬拉雅山脈theStraitsofGibraltar直布羅陀海峽theNiagaraFalls尼亞加拉瀑布theRockies落基山脈但如果是國(guó)名，則用作單數(shù)，如:theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations,theNetherlands（荷蘭）。5.由二部分組成的物體通常以S結(jié)尾，如果不帶“一把”等單位詞而單獨(dú)使用，通常用作復(fù)數(shù)。scissors剪子shears大剪刀pincers、tongs鉗子pliers老虎鉗

pajamas睡衣，寬長(zhǎng)褲suspenders吊褲帶knickers短褲，燈籠褲pants褲子jeans工裝褲shorts短褲briefs三角褲shoesglasses/spectacles眼鏡binoculars望遠(yuǎn)鏡chopsticks如帶有單位詞，則由單位詞的單/復(fù)數(shù)來(lái)決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單/復(fù)數(shù)Apairofshoeswasonthedesk.6.下列以s結(jié)尾的名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù)

archives:檔案arms:武器

eaves:屋檐contents:內(nèi)容

goods:貨物suburbs:郊區(qū)

thanks:謝意wages:工資

stairs:樓梯remains:遺體

morals:道德，品行minutes:記錄注:whereabouts(行蹤，下落)，dramatics(舞臺(tái)藝術(shù))可用單/復(fù)數(shù)7.凡是由-ings結(jié)尾的名詞常用作復(fù)數(shù)

clippings:剪下來(lái)的東西filings:銼屑

earnings:收入diggings:掘出的東西

lodgings:租的房間surroundings:環(huán)境

sweepings:掃攏的垃圾注:tidings(消息,音信)可用作單或復(fù)數(shù)８.以Ｓ結(jié)尾的單，復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式取決于這些名詞是用作單數(shù)還是用作復(fù)數(shù)；意義不同，單／復(fù)數(shù)也不同

barracks:營(yíng)房headquarters:總部

means:方法,手段,工具series:系列

species:種類(lèi)works:工廠

crossroads:十字路口

Thisglassworkswassetupin2008.

Theseglassworksareneartherailwaystation.9.少數(shù)名詞用作單數(shù)和用作復(fù)數(shù)意義不同

What’stheodds?有什么要緊？=whatdoesitmatter?（差別）

Theoddsareagainstus.我們成功的機(jī)會(huì)很小。（可能的機(jī)會(huì)）

Themartyr’sremainswereburiedatthefootofthehill.遺體

Hereistheremainsofthetemple.遺跡II.集體名詞（CollectiveNoun）作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致

1.通常用作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞:people,police,folk,youth,cattle,poultry,militia,verminHiscattlewerestilllean.Suchverminasbugsandratsarehardtogetridof.Manycattlearekept.飼養(yǎng)了很多牲畜。Severalhundredpolicewereonduty.幾百個(gè)警察在執(zhí)勤。Thepolicearesearchingforhim.2.通常用作單數(shù)的集體名詞:advice,baggage,equipment,information,knowledge,machinery,scenery,news,foliage,merchandise,furnitureII.集體名詞（CollectiveNoun）作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致

Themerchandiseondisplayintheshopwindowisverygood.Allthemachineryisnew.3.既可用作復(fù)數(shù)也可用作單數(shù)的集體名詞：family,army,group,committee,company,government,enemy,class,team,party,club,majority,crowd,audience,jury,union,fleet（艦隊(duì)）,faculty（能力；大學(xué)教職人員），crew，publicHisfamilyareallmusiclovers.Hisfamilyisn’tlarge.Hisfamily___goingtohavealongjourney.Thewholefamily____watchingTV.練習(xí)：1.Thejury____inopinionabout“sentenceofdeath.”A.disagrees B.disagreeC.agrees D.hasdisagreed2.Todaythepublic____aboutthewaynatureisbeingruined.A.areconcerned B.isconcernedC.havebeenconcerned D.isbeingconcerned3.Thecommitteecan'tcometoadecisionbecause____atodds.A.ithasB.theyhaveC.itisD.theyare4.Themajority_____onBen'sside,butPeterdisagreeswiththemontwopoints.A.wereB.wasC.isD.areKeys:bddd

III.并列結(jié)構(gòu)(CoordinateSubject)做主語(yǔ)的主謂一致

1.用and或both…and連接并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)Tomeantodosomethingandtoactuallydosomethingaretwoseparatethings.但是當(dāng)并列主語(yǔ)指的是同一個(gè)人，事物或概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒(méi)有冠詞。Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.Thegirl’steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.Toloveandtobelovedisthegreathappiness.Totryandfailisbetterthannottotryatall.Aknifeandforkisonthetable.Breadandbutterisourdailyfood.類(lèi)似結(jié)構(gòu)有：whiskyandsoda,strawberryandcream,saltandwater,hamandegg,cartandhorse，fishandchips等。2.當(dāng)and連接的單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前面有each,every,manya,no等修飾時(shí)，（即manya…andmanya…;every…andevery…;each…andeach…;no…andno…）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenthebrighter-than-expectedwhiteflashoflight.Noteacherandnostudentwaspresentattheopeningceremony.3.如主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)，盡管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan,ratherthan,like,but,except,besides,inadditionto等引起的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)Thatman,aswellashiswife,isaccusedofmolestingminorssince1950s.Aprofessor,togetherwithhisstudents,wassenttoworkinNigeria.Theroomwithitsfurniturewasrented.4.由or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…but(also),not…but等連接的名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)與鄰近的主語(yǔ)取得一致Eitheryouorheistogo.NotonlyJoanbuthersistersknowthecombinationtothesafewhichcontainsthelistofthefamilysecurities.練習(xí)：1.____eitherheorhisaccountantsgoingtoclaimfortheloss?A.Are B.WereC.IsD.Does2.Joe’sfather,alongwithhistwouncles,____inNewYorkonemoreday.A.demandthathestayB.demandsthathestaysC.demandsthathestayD.demandthathestays3.Everypolicemanandfireman____onthealert.A.havebeen B.was C.areD.wereKeys:ccbIV.代詞以及“限定詞+名詞”作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致

1.由不定代詞every,each,eachone,eachof,another,either,neither,noone,theother,everybody,everything,manya,morethanone

等作主語(yǔ)或修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。Manyashiphasbeendamagedinthestorm.MorethanonemanbelievesthatthepromiseoftheAmericanDreamisstilloutofreachformanyblacksinthecity.2.由“agreatmany,agoodmany,agroupof,anumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。IV.代詞以及“限定詞+名詞”作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致

Agreatmanygraduatesthinktheyareallentitledtomakeamistakeonceinawhile.3.allof,someof,alotof,halfof,mostof,themajorityof,twothirdsof,ninetypercentof,therestof,plentyof,partof,heapsof（堆）等+名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單/復(fù)數(shù)取決于后面的名詞或代詞的數(shù)，因?yàn)檫@些詞是中心詞Halfoftheapplesgobad.Therestofthelandisuncultivated.練習(xí)：1.Althoughthefirstpartofthebookiseasy,therest_____.A.aredifficultB.hasproveddifficultC.issupposeddifficultD.havebeenfounddifficult2.Mrs.Angelfeelsveryhappywhentherest____appearance.A.makes B.maketheirC.hasmadetheir D.havemadehis3.Morethanoneexample____necessarytomakethestudentsunderstandthisruleclearly.A.shouldbe B.isC.areD.havebeen4.Anotherfiveweeks____necessaryforustofinishthework.A.are B.wereC.isD.willhavebeenKeys:bbbcV.數(shù)詞、量詞作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致

1.表加，減，乘，除等算式時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)常用單數(shù)。如數(shù)詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：thousandsof,millionsof等，謂詞常用復(fù)數(shù)Tenminustwoiseight.Fortydividedbyeightisfive.2.當(dāng)aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,akindof,agreatdealof,agreatamountof等+復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式AlargeportionofEmily'spoemswasfoundandpublishedafterherdeath.AseriesoflecturesoneducationalpsychologyissaidtobegivenbyE.Stone.3.當(dāng)aflockof,adroveof,aschoolof,aswarmof,aherdof,apackof等集體名詞被看作一個(gè)整體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如指?jìng)€(gè)體，用復(fù)數(shù)Usually,aherdofAfricanelephantshasuptoonethousandmembers.4.thenumberof+復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；

anumberof+復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)AnumberofBritonsweresenttoTehranyesterday.ThenumberofBritonswasfifty-four.練習(xí)：1.ThenumberofstudentsintheoralEnglishprogramtraining____to20.A.limits B.islimitedC.limited D.arelimited2.Aseriesofdebatesbetweenthelecturers____forthenextweekend.A.arescheduledB.wasscheduledC.werescheduledD.